ARTHC 201- definitions

Hildescheim:

Bronze doors are sculptural and show a narrative of the Old testament and the New testament

Mecca & the Kaaba:

First holiest place for Muslims. Mecca is the city to which Muslims make their pilgrimage (hajj). The Kaaba is the big building that everyone prays around once they get to Mecca.

How does the Romanesque church change the purpose of figural sculpture (think Portal sculpture)?

Its purpose is didactic. The illiterate use the narrative found in the sculpture to learn about how heaven and hell work (or other aspects of the gospel).

What is the motivation behind Illuminated manuscript painting of the Romanesque Period (both stylistically and by subject matter)?

The people of this time are largely illiterate so they needed the illustrations to teach the masses the gospel.

Galleries:

any covered passage that is open at one side, such as a portico or a colonnade. a narrow balcony or platform running the length of a wall

the Flamboyant Style:

late Gothic Architecture faze - contemporary of the English perpendicular style. It evolved from Rayonnant style, with more focus on decoration

Abbots:

leaders of abbeys, or monasteries

Archivolts:

the circular arch-thingies in romanesque cathedral sculpture. They radiate from the tympanum and have little sculpture in them (attached to collenettes with jamb figures)

Sulieyman the Magnificent:

the tenth and longest-reigning Great Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566.

Westwerk:

the wall facing West that has a bunch of fancy decoration on the outside

The Crusades:

took place after 1000AD in effort to retake the Holy Land

Stave Churches:

wooden medieval church

Lux Nova:

"new light"

Different types of Medieval

-Merovingian (purse cover, geometric and abstract style) cloissoné: gold and glass together--jewelry and ornaments geometric and abstract (lines more defined--perpendicular, horizontal, etc.) -Hiberno-Saxon (Book of Kells, organic style) organic lines (swirlies) -Carolingian (most important to know about!) -Charlemagne→ French king who united a lot of Europe. Sent out missionaries and they would take books (ex: Book of Kells) to the tribes around europe and they would see these books and associate these books and their beauty with Christianity. Asks the Pope to make him Holy Roman Emperor. Brought arches and domes to the North, a lot of Roman styling like posing and clothing -Ottonian (pretty insignificant/don't need to really know. German art - more dark and pessimistic)

Know the evolution and elements of the Mosque (Qibla, minbar, mihrab, maqsura, minarets, hypostyle hall).

-Qibla: wall that faces mecca (face this wall when saying prayers) -Mihrab: center of the qibla, the focal point of prayers (lots of tile work or excessive patterning) -Maqsura: enclosed anterior to the mihrab for the ruler and other dignitaries -Minbar: pulpit/throne for prayer leader -Minarets: towers to call down from to announce prayer time -Hypostyle hall: large room with columns

Know the importance of place and pilgrimage (like the Hajj) in Islam.

.Pilgrimage to the Hajj is one of the 5 pillars that Islam is founded upon. Ideally, every member of Islam undertakes the pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once in their lifetime. The kaaba is the large black building that in ancient times housed the votives to the gods of it's polytheistic caretakers. It now is a monotheistic shrine holy to Islam. Each mosque has a mihrab that faces east towards Mecca - direction is very important

Battle of Hastings:

1066 William the Conqueror overtook England

Villard de Honnecourt:

13th-century artist from Picardy in northern France. He is known to history only through a surviving portfolio of 33 sheets of parchment containing about 250 drawings. The traditional view, since the discovery of the portfolio in the mid-19th century, is that Villard was an itinerant architect/mason/builder.

Jerusalem: (Romanesque)

:Important pilgrimage location. Most important, but really expensive and dangerous. Pilgrimage was considered the capstone of their religious experience.

Arena Chapel:

A church in Padua, Veneto, Italy. It contains a fresco cycle by Giotto, completed about 1305, one of the most important masterpieces of Western art.

The Holy Roman Empire:

A multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806. Began when Charlemagne was named emperor.

altar pieces:

A piece of art such as a painting, sculpture or relief representing a religious subject and suspended in a frame behind the altar of a Christian church. Dyptich, tryptic... etc.

