ASCI 1120

Hume's maxim

"No testimony is sufficient to establish a miracle unless the testimony be of such a kind that its falsehood would be more miraculous than the fact which it endeavors to establish"

Definition of Anchoring

-A cognitive bias wherein one relies too heavily on one trait or piece information -Uses what you do know to estimate what you don't know

What is fruitful discussion?

-Presumes that the parties know what will count as evidence toward or against it -If you cannot identify what counts as evidence you are not open to the influence of evidence, there is no point in arguing or discussing it

Give an example of anchoring relating to the population size of Canadian societies

-Torontonian (2.7 million) asked the population of Kingston -Knows its a big city but not as large as Toronto so estimate 1/10th (270,000) -Ottawan (1mil), might guess 100,000

Provide 3 examples of why who we are and how we act are not identical

1. Behaviour/Person 2. Proclivity/Identity 3. Preferences/Values

Slippery slope

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Straw man

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.

inductive reasoning

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.

Do what I say, not what I do.

Actions speak louder than words Need for consistency Strive to be non-arbitrary Fundamental theme in the rule of law

example of availability heuristic

After seeing several news reports about car thefts, you might make a judgment that vehicle theft is much more common than it really is in your area.

Pervasive fallacy

Argument against the person Evidence and arguments and points of view are distinct from the people who hold them Don't get upset or offended by a (person or) argument Examine it for its contents, logic and evidence

What is ad hominem

Argument against the person Evidence, arguments and points of view are distinct from the people who hold them

Ad hominem- Abusive

Arguments that attempt to avoid the issue by insulting an opponent with abusive language.

What is the herd mentality?

As more and more people answer a question a certain way, you are more likely to say that answer (even if you suspect it is false)

Example of an appeal to ignorance

Because we don't know it must have some supernatural origin

Contradictions words and actions

Can occur in reason as well as in behaviour One cannot each respect through disrespecting someone Dont hit your sister

Definition of Veracity

Conformity to facts

Equality feel like...

Constraint to the privileged

Life is a spectrum of

Disorder

Unmoved mover

Does belief in a specific anthropomorphic creator (remember that we are "hyperactive agency detection devices") any more believable than not doing so Putting a creator before the big bang only begs the question of what created the creator

Cling-ons

Dont cling to things, Consider your property something that the universe (whatever you believe this to be) has bestowed to you temporarily. Keep in mind that it can recoup this (or more) in the blink of an eye

Naturalistic fallacy

Facts say nothing desirability Natural is a factual claim Policy is a prescriptive undertaking

Example of status quo bias

Free trials - count on you getting used to netflix and then just continue to receive and pay after the free trail ends

Relationship between knowledge and freedom

Fundamental connection between science and the continuing struggle for freedom Fundamentally ant-arbitrary power

Circular reasoning

God exists How do you know The bible says so How do you know what the bible says is true Because it is the word of God

exponential growth

Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

False analogy

How can you tell your children not to take money from others when their government does it all the time

Spinoza's dictum

I have made ceaseless effort not to ridicule, not to bewail, not to scorn human actions, but to understand them,'

Example of representative heuristic

If a player has been scoring lots of goals this would suggest you would not bench them

What is an argument from consequences

If god does not exist everything is permitted therefore God exits The truth of something does not depend on its consequences

Nature abhors a vacuum

If there is a gap, something will fill it.

Beware of the double blind

Immigrants are taking our jobs Immigrants are a drain on social programs Either way they are damned

Capitalization

In our society we believe so strongly that premeditated murder is wring that premeditated murderers will be premeditatedly murdered

How do you define lazy?

Is the laziness in the welfare recipient or in the person who refuses to get the facts about poverty The idea that welfare recipients are all lazy is lazy thinking

Relationship between fact and value

Just as we need to separate the person from the argument, we need to separate fact from value

Know that you do not know

Know thyself Know that you know a lot less than you think Epistemological humility

Ad Hominem Tu Quoque

Like the appeal to authority and ad populum fallacies, the ad hominem ("against the person") and tu quoque ("you, too!") fallacies focus our attention on people rather than on arguments or evidence. In both of these arguments, the conclusion is usually "You shouldn't believe So-and-So's argument." The reason for not believing So-and-So is that So-and-So is either a bad person (ad hominem) or a hypocrite (tu quoque). In an ad hominem argument, the arguer attacks his or her opponent instead of the opponent's argument.

