ASP
what authority publishes TLVs?
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ACGIH:
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
JSA:
Job Safety Analysis
MUC =
Maximum Use Concentration TLV x APF
what authority publishes PELs?
OSHA
Ringing in the ears is:
Tinnitus
OOO:
objective oriented outlook
generally, system life cycle phases include:
4 major phases of development in a system life cycle: 1. concept 2. system development 3. production and deployment 4. sustainment and disposal
A specific activity intended to improve one of more aspects of the safety system or contribute to the solution of a specific accident problem, is called: countermeasure mitigation hazard control safeguard
*countermeasure is a specific activity designed to improve or reduce a specific accident problem
Incident:
An event in which a work-related injury or illness or fatality occurred or could have occurred
SILI:
Single-Task Lifting Index
MSHA:
mine safety and health administration requires 40 hrs of prescribed training
the greatest potential for accidents is with ____ employees
new
what is a useful indicator for determining the adequacy of water treatment and the integrity of the distribution system
total coliforms
TQM:
total quality management
CDL is required when
total vehicle weight is 26,000 lbs or more commercial drivers license
primary benefit of safety training:
improved on-the-job performance
the most crucial factor when performing instructor duties for a health & safety training session is:
the use of a lesson plan will provide standardization and avoid omission of essential material
ASSE:
American Society of Safety Engineers
CRM:
Crew Resource Management
HAZOP:
Hazard and Operability (study)
HAZWOPER:
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
IEEE:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
PELs
Permissible Exposure Limits established by OSHA
RMP:
Risk Management Plan
Validation:
The determination that the requirements for a product are sufficiently correct and complete.
Presbycusis:
hearing impairment in old age
the purpose of electrical circuit breakers is to:
prevent the overhearing of circuit conductors or insulation
A disease of the inner ear that can cause vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss is called
Meniere's disease
SHMS:
Safety and health management system
SADT:
Structural Analysis and Design Technique
BOD:
biological oxygen demand high levels of organics --> depleted O2 & rapid growth of algae
epicondylitis:
carpenter's elbow = tennis elbow
what is the most effective type of workplace communication?
face-to-face individual 2-way communication
Metal fume fever symptoms include
flu-like
The proper slant for a portable straight ladder is ___ ft vertical to ___ ft horizontal 1,5 1,7 4,1 4,2
*4,1
the most sensitive and accurate method of physiologically measuring work is: heart rate oxygen consumption respiratory volume electromyography
*oxygen consumption
___ ft separation is required between a crane and all power lines rated at 50 kV or less
10 ft + 0.4 in for each 1 kV over 50, or twice the length of the line insulator (but never less than 10 ft)
An automobile travelling 55 mi/hr is slowing up at the rate of 5 mi/hr/sec. How many seconds will it take to stop?
11 sec V=At Velocity = Acceleration x Time t=V/A = 55/5 = 11
maximum burst pressure required for LPG hoses?
1250 psig working pressure is 250 psig, which provides a safety factor of 5
according to the fire protection handbook, ___ ft for piled storage and ___ ft for rack storage does not need to be adjusted
12; 15
OSHA allows _____ days to contest a citation from the date of receipt
15 working days
for a standard hydrostatic test, the ASME Code calls for _____% of the maximum operating pressure
150
Arrange the following steps in hazard control in the proper sequence: 1. guard the hazard 2. engineer the hazard out if possible 3. educate personnel
2, 1, 3
cages shall extend down the ladder to a point not less than ___ ft or more than ___ ft above the base of the ladder
7 ft; 8 ft
the amount of amps to produce a fatality:
70-100mA
the maximum travel distance to a fire extinguisher regardless of the rating for class a hazards is
75 ft
According to Developing Safety Training Programs, the basic question to ask about a training is:
Will training solve the problem? AKA Will training resolve this organization's needs?
BSI:
British Standards Institution
FTA:
Fault Tree Analysis
GFCI:
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
LEED stands for:
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design a performance-oriented rating system where building projects earn points for satisfying criterion designed to address specific environmental impacts LEED certification is organized into 6 environmental categories: 1. Sustainable sites 2. Water efficiency 3. Energy and atmosphere 4. Materials and resources 5. Indoor environmental quality 6. Innovation & design
MARR:
Minimum Attractive Rate of Return = hurdle rate = minimum acceptable rate of return is the minimum rate of return on a project a manager or company is willing to accept before starting a project, given its risk and opportunity cost of forgoing other projects. ex. a manager may know that investing in a conservative project, such as a bond investment or another project with no risk, yields a known rate of return. when analyzing a new project, the manager may use the conservative project's rate of return as the MARR. the manager will only implement the new project if its anticipated return exceeds the MARR by at least the new project risk premium
Indicate the flammable solvent: Mono-cholorobenzene Freon TF Trichloroethylene 1,1,1,Tricholorotheane
Mono-cholorobenzene Chlorobenzene is a flammable solvent, the other solvents are chain hydrocarbons with chlorine substitution. Normally, this indicates a tendency towards non-flammability but in this case a chlorinated solvent is also a flammable solvent
MSD:
Muscular Skeletal Disorders
What authority publishes RELs?