Cames:

A slender, grooved bar of lead for holding together the pieces of glass in windows of latticework or stained glass

typology

A type is something that stands as a symbol or precursor for something else. [example: Abraham being willing to sacrifice Isaac was a TYPE of the Father being willing to sacrifice his son Jesus Christ] ...." types pre-figuring or superseded by antitypes, events or aspects of Christ or his revelation"

Rome:

Another important pilgrimage location but also expensive

Tile-work:

Array of bright colors and delicate patterns. Often displayed on the walls or ceilings of mosques (think Dome of the Rock or the Blue Mosque)

William the Conqueror:

Bayeux Tapestry depicts this guy winning the battle of hastings

luxury goods:

Ceramics and metalwork

Know the importance of Charlemagne and the Carolingian Renaissance.

Charlemagne was the King of the Franks, united alot of Europe which had been in tribal units up to this point. He sent out missionaries to the tribes with very valuable gospel books. The tribes then associated these with Christianity and were baptized as a result. He utilized the beauty of the books to increase the religion. He then becomes Holy Roman Emperor. Uses art to unite the kingdom.He was fascinated with antiquity - spoke Greek and Latin. Brings back Roman elements in the north (carpet page of St Matthew - Roman drapery, senatorial boots, etc). Brings Roman arches and domes to the north for the first time. Was illiterate. He understood the importance of preserving the word of God in texts.

How did the Ottos (I, II, & III) revive the artistic glory of Charlemagne?

Continued the Empire but sought to use the church/papacy to strengthen and legitimize their rule. New relationship between church and state. New line of Holy Roman Emperors; they were interested in art and architecture--Bishop Bernard was the artist for many pieces produced during this period.

Vesperbild:

Created as an object of private devotion, Pieta. Very emotional - the heads are enlarged to put focus on the anguish and pain shown

tripartite rib vaulting:

Didn't need flying buttresses to support the walls - could add more windows.

Horseshoe Arch:

Double layering arch, like in the Great Mosque of Cordoba (keyhole arch)

Shah Jahan:

Emperor of Mughul Empire who's buried at the Taj Mahal with his wife

Know the ways in which the Gothic style was manifested in Italy, Germany, England. . .

English gothic = roots in Hiberno-Saxon and uses a lots of organic patterns, squattier and lower to the ground, not two towers, perpendicular style, very straight (as opposed to French curved) French: radiating chapels and other curving elements, two towers, rose window, westwerk (these elements show up in lesser ways in other styles) Italian gothic: made of marble, more Byzantine style. Mosaics on the outside, makes it more colorful (striping with the marble)

How does the Illuminated Manuscript evolve during the Medieval period?

Exterior of the books were made of jewels and gold.But the inside was more expensive. You could make two pages out of 1 sheepskin. Really long and expensive process to make into pages. The ink was also very pricy. Charlemagne sends out missionaries with decorative books to convert the tribes. Started out as a religious thing, one book per church for learning purposes but people then wanted to have the appearance of being very pious. As a result, prayer books and books of hours were created for personal use for kings and dukes. The rich bought very intricate illuminated manuscripts.

Trumeau:

Figure on the column in between the doors

Why is design, patterning, geometric ornamentation important in architecture, tile work, carpets, painting etc

For the same reason as calligraphy

Know the importance of Abbot Suger and his reforms to the architecture of Christianity.

Founder of the gothic, he really believed that color and lights were elements that bring you closer to God. -Idea of the Abbey church of St. Denis-birthplace of Gothic style was interested in new forms and ideas of architecture, transformed choir and ambulatory, idea of ribbed vaulting, which allowed for walls of windows, made church a technicolor place, like heaven would be.

Arnolfo di Cambio:

Italian architect and sculptor

In which ways is the Gothic Period a segue into a discussion of the Renaissance? Know the importance of Giotto. . .

Giotto introduces a better use of perspective and real space. His figures are more like human, there's superposition, more depth and proportion. There's still narrative, but everything is less stylized. More modeling, more naturalist, closer attention to anatomy and realistic human motion.

