ASAN312

Cohong

"Combined merchant companies." A guild of officially authorized Chinese merchants, licensed by the Qing government. The Cohong monopolized foreign trade, and became the major stumbling block for foreign traders in the Canton trade. The Cohong were abolished in 1842 under the Treaty of Nanking.

Han

"Domain." The regions controlled by daimyo

Fukoku Kyohei

"Enrich the Nation, Strengthen the Army." A Meiji period slogan used to spur the modernization of Japan

Sonno Joi,

"Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians." This phrase was the foundation of the philosophy of the shishi. specific person, namely Yi Ha-ung (182fM898), father of King Kojong. The Taewm'gun ruled Korea from 1864 to 1873.

Hiroshima

On 6 August 1945, the world's first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, demolishing about 90% of the city and ultimately killing some 200/100 people. Peace Memorial Park and related buildings are now at what was the epicenter of the explosion. Every year there is a commemorative ceremony on August 6.

Nagasaki

On 9 August 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, where Nagasaki Shipyards was located. About 122,000 people were killed, and most of the city was destroyed. The site of foreign trade before and during the Edo period, Nagasaki is once again a center for shipbuilding. It is also noted for historic Western residences and as a deep-sea port.

PKI (Partai Komunis Indonesia)

Partai Komunis Indonesia, the Indonesian communist party. Founded in 1920. The PKI enjoyed mass popularity on Java and Sumatra, but was suppressed by the Dutch. Re-emerging after WWII, the PKI was active until 1966, when it was banned. See Chapters 8, 11.

PNI (Partai Nasional Indonesia)

Partai Nasional Indonesia, the Indonesian Nationalist Party. Founded by Sukarno in 1927 as an independence-seeking mass party. Dissolved in 1930, it was re-formed in 1945 and was the most important party until 1971, when Sukarno was deposed. PN1 became part of the Indonesian Democratic Party in 1973

Ho Chi Minh

Pseudonym for Nguyen Sinh Cung. Ho first learned of Marxism when he lived in London during WWI. He attended the Versailles Peace Conference, and demanded independence for Vietnam. Afterwards, Ho co-founded the French Communist Party. In 1923, Ho studied Marxism in Moscow and worked at Comintern headquarters. In 1924, he went to Guangzhou, to work with the KMT and foster communist activity in French Indochina. Ho left Guangzhou in 1927, to escape Chiang Kai-shek's repression of communists. Ho returned to south China in 1930 and formed the Vietnamese Communist Party in Hong Kong. It became the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) in October 1930. Imprisoned by the British in 1931, he was released in 1933 and went to Moscow. He spent the next few years in the USSR. In 1938, Ho visited CCP headquarters in Yan'an, then trained guerrillas in central China. In May 1941, Ho presided over the formation of the League for the Independence of Vietnam—the Viet Minh. Ho spent most of his time during WWII organizing the Viet Minh and preparing for the revolution that would come after the war. The Japanese drove the French from Vietnam on 9 March 1945; Japan's surrender on 15 August left a power void. After the Japanese withdrawal, the Viet Minh launched their attack, took Hanoi with ease, and established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on 2 September 1945. Hanoi was the capital and Ho Chi Minh was the president. After the Viet Minh's rise to power in 1945, members of the ICP and of the Viet Minh were in most of the key posts. The first National Assembly was elected in early 1946; the Assembly reaffirmed Ho as president. Shortly thereafter. Ho made a coalition with rival parties. In December 1946, negotiations with the French broke down; this led to war. After the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, an international conference on Vietnam refused to legitimize Ho's government and divided his country at the seventeenth parallel. After 1954, Ho retained the presidency of the North but actually spent his time promoting Vietnam's interests in the international arena. Ho died of a heart attack on 3 September 1969. As the liberator of his people and the founder of the country. Ho is honored throughout Vietnam and is the symbol of the nation.

Treaty of Kanghwa

Signed on 26 February 1876 between Japan and Korea, this treaty was Korea's first modern,Western-style treaty. Its provisions included opening ports for trade and recognition of Korea as an independent country. It both ended Chinese "monopolization" of Korea and marked the end of Korea's isolation as "the Hermit Kingdom."

Treaty of Kanagawa

Signed on 31 March 1854, after Commodore Perry returned to Japan, the Treaty of Kanagawa was Japan's first treaty with a Western nation. This treaty opened Hakodate and Shimoda to US vessels, and guaranteed that shipwrecked sailors would be treated well

May Fourth Movement

So named for an incident in Beijing on 4 May 1919, in which about 3000 university students poured into the streets to protest the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. The movement itself is usually given the dates 1917-1921. It was a total rejection of traditional Chinese culture by young, modern-educated Chinese.

SCAP,

Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, namely, General Douglas MacArthur

Factory: (Godown) Foreign Concessions

The "factories" of the China trade were not industrial plants; they were a combination of warehouses, shipping and receiving centers, trading centers, and residences. Godown is from Malay gudang, meaning "warehouse."

