ASD

In the article by Charman and Gotham (2013) about screening for and diagnosing ASD, the authors indicate that one of the main limitations of current screening instruments is that they are only useful for young children (ages 8 years and younger).

False

In the Refrigerator Mother's video, Dr. Robert Cole recognized that mothers were feeling overwhelmed and being judged when they sought medical support. What strategy did he identify as a critical element for professionals in working effectively with families?

Isolate the child. Tell the parent what to do for their child. ---Collaborate with parents as they have an enormous amount to teach the professionals. Share detailed information about ASD with the family

Who is known as the founder of the principles of Applied Behavior Analysis?

Jean Piaget ----B.F. Skinner Todd Risley Lev Vygotsky

According to your text, all but which of the following theorists are associated with the social-interactional theoretical perspective.

Jean Piaget Alfred Bandura ----B.F. Skinner Lev Vygotsky

The social-interactional approaches to intervention discussed in Module 7 require parent "buy in" as they are often the main interventionists for their children. Identify two potential limitations of having parents provide intervention to their children.

Parents may have too much anxiety/depression to work with their child. Parents may not understand what to do and are unwilling to admit that, so they won't call the intervention specialist and make sure they're doing it correctly, so they just don't do it.

Matching work system

Provided organizational strategy for an individual to help him or her complete a series of tasks/activities

Visual instructions used to package containers for "The Basic Set"

Provided organizational system to manage many materials and move through a fairly complicated sequence

All but which of the following are antecedent focused evidence based practices discussed in the PPT for Module 6?

Response interruption and redirection. Schedules ----Token Economy Activity interspersal

All but which of the following are important reasons to collaborate with the parents of students with ASD?

To maintain continuity of interventions. To address problem behaviors that are important to the family. ----To ensure that families will take responsibility for implementing goals and objectives. To help ensure that family priorities for social, communicative, and behavioral goals are addressed.

When using a primary reinforcer, teachers/practitioners should always pair it with a secondary reinforcer to teach a learner with ASD a new skill.

True. Primary reinforcers should always be paired with secondary reinforcers so that learners with ASD learn the value of more conventional forms of reinforcement such as praise and attention.

A controlling prompt is the prompt that ensures that a learner with ASD uses the target skill correctly

True. When implementing prompting procedures, teachers/practitioners identify a controlling prompt for individual learners with ASD, which ensures that they use the target skill correctly. The controlling prompt reduces the number of errors committed by learners with ASD, thus ensuring the acquisition of target skills.

In the Solomon et al., 2014 article on the PLAY Project, researchers found that after intervention, symptoms of ASD

decreased only for the experimental group that participated in the PLAY project intervention and those who received Usual Community (UC) services. decreased only for the control group that participated in the Usual Community (UC) services. ----decreased for both the experimental group and the control group but more for the experimental group. decreased for both the experimental group and the control group but more for the control group.

According to your text, although TEACCH strategies are widely utilized, there have been no scientific studies supporting their effectiveness at teaching new skills or increasing student engagement in learning.

false

In the Solomon et al., 2014 article on the PLAY Project, researchers found that PLAY project intervention resulted in

increased levels of parental stress enhanced child developmental skills in all areas ----enhanced parent/child ineractions all of the above

Genetic studies have indicated

siblings of a child with Autism have an increased chance of having ASD compared to siblings of non-autistic children. Autistic characteristics can been seen in the family lineage. Identical twins are more likely to both be affected by ASD than fraternal twins. ----All of the above

Dr. Rimland challenges Bettlehiem's perspective by declaring that Autism was not caused by poor parenting, but rather by

strong attachment to fathers. ---neurobiological factors. social factors. none of the above.

Outside of the United States, the primary diagnostic tool for ASD is

the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). ----International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD). the DSM 4-TR. none of the above.

Your text indicates that some individuals with ASD will have a period of regression or loss of skills. The most typical time period for this to occur is:

when the child is in utero. ----when the child is 1-3 years of age. when the child is 5-8 years of age. when the child is 10-13 years of age.

The "Press"

Allowed an individual with limited judgment to accurately and consistently complete his or her task or job of placing velcro on box lids

During the first years of life, cognitive development is demonstrated through:

Cognitive development impacts multiple areas including motor, communication, social, and emotional development.