Cloisonné:

Gold and glass together (kind of like mini-stained glass). Seen mainly in jewelry and ornaments. Associated with Merovingian art - defined lines and kind of abstract style, geometric

Know the importance of Bishop Bernard and his patronage.

He commissioned the church of Hildesheim and its bronze doors. The bronze doors of Hildesheim tell a narrative of Old Testament and the New Testament. The artistic style was very unconcerned with anatomy/proportions Commissioner of many different architectures and he filled them with art

Interlace:

In the visual arts, interlace is a decorative element found in medieval art. In interlace, bands or portions of other motifs are looped, braided, and knotted in complex geometric patterns, often to fill a space.

Andrea Pisano:

Italian sculptor and architect

Know the importance and diversity of the luxury item in Islamic culture.

Islamic Textiles (carpets and fabrics) became luxury items across the globe. The Islamic peoples also traded in metals, glass, spices... traded with other parts of the world. Islamic world considered silks, incense, spices as luxury goods. Part of the silk road. Poorer people enjoyed pottery. This to me is kind of like art for art's sake - people would have items just because it looked pretty and it showed the status of the owner.

How is the Bayeux tapestry an excellent example of "Roman"esque art? What is its importance?

It depicts the victory of the Battle of Hastings. It depicted contemporary and everyday things in full detail-conquer's version of the story. This tapestry acts as propaganda for William the Conqueror, showing his military skill like most roman art did for the various emperors/leaders. I don't know if this is important, but it seemed that he wanted to emphasize the fact that it was probably made by women. I like thinking of the Bayeux Tapestry as something you could wrap around a column, like the Column of Trajan. 'Tis all about propaganda, emphasis on war, etc

In which ways is the Romanesque fittingly named? In which ways is it a misnomer?

It's romanesque in the sense that its sort of Roman, with key points being the use of arches and stone in buildings. However it also draws its influences from other cultures, thus it is not JUST roman-esque. Starts in year 1000 because people thought the world was going to end - revival. The architecture is very sturdy and made to last. Sturdy stone masonry, small windows to not weaken the structure and thus not a lot of light. The outside of the churches are very plain (not much sculpture) and not a lot of color. Tympanum sculpture shows distortion of proportions and a stylization not found in classical Roman art

Be able to trace the evolution of Gothic architecture from earlier phases to later ones.

Late Romanesque had elements that carried over into the Gothic: two towers, transept-cruciform plan, three entryways. Later Gothic has more decorative elements: more tracery, more figures on top of the pointed parts of the church, more windows, competition of who can build the highest cathedral. Important note: as Gothic progresses it gets taller, more windows, and more decorative. Late Romanesque has westwork and two towers. Early Gothic has three portals, two towers, transept, etc. Late Gothic becomes more decorative with tracery and windows. Buildings get higher

Medina:

Medina: city in western Saudi Arabia. In the city center, the vast Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque) is a major Islamic pilgrimage site. Its striking Green Dome rises above the tombs of the Prophet Muhammad and early Islamic leaders Abu Bakr and Umar. The Masjid al-Qiblatain (Qiblatain Mosque) is known as the site where the Prophet Muhammad received the command to change the direction of prayer to Mecca. The second holiest place for Muslims. Muhammad is buried here.

Who is Mohammad and how do his teachings (i.e. the Qur'an) affect the art of Islam?

Mohammad was the Prophet of Islam who wrote down the words of Allah, ie the koran. Muslims are commanded not to worship any graven images, (BLASPHEMOUS TO ATTEMPT TO RIVAL CREATIVE POWERS OF GOD), therefore they do not have any images, aside from organic and geometric designs, and the art of calligraphy. All three illustrations appear consistently throughout Islamic art.

Monastic orders:

Monasticism or monkhood is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work.

Byzantine Empire: In which ways did the style of Byzantium influence the Western World?