NIOSH
NFPA:
National Fire Protection Association
3 Regulating bodies of ergonomics:
OSHA CDC NIOSH
OBM:
Organization Behavior Model
PCAOB:
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
REBA:
Rapid Entire Body Assessment
STRWL:
Single-Task Recommended Weight Limit
AQL:
acceptable quality level when a continuous series of lots is considered, the AQL is the quality level, which, for the purposes of sampling inspection, is the limit of satisfactory process average
The Reynolds number is:
a dimensionless ratio used to predict if flow is turbulent or laminar If the Reynolds number is less than 2000, the flow is laminar if greater than 2100, the flow is turbulent
hypergolic refers to:
a fuel that will ignite with an oxidizer but does not require an outside ignition source = the explosive reaction of constituents usually associated with rocket propellants a common hypergol, hydrazine, is used in combination with liquid oxidizers extensively in the space program
a t-distribution has:
a lower peak and higher tails commonly used to examine differences between groups
Trigger finger:
a particular type of tenosynovitis in which the tendon becomes nearly locked, which pulls the finger toward the palm with a jerky movement MSD Body Part Effected: Fingers Symptoms: Difficulty moving finger; snapping and jerking movements Possible Causes: Repeatedly using the index fingers Workers Affected: Meat packers, poultry workers, carpenters, electronic assemblers
A Holter monitor is:
a portable device for continuously monitoring various electrical activity of the cardiovascular system for at least 24 hrs
Acceptable Risk is
a residual risk level achieved after risk reduction measures have been applied. It is a risk level that is accepted for a given task (hazardous situation) or hazard. The terms "acceptable risk" and "tolerable risk" are considered to the synonymous
UN 1133:
adhesives class 3 (flammable)
a primary way to facilitate changes is by:
allowing everyone to express their point of view
cost benefit analysis:
allows management to understand and prioritize actions to reduce risk of identified financial loss scenarios
standard material for chain used to hoist, lift, or support loads is
alloy steel includes bronze, stainless steel and Monel metals (group of nickel alloys with mostly nickel, some copper, and small amounts of iron, manganese, carbon, and silicon; resistant to corrosion by many agents including rapidly flowing seawater) cold-worked, resulting in high resistance to abrasion and failure
Gamma globulin proteins found in blood and used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses, are called:
antibodies plasma proteins capable of combining chemically with specific antigens that introduce their formation an antibody is any of the body globulins that combine specifically with antigens to neutralize toxins, agglutinate bacteria or cells, and precipitate soluble antigens
waste reduction means
any activity which decreases the amount of waste materials that require waste management efforts
The Attractive Nuisance Doctrine:
applies to the law of torts, in the United States. It states that a landowner may be held liable for injuries to children trespassing on the land if the injury is caused by an object on the land that is likely to attract children. A backyard swimming pool for example.
budgeting:
approaches to estimating: 1. bottom-up - based on work-breakdown 2. top-down (parametric estimating) - used when not enough is known about the project to create a work-breakdown highballing (padding) - overestimation of project costs - a contingency for unexpected expenditures - projects may not be approved because of higher costs lowballing - underestimating project costs - used to gain approval of questionable projects - often lead to project failures when over budget zero-based budgeting
most work-related fatalities in retail trade and wholesale industry:
assaults and violent acts by persons (homicide) ex. armed robbery
leading indicators:
associated with proactive activities that identify hazards and assess, eliminate, minimize and control risk. A leading indicator can help predict safety performance. Corrective actions that have been resolved from incident reports are a predictive (leading) measure of safety performance
to qualify as a star site in general industry for the OSHA voluntary protection program (VPP), a company's days away restricted or transferred (DART) rate must be:
at or below the national avg at least once every 3 years
Risk avoidance:
avoiding risk can be as simple as a contractor not placing a bid or even the owner not proceeding with the project funding. Other ways are: tendering at a very high bid, placing conditions on the bid and not bidding on the high-risk portion of the contract
Legionnaires is caused by a:
bacteria causes pneumonia Legionella
what medical conditions include cotton worker's lung, cotton bract disease, mill fever, and brown lung?