Which of the following is not a component of visual structure in the TEACCH structured teaching approach?

visual organization visual instructions ----visual ambiguity visual clarity

All but which of the following are reasons why people "bought" the Refrigerator Mother's theory of ASD.

----There was strong clinical evidence that it was true It was a very psychoanalytical period in history when "psychological differences/disorders" were believed to have their root in mother/child relationships. It was a period of time where information was difficult to come by and professionals were viewed as infallible. Mothers were typically home with their children, rather than working, and so if something was "wrong" it was assumed that the mother was to blame.

All but which of the following are true of social-interactional interventions for children with ASD.

----They emphasize adult directed activities They emphasize following the child's lead Parents/caregivers are key intervention agents They are used and have been researched most frequently for use with young children (rather than adolescents/adults)

According to your text, the definition of a screening is:

----a brief assessment aimed at identifying a child who may be at risk for developmental delays when compared to standard expectations for all children. an assessment aimed at identifying a child who is experiencing delays in their development when compared to standard expectations for all children. an assessment aimed at diagnosing a child with a specific condition, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder. none of the above.

A TEACCH strategy that uses a cue or series of cues that helps a student know what activities will occur and in what sequence is know as:

----individualized daily schedule physical structure work systems visual structure

The intervention practice of removing children with autism from their families

----lacked research and practice evidence. had strong scientific support. had moderate scientific support. lacked research but had practice evidence.

An adult is teaching a child the brand new skill of tracing letters of his name. What type of prompt would result in the most accurate resonse on the part of the child initially?

----physical prompt gestural prompt verbal prompt All of the above would be equally useful.

The TEACCH strategy that gives the student a systematic strategy to approach the work or activities that need to be completed and answers thie questions of what work?, how much work? when am I finished? and what comes next? is known as

----the work system. visual structure. the individualized daily schedule. physical structure.

In terms of TEACCH Structured Teaching strategies, the Individualized Daily Schedule tells the student ____________________ activities will occur, and Physical Structure tells the student _____________________ activities will occur.

----when, where where, when if, when how, when

Order the 6 required steps for developing a behavior intervention plan according to the chapter on Positive Behavior Supports by Cathy Pratt.

1. Define the behavior; write a description of a behavior that is measureable and observable . 2. Gather behavioral Information; examine the relationship between the challenging behaviors and environmental factors. 3. Develop Hypothesis statement; develop a group of informed guesses about the underlying cause of a behavior . 4. Create a Behavioral support plan; a clearly written plan that defines how the environment will be altered and student will be taught an alternative response. 5. Implement Intervention; utilize an instructional program that supports and teaches the student. 6. Monitor Implementation and Outcomes; team observes to and tracks data to determine if there is a reduction in targeted behavior.

What percentage of individuals with ASD have remarkable talents or savantisms?

10 percent of individuals with ASD have remarkable talents or savantisms.

All prompting procedures contain

All prompting procedures include three main components: the antecedent (i.e., target stimulus and cue/task direction), the target skill, and the consequence. These elements help learners acquire target skills without becoming dependent upon others.

Visual instructions (jig) used to package colored loops (that looked like a piece of art)

Allowed an individual who could not count to package the correct number of materials

The teacher, practitioner, or team member should provide training to:

Anyone who can elicit the target skill across routines and activities. Naturalistic intervention relies on target behaviors occurring throughout the learner's day, with a variety of teacher, practitioner, or team members

State what the letters in ABA stands for and define the terms?

Applied - used with people across environments Behavioral - an observable measure of an act or movement Analysis - measurement of behavior to determine functional and replicable relationship between interventions and outcomes

In the TED Talks video with Ami Klin, he describes an eye gaze device as a possible diagnostic tool for ASD. Why?

Autism creates a heightened awareness in individuals about the world around them. Autism is a neurobiological disorder that can be seen through the eyes with the development of retinopathy in the first few months of life. ----Autism is a disruption of skills that impacts the individual's ability to attend to others during social interaction. Autism creates an increase in an infants attention to details of others facial features and a desire to gaze continuously at others.