Mosaics, gold background, icons, elegant figures (taller, S-curve, more graceful/ stylized). Influenced Italian gothic (Italy is in the middle of East and West Europe) For example, we see cathedrals (Orvietto Cathedral) in Italy with golden mosaic on the facade/westwerk. Plus, tons of figures in medieval, romanesque, and gothic art have halos and similar figures from Byzantine art, ex. God as Architect of the World

Santiago de Compostela:

Most common pilgrimage location - where the remains of St James are located the relic and reliquaries: relic was a piece of a significant figure/object in christian beliefs. The reliquaries were ornate holders/cases for the relics. People would travel not just to see the relic, but to be in its presence (healing properties or spiritual strength). Supernatural qualities. Reliquaries match the importance of what's in the interior, made it holy and special (since the relic is just and old dusty or disgusting object most of the times). (Spain)

Why is Calligraphy important?

Muslims are commanded not to worship any graven images so calligraphy is a big thing for them in their art. It is how they make things beautiful since they cannot depict animals or humans. Arabic itself is holy to the Muslims because it is the language of the Qur'an, the word of God. The difficulty of learning and mastering the language, and then mastering calligraphy made it an art form

Know the importance of Opus Francigenum and Opus Modernum and how they relate to Gothic Architecture.

Opus Francigenum: "New French". The Gothic style started in France (westwork, ambulatory chapels, tracery (delicate sculpture on chapels (rose window without glass), three portals to represent godhead) so it's the idea of the French style moving around Europe. Its characteristic features include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Opus Modernum: "New Modernity" the idea of the rise of the city - city life and city pride. Seen especially in Italy. In the Gothic period they weren't looking into styles of the past, they are all about the present and the present style when they are building

Vienna:

Ottoman siege of Vienna. Holy Roman Empire kept back the Ottoman Empire. Important moment in history because if the Ottomans had won, their cultural influence might have permeated through the Western world.

Saint-Chapelle:

Patroned by Louis XI, rayonnant style (radiant), pointing up to heaven, almost all of the walls are WINDOWS. Life size reliquary.

Duccio

Precursor to Giotto. Father of Sienese style of painting.

Scriptoriums: Rarely did they make bibles from Genesis to Revelation. They make Psalms, or 4 gospels, etc. Lion, eagle, ox, boy = 4 gospels Matthew Mark Luke John.

Rarely did they make bibles from Genesis to Revelation. They make Psalms, or 4 gospels, etc. Lion, eagle, ox, boy = 4 gospels Matthew (boy) Mark (lion) Luke (Ox) John (Eagle).

Mozarabic art:

Refers to art of Mozarabs (from musta'rab meaning "Arabized"), Iberian Christians living in Al-Andalus, the Muslim conquered territories in the period that comprises from the Arab invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (711) to the end of the 11th century, adopted some Arab customs without converting to Islam, preserving their religion and some ecclesiastical and judicial autonomy.. Christians living in rural Arabic lands. Their architecture reflected many elements of various cultures, including the Islamic horseshoe arch.

- Know the importance of the RELIC in Romanesque art and architecture. - Be able to identify the Romanesque Cathedral and its elements.

Relics were bits of saints or other prominent religious figures/objects that helped people to feel closer to God and the saints. They were integral to early christian worship, so it makes sense that art and architecture developed to emphasize the relics

Know the importance of the monastic orders, its system, and cultural production.

Religious life is paramount and thus the church is usually located in the center of the monastery They were in charge of the creation of books. Monasteries and the monks within them were responsible for religious and cultural preservation. They were the literate members of society, copies books and scriptures.

Greater Individualism? Why do the names of more artists appear on the sculpture of this period?

Rise again with individualism and humanism. They are valuing their creation of art as an artist, taking pride in their art. However, right now it isn't really about the artist (there aren't very many self portraits) but it is about the actual piece that they have created. We see more patrons so artists would put their names on their pieces so that other patrons could employ them to create art for them. Roman artists used to write their names on sculpture they made too

Know the importance of Mary, the mother of Christ, and her representation in art and architecture.

