Arts 1304 (Chapter 21)
Wright, in his paintings, was in tune with what philosophy or doctrine?
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What is Neoclassicism?
A style of art and architecture that emerged in the late 18th-century as part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures.Neoclassical artists adopted themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome.
What was the Grand Tour?
A tour of Europe's major cities to finish one's education; generally done by aristocrat's sons. ***
What locations became the center of Parisian social and intellectual life?
A typical French Rococo room is the Salon de la Princesse in the Hôtel de Soubise in Paris, designed by Germain Boffrand (1667-1754) in collaboration with the painter Joseph Natoire (1700-1777) and the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne (1704-1778). Parisian salons such as this one were the center of Rococo social life.
According to Rousseau, what came before reason?
According to Rousseau, human capacity for feeling, sensibility, and emotions came before reason.
After Watteau's early death, which Rococo artist, as well as follower of his, rose to dominance?
After Watteau's death at age 36 brought his brilliant career to a premature end, François Boucher (1703-1770) rose to the dominant position in French painting, in large part because he was Madame de Pompadour's favorite artist.
Did David intend for this painting to be a revolutionary statement?
Although David had painted it under royal patronage and did not intend the painting as a revolutionary statement, Oath of the Horatii aroused his audience to patriotic zeal.
David painted this painting under what kind of patronage?
Ancient Roman patronage
Where was Benjamin West born and where did he find almost immediate success in art?
Benjamin West, born in Pennsylvania on what was then the colonial frontier, traveled to Europe early in life to study art and then went to England, where he met with almost immediate success.
How was his style different from Grand Manner portraiture?
But unlike Grand Manner portraits, Copley's Paul Revere (fig. 21-22), painted before the artist left Boston, conveys a sense of directness and faithfulness to visual fact that marked the taste for honesty and plainness noted by many late-18th- and 19th-century visitors to America.
One of the defining characteristics of the late 18th century was a renewed admiration of and heightened interest in what?
Classical antiquity during the Enlightenment.
Where did he mature as a painter and where did he immigrate to?
Copley later emigrated to England, where he absorbed the fashionable English portrait style.
What is the figure in the painting based on?
David based Marat's figure on the dead Christ in Michelangelo's Pietà in Saint Peter's in Rome.
David concurred with what Enlightenment belief?
David concurred with the Enlightenment belief that the subject of an artwork should have a moral.
This painting was masterfully composed to present the figure in it as what?
David masterfully composed the painting to present Marat as a tragic martyr who died in the service of the revolution.
What countries were the principal centers of the Enlightenment?
England and France were the principle centers of the Enlightenment.
This new interest gave rise to what new movement?
Exposure to the art treasures of Italy was also a major factor in the rise of Neoclassicism as the leading art movement of the late 18th century.
What is fète galante?
Fête galante paintings depicted the outdoor entertainment or amusements of French high society.
What are the characteristics in this painting that epitomizes Rococo style?
Fragonard's Swing exemplifies Rococo style. pastel colors and soft light complement a scene in which a young lady flirtatiously kicks off her shoe at a statue of Cupid while her lover gazes at her. Lively and lighthearted, Boucher's artful Rococo fantasies became mirrors for his well-to-do French patrons to behold the ornamental reflections of their cherished pastimes.
This scene is portrayed from what movement?
French Revolution
What contrasting blend of styles is found in this setting of a portrait painting against a landscape background?
Gainsborough presented Mrs. Sheridan as a lovely, informally dressed woman seated in a rustic landscape faintly reminiscent of Watteau in its soft-hued light and feathery brushwork. Gainsborough's goal was to match the natural, unspoiled beauty of the landscape with that of his sitter. Mrs. Sheridan's dark brown hair blows freely in the slight wind, and her clear "English complexion" and air of ingenuous sweetness contrast sharply with the pert sophistication of the subjects of Continental Rococo portraits.
What is Grand Manner portraiture?
Grand manner portraits elevated the sitters by conveying refinement and elegance.
Who is the artist of this painting? This painting sums up the characteristics of what category or genre in art?
Greuze is the artist of this painting. The sentimental narrative in art became the specialty of French artist Jean-Baptiste Greuze, whose most popular work, Village Bride, sums up the characteristics of the genre.
The painter, Greuze, was a master of and specialized in what genre or category in art?
Greuze was a master of sentimental narrative, which appealed to a new audience that admired "natural" virtue.
What type of painting is this?
History Painting
Hogarth is famous for what type of painting and prints?
Hogarth won fame for his paintings and prints satirizing English life with comic zest. ***
What favorite device did Hogarth use in his artwork?
Hogarth's favorite device was to make a series of narrative paintings and prints, in a sequence similar to chapters in a book or scenes in a play, following a character or group of characters in their encounters with some social evil.
What was the basis of Enlightenment thought?
In his scientific studies, Newton insisted on empirical proof of his theories and encouraged others to avoid metaphysics and the supernatural—realms that extended beyond the natural physical world. This emphasis on both tangible data and concrete experience became a cornerstone of Enlightenment thought.