Which of the following is NOT an example of positive reinforcement?

Being allowed to leave a nonpreferred activity after staying seated for 5 minutes. This is an example of negative reinforcement because an aversive object or activity is taken away after the learner with ASD uses the target skill.

Temple Grandin, in her TED Talk indicates that the brains of people with ASD are similar to the brains of animals in some distinct ways, which she believes has given her insights to allow her to excel at her career designing live stock handling facilities. What are two similarities that she she identifies?

Both are sensory based and both think in pictures instead of words.

Naturalistic intervention can be used to target:

Both the first and the second answer. Naturalistic intervention is used to target communication and social goals, which may result in improvement in other domains (e.g., behavior and academics)

When planning for naturalistic intervention, the teacher, practitioner, or team member should:

Both the second and the third answer. Naturalistic intervention involves the teacher, practitioner, or team member identifying a target behavior that he/she then brings out from the learner. Target behaviors should always be included in the learner's IEP.

Which of the following behaviors that reflect differences in cognitive development may become evident in the first three years of life?

Cognitive differences in the first three years of life may be indicated by difficulty engaging in adult-initiated activities; difficulty maintaining engagement in meaningful self-directed activities; reciting, singing, lists, or labeling with limited purpose or understanding; or little or no pretend and imaginative play.

A criticism of the TEACCH approach of providing visual supports of different varieties to individuals with ASD is that these types of supports are not available "in the real world" or outside of educational or other programs geared toward the needs of individuals with disabilities. What evidence can you identify to refute this criticism (i.e., make and argument that these supports can be provided in "the real world" and include specific examples).

Crosswalks. They tell people whether they are able to go or not by showing a person who is white and walking or a red hand that means stop. A lot of things, while not necessarily quite the same, will have flashing lights when it's time for the next thing or to go to the next cashier.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a cue?

Dirty hands. This example illustrates a target stimulus. A cue (or task direction) tells learners the skills or behaviors they should be using. A target stimulus, on the other hand, is the "thing" or "situation" to which we want learners with ASD to respond by performing the target skill.

When trying to bring out a target behavior, the teacher, practitioner, or team member should always start by:

Establishing shared attention. Prior to using a behavioral intervention to bring out the target behavior, the teacher, practitioner, or team member should make sure he/she has established shared attention with the learner.

A pediatrician asks parents of every 12 month old that comes into the office with their child for a "well baby check" to complete the Ages and Stages Questionnaire. In this example the pediatrician is using this instrument to screen a clinical population.

False

According to the article on Positive Behavior Supports by Cathy Pratt, the best time to address challenging behavior of an individual with ASD, is when the he or she is demonstrating the challenging behavior.

False

According to your text, the prevalence of ASD is the same across the 50 states and the majority of developed countries.

False

Ami Klin, in the TED Talk video about detecting ASD in very young children with ASD indicates that the main purpose of early detection is to provide early intervention to cure ASD.

False

An accurate diagnosis of ASD can be made through genetic testing.

False

Asperger Syndrome is a type of ASD included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - 5th Edition.

False

In terms of social functioning, children with ASD typically have the same motivation as non-disabled children to make social connections, they just lack the skills.

False

In the Ami Klin TED Talk video, Dr. Klin indicates that one of the main potential downsides to using eye gaze technology with very young children is that it can cause serious retinal damage is overused.

False

Lai et al., (2014), in the article Autism, documented that children with ASD are unlikely to have other co-morbid or co-occurring disorders.

False

Negative reinforcement is the same thing as (just another word for) punishment.

False

Sensory diets, when developed by an occupational therapist, are considered an evidence based practice according to your text.

False

The number of children affected by ASD has remained relatively stable over the last 20 years.

False

The research literature strongly supports the hypothesis that MMR vaccines cause ASD.

False

The social-interactional interventions discussed in Module 7 all emphasize the importance of direct instruction of children by trained professionals

False

When using simultaneous prompting, teachers/practitioners use probe sessions to teach target skills to learners with ASD.

False. Probe sessions are used to monitor a learner's acquisition of the target skill. No instruction takes place at these times. Instructional sessions are implemented to teach target skills. During these teaching episodes, teachers/practitioners deliver the target stimulus and controlling prompt at the same time.