byssinosis also called "brown lung disease" or "Monday fever" caused by exposure to cotton dust in inadequately ventilated working environments common in yarn and fabric manufacturing not believed that cotton dust directly causes the disease; some believe the cause is endotoxins from cell walls of gram neg bacteria growing on cotton; absence of similar symptoms in workers in other industries exposed to endotoxins makes this theory uncertain
preferred protection for preventing corrosion:
cathodic protection a charged sacrificial anode is used quite effectively to prevent the electrolytic action maintenance is infrequent replacement of the anode
UN 1333:
cerium class 4 (flammable solid, spontaneously combustible, and dangerous when wet)
The most difficult material to remove during decontamination is/are:
chemicals permeated into PPE
CVS
computer vision syndrome
CTD:
cumulative trauma disorder
Environmental Management is:
defined by AHMP (Alliance of Hazardous Materials Professionals) the organizing and controlling of affairs related to an organization's impact on the natural world, our surroundings, people, animals, and plants requires strong administrative skills and an understanding of environmental regulations, the fate and transport of chemicals, as well as the interaction of people and processes requires other business skill attributes such as understanding the costs and benefits of handling environmental issues overall objective: achievement of environmental goals and improvement in environmental performance
epidemiological studies may be classified as:
descriptive or analytic descriptive - surveys are conducted to uncover the nature of population affected by a particular disease (ex. sex, age, ethnic origin, occupation, etc.) any conclusions made from descriptive studies are then evaluated using analytical techniques, usually mathematical statistics
Toggle switches are
easily seen and reliable in operation. They should preferably have only two positions, "on and off"
safety audits are performed to:
ensure the plan is being followed
the key to good planning (for training) is:
establishment of training objectives
which of the following represents the best training methods for retention?
experience, visual pictures takes advantage of the 2 senses people use most when learning, sight and hearing highest retention comes from actual experience
FMEA:
failure mode and effects analysis - systematic evaluation of different ways each individual component can fail and the effects of that failure on the overall system or process - considered a reliability tool - does an excellent job in identifying single point failures in complex systems requiring multiple operational interfaces, or multiple failures - does not address human factors Note: if the FMEA is done on a higher level than individual components, that is at a functional level to include groups of components, it can be deductive. This "Functional FMEA" asks what the cause of the subsystem or assembly level failure might be. It does not assign probability or reliability calculations and is gaining popularity as a deductive system safety tool
what is the best use of role-playing technique?
in human relations training/education allows students to become participants in a "play" that depicts interaction of humans during stressful or error provocative situations not suited for problem solving or technical training
Foreseeability:
involves the liability for actions that a normal person would have known exist and would have taken precautions to prevent
Business continuity planning:
key part of loss control program includes: - recovering corporate info - setting up operations - financing temporary operations until a new facility can be commissioned - (optional) purchase business interruption insurance to help finance operations
what training method allows for the least amount of student-instructor interaction
lecture
LASER stands for:
light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
LTPD:
lot total percent defective = lot tolerance percent defective term used in conjunction with sampling strategies
learner reaction to instruction is greatly impacted by facilitator behaviors, which learner performance outcome is least likely to occur?
observer will imitate a model that is punished for his/her actions
Limit switches are
operated by the motion of a machine part or presence of an object. They are used for controlling machinery as part of a control system, as a safety interlocks, or to count objects passing a point
leukemia:
overproduction of white blood cells
Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is
process of identifying the basic lowest level causal factors for an event. Usually the event is an undesired event, such as a hazard or mishap.
volcanic eruptions result in fast moving currents of hot gases and rock at speeds greater than 80kmh & gas temps of 1000degC that hug the ground and travel downhill - defines:
pyroclastic flow
stratified samples are:
separated by layers
define communication:
sharing information and ideas with others and being understood
SSCA:
software sneak circuit analysis
What does SMART stand for? (Z10)
specific measurable actionable realistic time-oriented
Tendinitis:
swelling of a tendon
Push buttons are
to be operated by the pressure of either finger or hand and operate similar to a switch
TSE:
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
"Metal Fume Fever" is primarily caused by inhalation of:
zinc oxide fumes MFF: flu-like symptoms; acture accliction; recovery 1-2 days; daily exposure --> immunity any disruption such as a weekend off will result in a reoccurence of symptoms, usually w greater severity usually zinc oxide fumes, but sometimes from exposure to cadmium, magnesium oxide, & copper oxides
Safety Program evaluation can be defined as An exercise designed to placate management An audit to highlight deficiencies Measure of the effectiveness of safety programs Method to get rid of unsafe supervisors
*Measure of the effectiveness of safety programs A safety program evaluation is defined as as systematic method of measuring the effectiveness of a planned group of activities aimed at improving workplace safety. It is important to note that most evaluation programs look at both the good and bad aspects of the program (ex. a balanced evaluation)
Hazardous processes confined in buildings pose a serious threat to life safety and property when gases, vapors, and/or dusts are inadvertently released. MEC defines which of the following? Maximum environmental control Maximum environmental concentration Maximum explosion concentration Minimum explosion concentration
*Minimum explosion concentration for dusts when a process is installed inside a building
No proof of negligence is required since it involves acts or the omission of acts of which no careful person would have been guilty. This statements defines which of the following terms? Negligence per se Negligence Proof per se Res ispa loguitur
*Negligence per se As the terms imply, no reasonable person would have done it
Neutron radiation's effect on the human body is best described as:
*Neutron radiation causing release of secondary radiation in body Most of the damage in the human body from exposure to neutron radiation is due to the secondary release of gamma, beta, or alpha radiation within the body This secondary radiation causes tissue damage Determining the does within the human body is difficult and depends on the amount of neutrons absorbed and energy distribution
ANSI recommends the lighting level for corridors in industrial facilities should have a minimum of _____ foot-candles: 10 20 30 40
*20 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard Practice for Industrial Lighting (ANSI A22.2-1984) provides minimum lighting levels for safety purposes. The minimum they recommend for corridors in industrial facilities is 20 foot-candles. The Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) publishes a Lighting Handbook which recommends higher illumination levels to maximize productivity
What scale should a sound level meter be set to to assess the noise hazard at a plant?