After the death of Louis XIV (14th), who reestablished their predominance as art patrons?
In the cultural realm, aristocrats reestablished their predominance as art patrons.
As a result, a steady stream of Europeans and Americans traveled to what country in particular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?
Italy
Who was the leading Neoclassical painter of France who also became the Neoclassical-painter-ideologist of the French Revolution?
Jacques-Louis David
Many of those who completed a Grand Tour returned home with a painting by whom?
Many visitors to Italy returned home from their Grand Tour with a painting by Antonio Canaletto, the leading painter of scenic views (vedute) of Venice.
Angelica Kauffman, Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures
Neoclassical Style
Was John Singleton Copley an English painter?
No. American painter.
Was Benjamin West an English painter?
No. Benjamin West, born in Pennsylvania on what was then the colonial frontier, traveled to Europe early in life to study art and then went to England, where he met with almost immediate success.
Is this a scene from classical antiquity?
No. Rather than continuing to create artworks focused on scenes from antiquity, David began to portray scenes from the French Revolution itself.
Reflecting Rousseau's values, what kind of scenes did the artist Chardin paint?
Reflecting Rousseau's values, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin painted quiet scenes of domestic life in the tradition of 17th-century Dutch genre scenes
Rococo appeared in France in and about 1700 primarily as a style of what?
Rococo appeared in France around 1700, primarily as a style of interior design.
In contrast, what did Rousseau argue about the arts, sciences, society, and civilization in general?
Rousseau argued that the arts and sciences, society, and civilization in general had corrupted "natural man"—people in their primitive state. He was convinced that humanity's only salvation lay in a return to some- thing like "the ignorance, innocence and happiness" of its original condition.
This conclusion led Rousseau to exalt what as the ideal of the "most natural"?
Rousseau's elevation of feeling above reason as the most primitive—and hence the most "natural"—human expression led him to exalt as the ideal the peasant's simple life, with its honest and unsullied emotions.
Who is the artist of this painting and what kind of portraiture did he specialize in?
Sir Joshua Reynolds, Lord Heathfield. Specialized in Grand Manner portraiture.
What was the Enlightenment?
The 18th-century Western philosophy based on empirical evidence. The Enlightenment was a new way of thinking critically about the world and about humankind, independently of religion, myth, or tradition.
What kind of knowledge was imperative to the Enlightenment?
The Enlightenment had made knowledge of ancient Greece and Rome imperative, and a steady stream of Europeans and Americans traveled to Italy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
This painting soon became what type of voice of the French Revolution?
The Neoclassical style soon became the semiofficial voice of the French Revolution.
These new centers of culture were expressed through what new style of art and architecture?
The Rococo style in art and architecture was the perfect expression of the lighthearted elegance that the wealthy cultivated in their opulent homes.
Also, after the death of Louis XIV, the center of culture of the aristocratic elite moved from the Baroque palace culture of Versailles to where?
The elite quickly abandoned the court of Versailles for the pleasures of town life. The hôtels (elegant private townhouses) of Paris soon became the centers of a new, softer style called Rococo.
What does the feminine look of the Rococo style reflect?
The feminine look of the Rococo style reflects the taste and social initiative of women, and to a large extent, women dominated the cultural sphere during the Rococo age.
Canaletto was a leading painter of what kind of paintings?
The leading painter of scenic views (vedute) of Venice.
From where did the term Rococo derive and what did it refer to?
The term derived from the French word rocaille ("pebble"), but it referred especially to the small stones and shells used to decorate grotto interiors.
What virtues does this huge canvas celebrate?
This huge canvas celebrating ancient Roman patriotism and sacrifice features statuesque figures and classical architecture.
What is this painting about?
This moralistic warning shows the disastrous results of an ill-considered marriage for money and satirizes patronage and aesthetics.
In the new American republic, what movement did Thomas Jefferson spearhead?
Thomas Jefferson spearheaded a movement to adopt Neoclassicism as the national architectural style. ??***
She was one of the few women admitted to what institution?
Vigée-lebrun was one of the few women admitted to the Royal Academy of painting and sculpture.
What was Vigèe-Lebrun famous for?
Vigèe-Lebrun was famous for the force and grace of her portraits of highborn ladies and royalty throughout Europe.
What did Voltaire believe about the salvation of humanity?
Voltaire believed that the salvation of humanity lay in the advancement of science and the rational improvement of society.
Watteau was responsible for creating what specific type of Rococo painting genre?
Watteau was largely responsible for creating a specific type of Rococo painting genre called a fête galante ("amorous festival").
What does the painting Pilgrimage to Cythera portray?
Watteau's fête galante paintings depict the outdoor amusements of French upper-class society.
What was Benjamin West's great innovation with this type of painting?
West's major innovation was to blend contemporary subject matter and costumes with the grand tradition of history painting.
In his paintings, A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery and Experiment on a Bird, what does Joseph Wright of Derby celebrate?
Wright specialized in dramatically lit paintings celebrating the modern scientific instruments of the Industrial Revolution.