Rose windows associated with Mary because she was" the Rose without thorns". Light comes through the windows as light came through her in her immaculate conception of Christ. Cult of the virgin. Always the focus point of paintings and sculptures, larger dimensions and more important than Jesus representations. Her color is BLUE. QUEEN OF HEAVEN. She becomes more and more important as Gothic evolves. By late gothic there are cathedrals dedicated just to Mary. The Chartres Cathedral was dedicated to her Her importance came from the fact that in the Gothic times, they believed she was the intercessory between us and Christ (unlike what we believe, which is Christ being intercessory between us and Heavenly Father)

the Lombards:

Ruled Italy between Byzantine empire and

the Doge:

Ruler of Venice. Notable because of the Doge Palace, which is Gothic style. Venice was a huge trading power so you can see the influence of multiple cultures in the architecture.

Extramission

Scholars believed that the eye emitted light, which touched objects seen, which then transmitted back into the eyes. Incorrect science of how they thought people were able to see things..

Know the differences between Secular and Religious art in Islam.

Secular Art: Was able to depict people and animals Religious Art: Emphasized patterning and calligraphy

What do we learn about these cultures from the small portable objects they created?

Similar to the Prehistoric Art, these people were very mobile (nomadic). Their art was small and portable, but they liked precious objects. Many were made with gold and glass and were detailed with organic patterns.

vesper and matutinal prayers:

Specific prayers said at certain times of the day. Matutinal prayers said in the morning, and vespers said in the evening

Textiles:

Textiles: a type of cloth or woven fabric

Choir:

The "crossing" in a cathedral, like the middle of the transcepts

author pages:

The Scribe Eadwine (romanesque)

In which ways was Gothic Architecture driven by piety, civic pride, and remarkable engineering?

The addition of color was to make the churches more heaven-like, to help people feel like they were closer to God. Additionally the ribbed vaulting allowed for far more windows which increased the amount of available light in the buildings, a concept also related to heaven. Churches were constantly engineered to become higher than they were before Also the idea of Opus Modernum. They take pride in their city and in the style that they are building in today. Instead of looking back, they are engineering a new style. French and English have different styles - want to be distinct)

Tree of Jesse:

The depiction of Christ fulfilling the prophecy that the Savior would come from the seed of Jesse. His ancestry

How does the pilgrimage change the Christian church? In which ways does it change the Christian Mentality?

The pilgrimage was an idea that brought money into the church, thus pilgrims were almost exalted or flattered and catered to in church art. Some examples of this include pilgrims being shown on the right hand of christ in murals, and the development of the ambulatory so pilgrims might observe the reliquaries without disturbing the congregation. Pilgrimage was also meant to be the capstone of one's religiosity.

Tribunes:

The second level of a Romanesque church, above the side aisles. (elevated part of the gallery)

Olgee Arch:

The super pointy and curvy arch, looks like an onion

compound piers:

The thick columns inside the cathedral - had arches on either side.

the Norse:

The vikings from the North

What do ship burials tell us about these Warrior Lords and art of Northern Europe?

Their ideas were similar to other cultures (Egypt) in their desire to provide those who had passed on with all they would need for the afterlife. Art was based on survival and needs of daily life, not as much art made for decoration.

St. Thomas Aquina:

Theologian and scholar, an italian friar

What are the ties to the West? In which ways is Islamic art and architecture unique and in which ways is it influenced by other cultures in the Mediterranean world?

They are located in the center of the world so they traded frequently. Their style adopts and incorporates the local style of building. Parts of the Islamic tradition tie to Christian tradition - the site of the Dome of the Rock is supposedly where Adam was created and the site of the near sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham. Islam joined the holiness of other religious sites and superseded it by building their own church there.

In which ways is Romanesque Sculpture tied to the Classical past and in which ways is it radically different?

They're trying to do drapery (it's really stylized though). The way it's different is it's focused on narrative and the proportions are way off (not natural looking). Roman style, yet very stylized and narrative is most important element

In which ways is the Medieval period, Dark, or Middle Period a misnomer?