Reinforcement is used to both increase and decrease target skills.

False. Reinforcement is used only to increase a learner's use of skills. Punishment and extinction are two mechanisms often used to decrease target skills.

Activities during naturalistic intervention should always be learner-directed.

False: Activities for naturalistic intervention can be learner-directed, routine, or planned.

All but which of the following are social-relational intervention programs for children with ASD.

Floortime/DIR SCERTS ----TEACCH PLAY Project

Which of the following is NOT an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Food. Food and other edibles (e.g., juice, candy) are primary reinforcers

Which of the following is a cognitive strength often exhibited by individuals with ASD?

Individuals with ASD often exhibit the following strengths: ability to prolong attention in areas of strong interest; awareness of detail; and ability to establish and follow routines

According to the assigned text chapter by Mesibov and Schea, all but which of the following are characteristics of the thinking style of students with ASD.

Lack of concept of meaning Excessive focus on details and difficulty prioritizing relevance Difficulty combining or integrating ideas ----Excessive anxiety

When arranging a learning environment, the teacher, practitioner, or team member should:

Materials and activities should be motivating, and part of the learner's natural environment. By playing the "keeper of the goods," the teacher, practitioner, or team member is able to encourage communication (e.g., requests for materials).

Data collection is important because:

Mindfully collecting data on the target skill allows teacher, practitioner, or team members to determine if the teaching is working, and will make planning step steps much easier.

Which of the following is NOT a prompting procedure used with learners with ASD?

Most-to-least prompting. Most-to-least prompting is not generally used with learners with ASD to teach target skills.

Which type of reinforcer is most effective in helping learners with ASD generalize the use of skills?

Natural reinforcers. Natural reinforcers are most effective in helping learners with ASD generalize the use of skills across settings and individuals because they are explicitly linked to the teaching activity. Examples including getting a good grade on an assignment, getting milk after asking for it, and receiving help after asking for it.

Individuals with ASD may have a deficit in their ability to use context spontaneously and subconsciously to determine meanings in a situation. Which of the following strategies can be used to clarify context?

Pointing out the context, teaching exceptions to the rules, and instructing not only what to do but also why are all examples of strategies that clarify context.

Which of the following is not a technique used during a language-rich and learner-centered interaction?

Providing a label for everything in the environment. The teacher, practitioner, or team member should provide meaningful verbal feedback to the learner's communicative attempts rather than bombarding the learner with language.

Which of the following is NOT a reinforcement procedure?

Response cost. Response cost programs are used to decrease interfering behaviors. All reinforcement procedures focus on increasing a desired behavior or skill.

All but which of the following are reasons why traditional behavior management strategies may be ineffective for individuals with ASD, according to the chapter by Mesibov and Shea.

Reward and response-cost systems are often too language-based or abstract for individuals with ASD to make sense of. ----Physical punishment is often ineffective because individuals with ASD do not register pain and discomfort the same way individuals without ASD do. Verbal praise may be meaningless or incomprehensible. Time out or time away from group activities, might be perceived as pleasurable or desireable to individuals with ASD.

Which of the following is the most socially important behavior to address in a program utilizing principles of Applied Behavior Analysis?

Teaching a student to touch named body parts. Teaching a student to imitating sounds. ----Teaching a student to stay in a classroom - not run away. Teaching a student to match pictures of fruit.

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) provides an educational definition of autism for children ages 3 - 21. Which of the following is/are included as criteria for an educational diagnosis of autism under IDEA.

The student's behavior is consistent with DSM-5 Criteria for ASD. The student does not have an emotional/behavioral disorder as his or her primary disability. The student demonstrates several repetitive motor behaviors. ----Both A and B.

An individual with ASD may exhibit difficulty coping with change due to poor mental flexibility. This is an example of:

Theory of executive dysfunction. According to the theory of executive dysfunction, an individual with ASD may exhibit difficulty coping with change due to poor mental flexibility.