*A-weighted represents human hearing adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
The "systemic, documented, periodic and objective review by regulated entities of operations and practices related to meeting environmental requirements is considered: A monitoring program An environmental objective An environmental audit An environmental inspection
*An environmental audit
A good company safety policy will include all of the following except: Responsibility Accountability Authority Company accident history
*Company accident history A company safety policy should include: - responsibilities - accountabilities - authority - scope - intent - standards
in which part of the ear is mechanical energy transferred to electrical energy? outer ear middle ear inner ear ear drum
*inner ear the inner ear contains the cochlea, which contains tiny hair cells, which vibrate when exposed to sound waves and transmit electrical impulses to the brain along nerves attached to the hair cells
human factors engineering is a technical discipline which includes any of the following except interrelationships between people design of the workplace to reduce mistakes and accidents design of tools to promote comfort reduction of injuries
*interrelationships between people human factors, also referred to as ergonomics, human engineering, bioengineering, and biomedics is a technical discipline mainly concerned with optimizing the relationship between people AND their work environment
a "leaning forward" posture accentuates the pressure between the vertebrae. this posture is also called lordotic posture kyphotic posture popliteal posture lumbar posture
*kyphotic posture the kyphotic posture occurs without a seat back or with an inadequate back; this is a "leaning forward" posture
a spirometer is used to measure stack velocities air flow from sampling equipment exhaust volumes lung respiratory volumes
*lung respiratory volumes to determine lung function A pitot tube with a manometer or a velometer is used to measure stack velocities and exhaust volumes air flow from sampling equipment is measured by a rotameter
Which of the following federal standards do NOT specifically address the component characteristic(s) of safety spectacles? lens impact absorption capability magnification side shield anchoring frame combustibility
*magnification
The degree of safety achieved in a system depends directly on: good design practices employing systems safety techniques management emphasis meeting set objectives
*management emphasis Government and contractors will apply management emphasis to safety during the system acquisition process and throughout the life cycle of each system, making sure mishap risk is understood and risk reduction is always considered in the management review process
the function of a slot in a slot hood is to decrease capture velocity reduce material required to build a system obtain proper air distribution increase capture velocity
*obtain proper air distribution capture velocity is essentially independent of its slot air velocity. the function of the slot is to provide proper air distribution by making the pressure drop if the slot is large relative to the plenum
what color identifies moving machine parts? red magenta green orange
*orange
Which of the following SCBA systems are required for IDLH atmospheres? demand negative pressure demand positive pressure demand gas masks
*positive pressure demand provide a continuous flow of positive pressure air to the facepiece of the respirator. the demand/negative air pressure demand respirators supply air to the facepiece only upon inhalation. gas masks are not SCBAs
one substance, having very low or no significant toxicity, enhances the toxicity of another (ex. 0+5=15); the result is a more severe injury than that which the toxic substance would have produced by itself is termed:
*potentiating effect
ultrasonic noise can not be heard by the human ear. what does the ear hear during ultrasonic operation? ultrasonic noise subharmonic noise ELF noise you think you hear something
*subharmonic noise you actually hear subharmonics of the ultrasonic noise which are generated in your hearing range. an ultrasonic welder emitting noise at 20 kHz (human limit) will be heard at 10 kHz, the first subharmonic
melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer, the most important occupational cause of melanoma is: asphalt tar ultraviolet light due to black lights sunlight nitrosoamines
*sunlight in caucasian workers
Isopropyl alcohol + chloroform - what kind of effect
*synergistic alcohol ties up enzymes that would normally break down chloroform
The OSH Act places responsibility for compliance on the employee the employer employee and employer manufacturer
*the employer
the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation is called residual volume vital capacity tidal volume vital residue volume
*vital capacity
the basic color used for designating caution in an industrial environment is: red orange yellow blue
*yellow applications include: aisle marking, "caution" signs, construction tractors and bulldozers, handrails, guardrails, marking for low beams, pipes and projections. The safety color code for marking physical hazards and the identification of certain equipment is detailed in ANSI Z53.1, 1967 and OSHA, 29 CFR 1910.144
the sacrum is located upper spinal column below the lumbar vertebrae above the cervical vertebrae within the thorax
*the sacrum is located below the lumbar vertebrae
theory x management assumes which of the following the worker is basically uninterested in work worker must be motivated to work work is natural and resirable two of the above
*two of the above theory x management holds that workers must be made to work by a set of external rewards and punishments. work is not a natural condition.