We all have a contribution to make

Limiting each other (and ourselves) through pre-conceived notions hurts us all Don't bench half your team play everyone for fuller realization of societal potential and success

What is certainty?

May not be the standard Avoid absolutes and unqualifieds Try more gradual nuanced, subtle, REALISTIC language

definition of availability heuristic

Mental shortcut that helps us make a decision based on easy it is to bring something to mind

Definition of representative heuristic

Mental shortcut that helps us make a decision by comparing information to our mental prototypes

Fake news

Might it be partly motivated by loss avoidance (fear of "losing" assumptions, behaviours, practices, prejudices, worldview) Might it be an irrational overvaluation of loss (an undervaluation of potential gain)

What is Hume's Fork?

Naturalistic fallacy Statements about (relations between) ideas - These are analytic, necessary, and knowable a priori (all batchelors are unmarried males) Statements about (relations between things) in the world - These are synthetic contingent, and knowable a posteriori -'The Sun will rise tomorrow"

Definition of Essentialism

Normal and acceptable are conflated Common becomes to be expected (that something is the case says nothing about its acceptability) We are in a constant state of socially constructing ourselves and our behaviours Hard to say anything about what is some sort of human nature

Hasty G

Particulars are used to miscreate a general rule

Internet Architecture

Physically connected through color-coded fiber optic cables and supernodes

Rewards

Proactive and prospective What you will do

facts and values Descriptive

Proposition Has a truth value (No, its not raining) denotation

Destructive prejudice

Racism Misogyny

Deduction (deductive reasoning)

Reasoning that begins with a general principle and concludes with a specific instance that demonstrates the general principle. Reasoning from the general to the particular.

Definition of validity

Refers to how well a test measures what it says it measures.

Punishment

Retroactive and retrospective What you did

How can a statement of fact vs a prescriptive statement change an individuals perspective?

SOF "There is a fire in the building!" Prescriptive "Get your asses out!" How rude I am not going to listen to that person (Stay and burn)

Heart disease in women

Science has failed it own more valued tenets by succumbing to gender bias Turns out men are not the ideal type template for normalcy, human medicine, sex, gender, safety

sunk cost fallacy

Stop spending good energy, time, money after bad This can apply to things or relationships Short term pain

Relationship between necessary and sufficient

Sufficiency requires the coming together of all the necessary conditions

Facts and Values Prescriptive

Suggestion, exhortation, command, advocacy Has no truth value Connotation

Example of a false alternative

The only answer to a bad guy with a gun is a good gun with a gun

What is Hume's principle of believability

The truth of a claim has to be more believable than its falsehood

Appeal to Irrelevant Authority

This is a logical fallacy that occurs when--in the course of an argument--an expert person is used to strengthen the validity of an argument; however, that person is not truly an expert on that subject.

The irony of power

Those with the most power are the least inclined to redistribute it Those in a position to change the system are the least inclined to do so

What would benefit all?

To have a more equitable distribution of resources, wealth and power

Example of a false cause

Trailer parks cause tornadoes

What are the gestational origins of all human life

We all come from a female environment We owe our lives to it Stop disrespecting the very conditions of our own possibility

Example of Change the frame

We always lose to this team (We are going to lose again) We have yet to win against this team (Today might be the day)

Stewards of a set of relations

We are the beneficiaries of the quality of our relationships and our knowledge

What is intersectionality?

We each inhabit many social spaces and identities One factor influence is rare The plain truth is, truth is not plain

Composition/Division Fallacy

You assumed that one part of something has to be applied to all, or other, parts of it; or that the whole must apply to its parts.

prospect theory

You work harder to avoid losing something than you do to gain something people are generally sadder about loss

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Difference is not

a threat

Kanheman and Tuersky

studied overconfidence

What is status quo bias?

tendency to do nothing when faced with making a decision

The whole is greater..

than the sum of its parts

Gabor Mate

the idea that addiction is socially constructed and largely individualized like so many other things Tobacco exes are respectable members of the golf and country club while heroine, fentanyl etc addicts are the riff raff

Epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

endowment effect

the tendency of people to be unwilling to sell a good they already own even if they are offered a price that is greater than the price they would be willing to pay to buy the good if they didn't already own it

Equivocation

the use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing oneself; prevarication

elucidate

to make clear

Social Engineering

using deception to obtain unauthorized access to information resources

Ad Hominem Circumstantial

when someone's argument is rejected based on the circumstances of the person's life