ARTH-102 Test 2
Chiaroscuro
"the treatment and use of light and dark, especially the gradations of light that produce the effect of modeling." Extreme differences in light and shadow to produce a dramatic effect.
Sublime
A mixture of awe and terror, usually induced by forces of nature
The Italian Renaissance was seen during the Enlightenment era as the predecessor to modern democracy. True or false?
False
Post-Impressionism
A late nineteenth-century style that relies on the Impressionist use of color and spontaneous brushwork but that employs these elements as expressive devices.
Neoclassicism
A revival of interest in classical art and cultures, adopting styles and themes from ancient Greece and Rome. Revolutionary thinking and Enlightenment ideals.
Genre painting
A scene of everyday life
The extended colonnades of Saint Peter's (1656-1667) are meant to be
A symbol of welcoming
Plein Air
An approach to painting very popular among the Impressionists, in which an artist sketches outdoors to achieve a quick impression of light, air, and color.
"Romantic," in the context of Romantic art
An emphasis on feelings over logic
Romanticism
Art movement emphasizing feelings, emotions, the sublime, and subconscious (often sexual desires) over rationality thought.
Artemesia Gentileschi adopted the tenebrism and the "dark" subject matter favored by which Baroque artist?
Caravaggio
Counter-Reformation
Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church; the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation.
Art of the Italian Baroque sought to lure in Catholic followers by being...
Dramatic and engaging
What artist can be seen as a link or bridge between Realism and Impressionism?
Edouard Manet
Documentary photography is purely objective and involves no interpretation by the photographer. True or false?
False
Art of the modern period is often called "avant-garde" because it embraced the ideals and the style of the French Academy. True or false?
False. Avant-garde emphasized innovation and challenged convention.
What region is grouped with the Italian Baroque due to its continued connection to the Catholic Church?
Flanders
What painter was a leading Realist?
Gustave Courbet
Painting en plein air is most closely associated with which movement?
Impressionism
Rococo
Lavish, highly ornamented works of art associated with the French aristocracy, especially women. Seen as frivolous and meaningless.
Tenebrism
Painting in the "shadowy manner," using violent contrasts of light and dark, as in the work of Caravaggio. More dramatic chiaroscuro.
Baroque
Period of art that features dramatic, theatrical, and elaborately ornamented works rather than being simple and rational.
Realism
Represented mundane, everyday life, not necessarily naturalistically/realistically, but realistic subject matter. Flat, black contour lines; positivism (based on what's in front of you, not imagined). Communist Manifesto and the invention of photography lead to the rise of depicting real life.
What period in the history of European painting is often characterized as frivolous and feminine?
Rococo
Impressionism
Sought to capture fleeting moments ("impressions") conveying elusiveness or impermanence that felt so common in the newly industrial world. Avant garde (rejected the French Royal Academy). Loose brushwork, emphasis on color.
Enlightenment
The 18th-century Western philosophy based on empirical evidence. The Enlightenment was a new way of thinking critically about the world and about humankind, independently of religion, myth, or tradition.
Snapshot
an informal photograph taken quickly, typically with a small handheld camera
Repoussoir
an object along the right or left foreground that directs the viewer's eye into the composition by bracketing (framing) the edge.
What describes a period in which thinkers championed an approach to the acquisition of knowledge based on empirical observation and scientific experimentation?
The Enlightenment
The work of Jacques-Lous David is most closely associated with
The French Revolution
Orientalism
The fascination on the part of Westerners with Oriental cultures (Asia and especially the Middle East), especially characteristic of the Romanticism movement in 19th-century European painting. Amplified by colonialism; seen as other, exotic, backwards.
Illusionism
The representation of the threedimensional world on a two-dimensional surface in a manner that creates the illusion that the person, object, or place represented is three-dimensional.
Edouard Manet's Olympia (1863) is similar in composition to which of the following paintings?
Titian, Venus of Urbino, 1536-1538
In the 1790s, free people of color in Saint-Domingue appealed for full equality with whites, using the ideals of the French Revolution as precedent. True or false?