What is a bathtub curve? new product innovation cycle bathtub outline typical failure rate analyses for products atypical failure rate
*typical failure rate analyses for products
How many states have OSHA-approved state plans?
25 + 2 territories
which of the following is likely to increase proneness to skin problems? dry skin oily skin fair skin all of the above
*all of the above dry, oily or fair skin make the individual more susceptible to one form or another of skin disorders
training required to be a power truck driver:
Powered Industrial Trucks operation requires anyone changing equipment or workplace location to meet the requirements outlined in the Refresher Training requirements
BLS:
Bureau of Labor Statistics
SMART "S" - Specific - means
Clearly and operationally define desired outcome or results by concretely and specifically answering: - Who is involved? - What do I want to accomplish? - Where are you now and where do you want to be? - When will it happen? - How? Identify requirements and constraints - Why? Specific reasons, purpose, and benefits
CMV:
Commercial Motor Vehicle >10,000 lbs vehicle + weight load rating
CERCLA:
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CPSC
Consumer Product Safety Commission
Exposure is
Contact with or proximity to a hazard, taking into account duration and intensity
FILI:
Frequency-Independent Lifting Index
FIRWL:
Frequency-Independent Recommended Weight Limit
Compliance:
Meeting the requirements of local, state or federal statutes, standards, or regulations.
Conformance:
Meeting the requirements of the organizations Occupational, Health and Safety Management System.
static electricity:
high voltage low current
CO poisoning symptoms include
nausea headache rapid pulse low blood pressure
Pre-consumer recycled content is
the fraction of feedstock used in manufacturing a material which is derived from wastes captured during or just after the manufacturing process ex. repulping scrap paper shaved from the ends of a paper roll to produce the next batch
which electrical devices prob contain PCBs
transformers capacitors fluorescent bulbs heat transfer enclosures investment casting waxes in foundries
Tort:
a wrongful act or failure to exercise due care that results in damage or injury in the broadest sense
A PortaCount is:
a device used to measure quantitative respirator fit testing
CLI:
Composite Lifting Index
MSD Examples:
De Quervain's Disease Trigger Finger Rotator Cuff Tendinitis/Injuries Tenosynovitis Raynaud's Syndrome (White Finger) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Back Disability/Lower Back Injury Tendinitis Epicondylitis Muscle Strains
QRA:
quantitative risk analysis
the least important measurement of a safety training program effectiveness is
reaction - how students liked the training
the most predominant colors in color blindness are
red & green
part of the eye that turns waves into a signal that is transmitted to the brain by the optic nerve is called the
retina light --> eye: cornea --> lens --> light sensitive retina --> optic nerve --> brain pupil is the opening of the iris; determines amount of light entering
Verification:
Evaluation of an implementation to determine that the applicable requirements are met.
FMEACA:
Failure Modes and Effects Critality Analysis (FMEACA) which is utilized within aerospace reliability analysis.
Back Disability:
MSD Body Part Effected: Back Symptoms: Low back pain, shooting pain or numbness in the upper legs Possible Causes: Whole body vibration Workers Affected: truck and bus drivers, tractor and subway operators; warehouse workers; nurses aides; grocery cashiers; baggage handlers
MORT:
Management Oversight and Risk Tree
RULA:
Rapid Upper Limb Assessment RULA is used to investigate the exposure to risk factors for upper limb disorders and provide a method of screening work population quickly so the results that could go into a wider, more versatile ergonomic assessment, while eliminating the need for assessment equipment.
risk is an expression of probable loss over a specific time period. it can be expressed in accidents, deaths, dollars, or other units. if a company operates a fleet of 25 trucks worth $22,000 each, and each operates 1,600 hours/year, what is the risk due to total loss per year if the replacement cost for a new truck is 1.2 times the old truck, and accidents occur 4.5 times per 10,000 hrs of operation?