Hong Kong

The British Crown colony on the eastern side of the mouth of the Pearl River. Hong Kong is the name for both the principal island of the colony and the colony itself. Hong Kong is Hakka for "Fragrant Harbor;" this is "Xianggang" in Mandarin. The 99-year lease of the New Territories expires on June 1,1997, at which point the British will return all of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China.

Diet

The Japanese parliament, created in 1890

Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905

Japan was the unexpected victor of this war. Victory raised the prestige of Japan in the world and established it as an imperialist power. This war confirmed Japanese authority in Korea; Japan also gained Russian holdings in China and Manchuria, as well as southern Sakhalin and the Kurile chain. The Treaty of Portsmouth ended the Russo-Japanese War.

Genro

Literally, "Original Elders." Refers to the older Meiji statesmen, namely: Ito Hirobumi, Kuroda Kiyotaka, Matsukata Masayoshi, Oyama Iwao, Saigo Tsugumkhi, Yamagata Aritomo, and InoueKaoru

Dutch East Indies

Name of the Dutch colony which, along with other territories, became modern Indonesia. The capital was Batavia.

New Culture Movement

Often given the dates 1915-1925. The appearance of New Youth, published by Chen Duxiu, marks the beginning of this movement. This movement rejected traditional Chinese culture and sought to replace it with something modern

Guangzhou

(gwong joe) Also known as Canton, Guangzhou is a major port city in southern China. It is the capital of Guangdong Province.

Lin Zexu

(lynn tsuh shoe) 1785-1850. A Chinese scholar-official who served the Qing government. In 1838, he was sent to Guangzhou to end the opium trade. His successful efforts resulted in the Opium War

Hideki Tojo

...

Occupation of Japan,

...

Shigeru Yoshida

...

Unequal Treaties

...

Zaibatsu

...

Commodore Matthew Perry

1794-1858. In March 1852, Commodore Perry of the US Navy was assigned command of four ships. His mission: to establish relations with Japan. Perry and his ships reached Japan in July 1853. On 14 July 1853, he presented Japanese officials a letter from President Millard Fillmore, which asked for the establishment of relations and trade. Perry also emphasized the importance of avoiding confrontation between the two countries. Shortly thereafter, he and his ships left. Before leaving, he told the Japanese he would be back with a larger contingent to receive their reply. Perry returned to Japan in February 1854, this time with eight ships- On 31 March 1854, the Treaty of Kanagawa was signed, which was both Japan's first treaty with a Western power and the death knell of the Tokugawa policy of isolation.

Douglas MacArthur,

1880-1964. After graduating first in the West Point class of 1903, Douglas MacArthur went on tours of duty in the Philippines and Japan, then to WWi Europe. Later, he became the chief military advisor to the Philippines. In July 1941, MacArthur was appointed commander of US forces in the Far East. During the war, MacArthur's greatest achievement was the island-hopping counterattack in New Guinea and the Philippines. MacArthur accepted the Japanese surrender on board the USS Missouri on 2 September 1945. Presiding over the reshaping and democratization of postwar Japan as Supreme Commander of Allied Powers {SCAP), MacArthur implemented numerous reforms, including the new constitution. In 1950, when the Korean War erupted, MacArthur commanded the UN forces in Korea. MacArthur's proposed strategy was to expand the war and attack China; Truman wanted the war limited to Korea. President Truman prevailed, relieving MacArthur of command in 1951. This was MacArthur's final "lesson in democracy* for Japan—civilian authority is more important than military authority'.

Chiang Kai-shek,

1887-1975. One of the major political leaders of twentieth century China, Chiang's career included military service and leadership in the Guomindang (1928-49). After the Guomindang's loss to the Communists, he established a government in exile in Taiwan, serving as President of Republic of China (ROC) from 1949-75. Chiang's son, Chiang Ching-kuo, succeeded him as head of the ROC

Mohamada Hatta

1902-1980. Educated in the DNS and in Holland, where he was active in anticolonial politics. Arrested in 1927, he was acquitted; Hatta returned to Batavia in 1932. Hatta felt that the education of nationalist leaders was more important than the formation of mass parties (which would be easy targets for Dutch suppression). Arrested again in 1935, he was exiled from Java until just before the Japanese invasion. During the war, he served as vice-chair of mass organizations. In August 1945, he and Sukarno founded Indonesia by declaring independence. Sukarno became president and Hatta, vice-president. Troubled by political trends, Hatta resigned as vice-president in 1956.

Showa Emperor (Hirohito),

1902-1989; regent from 1921; reigned 1926-1989. Better known in the West by his given name of Hirohito. An avid marine biologist whose studies made contributions to the advance of science, the Showa Emperor claimed disinterest in politics. However, it is widely agreed that he played a pivotal role in both the suppression of the February 26 Incident and the decision to surrender in 1945. What role he had in the militarism of the 1930s and 1940s is debated. He said that as a constitutional monarch, all he could do was approve the legislation presented before him, as was required by law—his opinion was irrelevant. On the other hand, there are those who see a more active wartime role for him. In the postwar period, the Showa Emperor became the first reigning Japanese emperor to travel abroad. He also visited every Japanese prefecture except Okinawa (for safety reasons). He died of cancer on 7 January 1989.