True
Mary Cassatt's In the Loge (1880) emphasizes the modernity of industrialized Paris by showing a crowded opera house, with the central figure looking at the stage and another figure in the background directing his gaze toward her. True or false?
True
The "sublime" refers to a combination of awe and terror. In Romantic art, the sublime often features overwhelming scenes of natural forces and/or a taste for the fantastic, the occult, and the macabre. True or false?
True
The term "Impressionism" was initially meant as an insult to artists like Monet, whose works were perceived as unfinished studies. True or false?
True
The transition from Neoclassicism to Romanticism represented a shift in emphasis from reason to feeling, from calculation to intuition, and from objective nature to subjective emotion. True or false?
True
While Jacques Louis-David's Oath of the Horatii predates the French Revolution and he did not intend the painting as a revolutionary statement, it was later appropriated by revolutionaries due to its emphasis on patriotism and sacrifice. True or false?
True
Japonisme
Western obsession with Japanese art spurred by increased trade between Europe and Japan. Minimalist paintings using patterns, high horizon lines, flat spaces of color, and Japanese ("Japanese") content. Sometimes used respectfully, sometimes not.
Dutch Golden Age
a period in the history of the Netherlands, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world.
Girodet's portrait of Jean Baptiste-Belley (1797)...
a. It features a veristic sculpture of Guillaume Thomas Raynal, an Enlightenment thinker who argued against slavery. b. It emphasizes line over color, showing a return to the style of classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance. c. It uses the style of classical antiquity to legitimize and give authority to Jean Baptiste-Belley, a free person of color who was a representative of Saint Domingue in the French National Convention. d. It can be differentiated from abolitionist portrayals of people of color in objects like the Wedgwood "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" pendant, which showed enslaved people of color as passive.
The influence of photography on painting in the 19th century....
a. Realists and Impressionists rejected the need for illusionism in painting, partially due to the fact that photography could produce such clear illusionistic images. b. Impressionists like Degas began to incorporate cropped figures at the edges of their paintings, reflecting the cropped snapshot photographs of the 19th century. c. Impressionist artists focused on the world as being in movement, in opposition to the frozen images produced by photography.
The first known photograph featuring human presence is seen in Louis Daguerre's Boulevard du Temple, 1839, which shows a man receiving a shoe shine. What is true of the photograph?
a. The street is empty because the long exposure time could not capture humans in motion. b. It is a daguerreotype photograph.
Neoclassicist architecture appealed to Thomas Jefferson because...
a. it was associated with morality, idealism, patriotism, and civic virtue b. it was an extension of the Enlightenment belief in the perfectibility of human beings c. Jefferson associated Neoclassicism with an idealized Roman republican government and with the democracy of ancient Greece
Theodore Gericault's "Raft of the Medusa" (1818-1819)....
a. was a comment on the practice of slavery. b. abandoned the idealism of Neoclassicism and embraced the theatricality of Romanticism. c. sought to capture the horror, chaos, and emotion of a contemporary tragedy. d. employs an X-shaped composition to increase the dynamism of the painting.
Baroque art in the Dutch Republic...
a. was influenced by the economic growth of the Dutch Golden Age. b. was often commissioned and/or purchased by the middle class. c. featured more small, secular works than the art of the Italian Baroque, including flower paintings, still life paintings, genre scenes, and portraits.
The subject matter in Gustave Courbet's "The Stone Breakers"...
exemplifies Courbet's championing of everyday life as the only valid subject for the modern artist
Verism
extreme or strict naturalism in art or literature; the preference for realistic, everyday subject matter, rather than legendary or heroic subjects.
While the Gardner textbook includes Edmonia Lewis in the Realism chapter, she belongs in the Neoclassical chapter because...
her work is directly inspired by classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance.
Eadweard Muybridge's The Horse in Motion (1878) was created using
multiple cameras, triggered by the movement of the horse
Colonialism
the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.