Risk = D*M*N D = loss per accident M = accident rate N = time of measurement = (1.2 * $22,000 / truck) (4.5 x 10^-4 / hr) (25 trucks * 1600 hr/yr) = $475,200/yr
What is ISO 9000 series?
Standard that lays out the fundamentals and vocabulary for quality management systems (QMS)
SMR:
Standardized mortality ratio provides an adjustment for age in data for each of the epidemiological studies
Rotator Cuff Tendinitis:
Swelling of the rotator cuff tendon MSD Body Part Effected: Shoulders Symptoms: Pain, stiffness Possible Causes: Working with the hands above the head Workers Affected: Power press operators, welders, painters, assembly line workers
human performance is a function of age and sex attitude and motivation training and motivation (aptitude + training) * motivation
*(aptitude + training) * motivation
pressure-demand SCBAs have a protection factor of 10x 100x 1000x 10000x
*10000x
The centrifugal force is 900 lbs. When the radius is 24 in. Compute the force when the radius is 18.5 inches.
*1168 lbs F1D1 = F2D2 (900)(48) = (F2)(37) F2 = 1167.56
the step-across distance from the nearest edge of a ladder to the nearest edge of equipment or structure shall be not more than ____ inches, or less than ___ inches 10 & 5 12 & 2.5 12 & 3 16 & 8
*12 & 2.5
The rated load of a test crane uses which of the following factors? 75% 100% 125% 150%
*125%
The lower flammability limit for tolune is 1.2%. What is the airborne concentration (in ppm) of toluene if your properly calibrated combustible gas meter reads 12%?
*1440 ppm if the meter reads 12%, that means that the airborne concentration is 12% of the way to 1.2%. Therefore, multiply 1.2% by 12%, and multiply the ensuing result by 1,000,000 parts. 0.12*0.012*1000000 = 1440 ppm
Heinrich's ratio of no injury accidents to minor injuries to major injuries is 100-20-1 200-30-10 300-29-1 600-58-1
*300-29-1
A light curtain safety interlock system is being proposed for an automatic metal shearing machine. Assuming a standard hand speed of 63 in/sec, and a machine shut down time of 0.5 sec, what is the minimum acceptable distance from the point-of-operation to the sensing field of the light curtain? 31.5 in 47.3 in 63 in 126 in
*31.5 in standard hand speed x time necessary for the interlock to shut down the equipment
Core temperatures above the following may be associated with temporary infertility in both males and females. 39degC or 102.2degF 32.2degC or 90degF 30degC or 86degF 38degC or 100.4degF
*38degC or 100.4degF defined by the ACGIH 1995-1996
How many foot-candles of illumination are necessary for work that requires fine assembly? 5 ft-candles 50 ft-candles 500 ft-candles 5000 ft-candles
*500 ft-candles is necessary for the performance of visual tasks of low contrast and very small size over a prolonged period of time, e.g., fine assembly, very difficult inspection. 5 ft-candles is very low light, not for most working environments; 50 ft-candles is a typical office environment lighting level; and 5,000 foot-candles is well beyond the lighting necessary for the task described
System availability is defined as A measure of the degree to which an item is in an operable and committable state The hardware which maintains the higher state of productivity The average degree of reliability needed to maintain status quo Simply stated by the formula: As = An * As * Ai
*A measure of the degree to which an item is an operable and committable state
The International Standard for Standardization is: A worldwide federation of national standards bodies An organization created by the EU to advance the business needs of the EU A federation of international government appointed representatives that develop consensus standards for application on a worldwide basis A federation of government representatives that develop unilateral agreements for the application of business practices across international borders
*A worldwide federation of national standards bodies
Which of the following components are not specifically required in a process hazard analysis A. Facility inspection procedures B. Facility siting C. Human factors D. The hazards of the process E. An assessment of the worst-case release into the environment of the covered process materials F. The identification of engineering and administrative controls for specific process hazards G. Consequences of failures of engineering controls H. Consequences of failures of administrative controls E, F, G, H A, F, G, H A, E B, C
*A, E depending upon the actual analysis, these items may come up
How would you connect "heat", "fuel", "oxygen" to the output "fire"? AND OR Either Neither
*AND
when welding immovable objects in an area with a fire hazard, OSHA 1910.252, which action is least appropriate? Suitable fire extinguishing equipment shall be maintained in a state of readiness All moveable objects must be covered with a fire resistive material Whenever there are floor openings or cracks in flooring that cannot be closed, precautions shall be taken so that no readily combustible materials on floor below shall be exposed to sparks potentially dropping through floor Before cutting or welding is permitted, the area shall be inspected by the individual responsible for authorizing cutting and welding operations by means of written permit