Sat-Cho

A combination of the han names "Satsuma" and "Choshu," these han allied with each other against the Tokugawa.

Northern Expedition

A military maneuver of 1926. The KMT pushed north, to gain control of areas ruled by warlords. The expedition's success established Chiang Kai-shek as virtual dictator of China.

Shanghai

A port city on the East China Sea, Shanghai was opened as a "treaty port" to foreign concessions as a result of the First Opium War.

Comintern

Abbreviation for the Third Communist International. This group was founded in in the USSR in 1919. It was formed to coordinate communist parties worldwide.

Sino-Japanese War 1894-95,

After increasing tensions of which country had the "right" to dominate Korea, China and Japan fought a brief war over the issue. Although Western powers expected China to win, Japan easily defeated the Chinese. Even when China sued for peace, Japan kept fighting. Finally, the Treaty of Shiinonoseki was negotiated to end the war. China paid a high price for peace, ceding territory and paying a huge indemnity

Manchuria

An area of northeastern China. Rich in natural resources, Manchuria was an area of contention among imperial powers. It is also the homeland of the Manchus, who established the Qing dynasty

Canton Trade,

Before the Opium Wars, Canton (Guangzhou) was the only point of entry for British trade with China. It was the center for all foreign trade with China until more treaty ports were opened.

Zaibatsu

Business and industrial conglomerates that developed through cooperation with the government.

Sukarno

Co-founder of the Republic of Indonesia, he was its first president. His greatest legacy was the concept of "Indonesia," a modem nation-state formed from the great diversity of the islands. A popular, nationalist leader, he led a leftist government that allied itself with China and was hostile to Malaysia and the West. Sukarno developed "Guided Democracy."

Daimyo

Daimyo were the rulers of the han of Tokugawa Japan

Macao

Established in 1557 by the Portuguese, Macao was the first permanent Western outpost in Asia. It is at the west end of the mouth of the Pearl River. "Macao" is a corruption of "A-Ma-Kao," meaning "The Bay of A-Ma." A-Ma is a guardian of fishermen in Chinese mythology.

British East India Company ,

Founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1858 by the queen of England. Also known as The (Honourable) Company. The initial purpose of the Company was to expand English trade as far as the Indian Ocean. Later, the Company expanded British trade into Southeast Asia; it also extended trade into China.

Xinhai Revolution

Refers to the December 1936 capture of Chiang Kai-shek by Zhang Xueliang, a general (supposedly) under his command. Zhang took Chiang in a successful attempt to force the KMT to stop fighting the CCP and create a unified front to fight the Japanese.

French Indochina

Refers to the area of French colonialism in Southeast Asia: Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and part of southern China. "Indochina" refers to Indian and Chinese influences in the area. However, because the term "Indochina" ignores indigenous culture and is also a reminder of French imperialism. It has fallen into disuse. Usually, the more neutral "Southeast Asia" is employed. Although "French Indochina" is useful as a historical term, that area is commonly called "mainland (or peninsular) Southeast Asia."

Article Nine,

The article in the postwar "peace constitution" which forbids Japanese rearmament. It reads as follows: Article 9. Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. (2) In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, end air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized. In spite of the seemingly clear wording of Article Nine, Japan has created what it calls its Self Defense Forces (SDF). The debate over the legality of the SDF has gone on since the SDF were formed. The ultimate conclusion is that war in self-defense is not forbidden, so defensive armament is constitutional. During most of the post war period, public opinion polls consistently showed the majority of the Japanese people to be against any amendment to Article Nine that might increase armament. Such polls also showed that most Japanese favor maintaining the SDF, regardless of the possible unconstitutionality of the SDF's existence. More recently, public interest in changing the constitution has grown, but formal alteration of the constitution remains a formidably difficult and slow process politically.

Tokugawa

The family name of the last Shoguns. The Tokugawa, who ruled Japan from 1600 to 1867, imposed both a lasting peace and a policy of isolation on Japan.

Bakufu

The government of the Shogun,

Extraterritoriality

The idea that the laws of a foreign country would be applied to its nationals in other sovereign states. For example, if a British citizen committed a crime on Chinese soil, he would be under the jurisdiction of British law, not Chinese law. Any trial or punishment would be administered by the British, not the Chinese. Extraterritoriality did not end until the twentieth century.

nationalism

The sense of unity and feeling of identity felt by a group of people and characterized by shared culture, language, territory, and traditions

Treaty of Nanjing,

The treaty that ended the First Opium War. Negotiated between the British and the Qing in 1842, it was the first Western-style treaty signed by China.

Opium Wars

Wars between Western powers and China that were fought on the pretext of Chinese opposition to the opium trade, but also involved broader issues such as extraterritoriality, tariffs, trading rights, opening of ports, diplomatic relations, and the cultural collision between the West and China.

Meiji

laterally, "Enlightened Rule." The reign name of Mutsuhito. Also the name of the period during which Matsuhito was emperor, which was 1868 to 1912

warlords

ndependent generals of the late Qing and Republic periods. Warlords were regional powers, surviving through their control of territories and command of personal armies