The cognitive ability to understand the thoughts, beliefs, intentions, desires, perceptions and feelings of others is referred to as:

Theory of mind refers to the cognitive ability to understand the thoughts, beliefs, intentions, desires, perceptions, and feelings of others

An individual with ASD may be able to understand the details of a situation but unable to use this information to understand the larger context or to connect the details to the general theme of the situation. This is an example of

Theory of weak central coherence. According to the theory of weak central coherence, individuals with ASD are often able to understand the details of a situation but unable to use this information to understand the larger context or to connect the details to the general theme of the situation.

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prevalence of ASD is 4 to 5 times higher among boys than girls.

True

According to the DSM-5, individuals must have deficits in all three areas of social communication and two of four areas of restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior in order to receive a diagnosis of ASD.

True

According to your text, activity schedules can be used to prevent prompt dependence and help students become more independent.

True

Autism was first described by Leo Kanner in 1943. In his paper, Autistic Disturbance of Affective Contact, he described the behavioral characteristics of 11 children. Kanner chose the term "autistic" to refer to the focus of these children on "oneself" that he observed in these children.

True

Based on information shared in the video on Early Signs of Autism from the Kennedy Krieger Institute, one of the main differences in young children with and without ASD is their ability to share attention with others.

True

Cognitive challenges including difficulty with executive function, central coherence and theory of mind impact what strategies are most effective for individuals with ASD.

True

Evidence suggests that ASD is something that someone is born with, not something that develops later in life.

True

If 100 children with developmental disorders were screened using the M-CHAT, it would be considered to have good sensitivity if it accurately identified the children with ASD, and would also be considred to have good specificity if it excluded children who did not have ASD.

True

Intervention from a "Culture of Autism" perspective suggests that our role as professionals in working with individuals with ASD is to act as a "Cross Cultural Interpreter" who tries to help individuals with ASD better understand the word of people without ASD while at the same time helping people without ASD better understand people with ASD.

True

Structured Teaching is a social-cognitive-behavioral approach, meaning that it deals with observable behaviors and the learning environment systematically incorporates meaningful positive consequences for productive learning and acceptable behavior and places importance on increasing the individual's understanding of the world.

True

The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (MCHAT) is an ASD screening instrument.

True

The term Autism SPECTRUM Disorder highlights that the fact that affected individuals are likely to have varying degrees of symptom severity.

True

Baseline data can be collected through a frequency log and/or language sampling.

True. Frequency data can provide solid information about the learner's current use of the target behavior. Language sampling can also provide valuable information related to communication goals.

Incidental teaching should be used to encourage learners to expand on an utterance they have already produced.

True. Incidental teaching is a technique that can be used to have learners elaborate on a request

With least-to-most prompting, teachers/practitioners provide learners with minimal support to use target skills correctly before providing additional assistance.

True. With the least-to-most prompting procedure, teachers/practitioners start by providing learners with the least amount of assistance they need to use the target skill correctly. If learners do not use the skill correctly or do not respond to the target stimulus, teachers/practitioners increase the amount of support.

Which of the following is a cognitive characteristic often exhibited by individuals with ASD?

Uneven development of cognitive skills. Individuals with ASD often exhibit uneven development of cognitive skills

Which is not an example of a teaching strategy that utilizes strengths in the area of visual spatial processing

Verbal instructions and a backup audio. Verbal instructions and a backup audio recording rely on auditory processing and do not utilize strengths in auditory processing.

The Transactional Model posits that

child behavior affects adult behavior only adult behavior affects child behavior only ----child behavior affects adult behavior and adult behavior affects child behavior there is no relationship between child and adult behavior

There is a growing body of evidence that other environmental factors, such as exposure to pesticides, air pollutants, etc. are

not a factor in the cause of ASD. ----a potential factor in the cause of ASD for children who have a predisposition, but the combination of factors and/or amount of exposure is unknown. the cause of ASD diagnosis for children. none of the above.

One of the main challenges of Discrete Trial Teaching (DTT) is:

the intense training that professional must undergo in order to implement the strategies. ----prompt dependence and lack of generalization for the child. lack of consistency in approach from the various adults supporting the child. All of the above.

Within the TEACCH program, what strategy is used to develop basic curriculum areas, minimize distractions, and create physical and visual barriers?

work systems ----physical structure visual structure individualized daily schedule