*All moveable objects must be covered with a fire resistive material According to OSHA 1910.252, if an object to be welded or cut cannot be readily moved, all moveable fire hazards in the vicinity shall be taken to a safe place
What is the purpose of organizations such as Underwriters' Laboratories (UL) and Factory Mutual (FM)? To perform independent product safety evaluations on products sold to consumers To certify that products sold to consumers meet a minimum level of product safety To certify that safety-related products will perform as expected All of the above
*All of the above These organizations also maintain listings of the products that they certify so that individuals with questions can request information about how the product performed in the tests that were conducted on it
System safety and occupational safety considerations are frequently not considered early in a system's design process. Why is this? Some design engineers and project managers do not consider system safety and occupational safety issues as design engineering components (ex. design intent and how to achieve design intent do not require input from system safety and occupational safety professionals) Some design engineers and project managers believe that system safety and occupational safety considerations can be addressed once a system is in operation Some design engineers and project managers perceive that involving system safety and occupational safety professionals early in the design process will slow down the design process All of the above
*All of the above Unfortunately, many project managers and design engineers have no formal training in system safety and occupational safety and are unaware of the value (and ultimate savings) that can be realized by integrating such considerations
The science of measuring the human body for differences in various physical characteristics is: Kinesiology Anthropometry Physiology Ergonomics
*Anthropometry Anthropometry refers to the measurement of the human individual. Anthropometry involves the systematic measurement of the physical properties of the human body, primarily dimensional descriptors of body size and shape. Today, anthropometry plays an important role in industrial design, clothing design, ergonomics and architecture where statistical data about the distribution of body dimensions in the population are used to optimize products. Changes in lifestyles, nutrition, and ethnic composition of populations lead to changes in the distribution of body dimensions (ex. the obesity epidemic), and require regular updating of anthropometric data collections.
In designing workplaces, some compromises are almost inevitable because of competing priorities. Here is an accepted order of priorities. Which one of the following priorities is not in the appropriate order? Arrangement of elements to be used in sequence Primary visual tasks Primary controls that interact with primary visual tasks Control-display relationships
*Arrangement of elements to be used in sequence is the 4th priority after control-display relationships
The precursor of the NSC was the American Society of Safety Engineers Association of Iron and Steele Electrical Engineers American Industrial Hygiene Association American Safety Council
*Association of Iron and Steele Electrical Engineers
Within a Management Oversight Risk Tree (MORT) analysis, what is not considered part of specific control factors? Amelioration LTA Persons, object in energy path Assumed risk Unwanted energy flow
*Assumed risk Assumed risks are considered as a separate tree path
A conveyor belt that runs parallel to a walkway has smooth rods rotating beneath the belt and rods sticking out 3/4 inch past the belt edge. What is the best action to protect workers from this potential hazard? Do nothing, because 3/4 inch isn't enough for concern Place caps over the ends of each rod Paint rod ends yellow to warn of possible hazard Attach a guard the full length of the conveyor belt that covers rod ends
*Attach a guard the full length of the conveyor belt that covers rod ends OSHA says rods can protrude 1/2 the diameter of the shaft Answers A and C do not provide sufficient protection from the hazard. Answer B is a possible solution, but not enough information is given as to the size/coverage of the caps and whether they are spinning or not. Answer D may be overkill, but is the best choice available.
Which of the following statements is not true concerning human behavior? There is not such person as an average person Best approach is to design systems to fit percentiles of the population In fitting personnel to a job consider both physical and personality characteristics Attitude is not an important characteristic of fitting the worker to the task
*Attitude is not an important characteristic of fitting the worker to the task
Regarding collecting and verifying information all the following are correct except? Information relevant to the audit objectives, scope and criteria should be collected by appropriate sampling. Only verifiable information should be accepted as audit evidence. Audit findings do not need to be recorded. The audit team should address any new circumstances that may occur.