Things were still being constructed. In all reality there was a boom of constructions and thousands of Churches were built. Also they cared about light in their structures. Rise in education. Increase in spirituality People say that they are obsessed with death but they are actually like the egyptian with eternal life and burial practices (buried ships)

Jerusalem:

Third holiest place. The Dome of the Rock is an Islamic sacred shrine in Jerusalem, built on the Temple Mount. This is where Mohammed ascended into heaven and was given the second pillar of Islam, to pray five times a day, from Allah, which is still used today.

In which ways is the Gothic Period a segue into a discussion of the Renaissance? Know the importance of Giotto. . .

Used many windows, light. Was a place of hope and brightness. Color didn't exist then like it does today, rather, the major use of color in the cathedrals implied another world-a heavenly world that was bright and cheery.

In which ways is the Gothic cathedral analogous to the City of God?

Used many windows, light. Was a place of hope and brightness. Color didn't exist then like it does today, rather, the major use of color in the cathedrals implied another world-a heavenly world that was bright and cheery.

- Know the parts of a Gothic Cathedral (Nave, Aisles, Transept, Flying Buttresses, clerestory, triforium, Nave arcade . . .)

Usually along the nave/walls of the cathedral: Clerestory: top part of the wall with windows Triforium: middle part with lancet windows sometimes Nave arcade: bottom part of the wall

Why is a knowledge of Islamic art and architecture important in today's world?

We perceive the Islamic world differently when we understand that we all share an appreciation for beauty. A lot of people perceive the Islamic as volatile or scary, but a deeper understanding of the culture, the piety of the people, and the beautiful art allows us to see that it's not the religion that's scary, just the extremists groups who don't represent the religion.

Visgoths:

Western branches of the nomadic tribes of Germanic peoples referred to collectively as the Goths

Aspects of Romanesque Cathedral:

Westwork: entrance facade Narthex: entrance where you usually wash your hands before entering Nave: middle Side aisles: on either side of nave Transept: arms of the cross Apse: where the altar would be Radiating chapels: French style, go off the apse Ambulatory: the aisle around the altar for crowd control to look at relics in the chapels

Normandy:

William the conqueror was from here - from Normandy launched an attack and overtook Britain- became king of Britain

Grisaille:

a method of painting in gray monochrome, typically to imitate sculpture

the Alhambra

a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain

Rose Window:

big, circular stained glass window in gothic cathedrals dedicated to Mary since she is the "rose without thorns" also light comes through stained glass symbolizing the entrance of Christ into the world without breaking her virginity, also since Mary is seen as more of an advocate for humans than Christ

jamb figures:

columnal statues on the sides of cathedral doors

Bishop Odo:

commissioned the Bayeux Tapestry, was the half-brother of Wm the Conqueror

Gothic (pointed) arch:

could hold up more weight

Mughul Empire:

empire that mostly conquered India. Taj Mahal built during this empire.

Calligraphy:

fancy script, a way of writing that makes text/words into art. They believe that the word of God should be created to depict the value they take in the actual words. Beauty reflects the importance of the words.

Tempera:

pigment mixed with egg yolk

Persian Rugs & Royal Factories:

prayer rugs made in workshops- they were expensive and luxurious because they were used for praying in both mosques and in homes

the relic and reliquaries:

relic was a piece of a significant figure/object in christian beliefs. The reliquaries were ornate holders/cases for the relics. People would travel not just to see the relic, but to be in its presence (healing properties or spiritual strength). Supernatural qualities. Reliquaries match the importance of what's in the interior, made it holy and special (since the relic is just and old dusty or disgusting object most of the times).

(English) Perpendicular style:

roughly parallels flamboyant style in England. More prominent vertical lines. Fan vaults, etc. A move away from the more intensely decorated that is seen in France.

Tympanum:

sculpture area in romanesque cathedral sculpture, above doors

Ambulatory:

small aisle around the apse of the church behind the alter that pilgrims could walk through to view the relics in a more discreet manner

radiating chapels:

small apses that extend from the apse and hold relics

Rayonnant (Radiant) Style:

style is used in the Sainte-Chapelle, a ton of colors and mostly stained glass. Late Gothic style. The later the gothic period, the more decorative the outside of a cathedral will be. Flamboyant style.

lancet windows:

tall and skinny windows that come in multiples