*Audit findings do not need to be recorded During the audit, information relevant to the audit objectives, scope and criteria, including information relating to interfaces between functions, activities and processes, should be collected by means of appropriate sampling and should be verified. Only information that is verifiable should be accepted as audit evidence. Audit evidence leading to audit findings should be recorded. If, during the collection of evidence, the audit team becomes aware of any new or changed circumstances or risks, these should be addressed by the team accordingly. NOTE 1 Guidance on sampling is given in Clause B.3 of ISO 19011
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 is produced by: ANSI ISO ASSE BSI
*BSI The British Standard Institute led the development of 18001 as a health and safety management system standard that is compatible with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water 1degF is called Specific Heat Calorie BTU Kelvin Scale
*BTU
Truck drivers and equipment operators are most likely to suffer from which of the following occupational disease? Carpal tunnel syndrome from repetitive forceful tasks Back disability from whole body vibration Rotator cuff tendinitis De Quervain's from gripping
*Back disability from whole body vibration
Three approaches for evaluating manual material handling tasks and implementing acceptable workload criteria are: anthropometric, psychological, physical physiological, cardio-vascular, psychological anthropometric, physiological, ergonomic biomechanical, physiological, psychophysical
*Biomechanical, physiological, psychophysical Biomechanical: calculation of compressive forces at the L5/S1 lumbosacral disc from internal forces of the back-extensor muscles and intra-abdominal pressure used to resist the load moments of lifting Physiological: measures the effect of tasks on body functions (ex. heart rate, oxygen updake, etc.) Psychophysical: holds all but one variable constant and allows workers to adjust the variable to their preference
An explosion involving a detonation has the following features EXCEPT Pressure front moves supersonically Potential for extreme deconstruction exists Blowout panels and rupture disks can vent explosion Blowout panels and rupture disks are useless
*Blowout panels and rupture disks can vent explosion Due to the supersonic nature of the pressure front after a detonation, blowout panels and rupture disks are useless. The accident Prevention Manual discusses explosions and explosion suppression.
In heat stroke, the Body temperature is lowered Body temperature is elevated Body temperature is normal Patient sweats profusely
*Body temperature is elevated In heat stroke the patient has an elevated temperature and does not sweat
the primary organization dealing with compressed gas cylinder safety is ANSI CGA ASTM NFPA
*CGA Compressed Gas Association Some of the CGA documents are incorporated by reference into the OSHA standards on compressed gas safety
Which of the following agencies can initiate a consumer product recall? OSHA NIOSH CPSC MSHA
*CPSC The EPA also has limited authority to initiate consumer product recalls on certain hazardous chemicals
A substance which accelerates the speed of a chemical reaction without changing its own composition is called Reactors Enhancers Masses Catalyst
*Catalyst
A flammable liquid with a FP of 72degF and a BP below 100degF would be classified by the NFPA as a: Class I liquid Class IA liquid Class IB liquid Class II liquid
*Class IA liquid A Class I liquid refers to any flammable with a FP below 100degF. A Class IA liquid has a FP below 73degF and a BP below 100degF. A Class IB liquid has a FP below 73degF and a BP at or above 100degF. A Class II liquid has a FP at above 100degF and a BP below 140degF. NFPA 30 (Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code)
Acetylene can be described as Colorless gas with slight garlic-like odor Pungent, irritating greenish-yellow gas Faint yellow liquid White powder, chlorine-like odor
*Colorless gas with slight garlic-like odor
A chemical explosion requires oxidizer, fuel, ignition source and which of the following? Overpressure Confinement Reduction Detonation
*Confinement Without confinement, the materials will not explode; they will merely burn with great intensity
Excessive leaning and reaching is required to access material on the far side of a conveyor or slide in a poultry processing plant. Which of the following is the best solution? Design a diverter mechanism Create a chute Add a tilt or dumper Install stationary seating
*Design a diverter mechanism Diverters are mechanical barriers that direct the materials on a conveyor or slide to the workers. Diverters are used where excessive leaning or reaching is required to access material on the far side of a conveyor or slide. Delivering and placing parts closer to the worker minimizes reaching and bending. Maximum reach should not exceed arm's length with the torso upright. Can be adjusted to split poultry parts delivered onto either side of a conveyor, slide, or work area so that employees can work on both sides of the line.
once ergonomic hazards are identified through the systematic worksite analysis, which of the following is the next step? Design an Ergonomics Program Design out the hazards Conduct a verification survey Apply Administrative Controls
*Design out the hazards
The major cause of on-the-job fatalities in the US is Employee slips, trips, and falls Employee motor vehicle use Logging Machinery
*Employee motor vehicle use account for ~1/3 of all deaths for on-the-job fatalities
Under Worker's Compensation Laws: Employee has to prove negligence by the employer Amount of compensation is decided by the employee and employer under arbitration Employer assumes responsibility and compensation for accidents, regardless of fault Employee may sue employer if the compensation provided is not adequate
*Employer assumes responsibility and compensation for accidents, regardless of fault under worker's comp laws, the employer assumes responsibility for all accidents and compensation to the employee, regardless of fault. The employee does not have to prove negligence and is not allowed to sue for damages beyond what is allowed to be compensated as set by state law
aisles that are utilized by both forktrucks and pedestrians must have a width of:
sufficient safe clearances
A technique which is a bottom-up, deductive technique that explores different responses to "challenges" is called: Event tree analysis Fault tree analysis Logic analysis Bottom-up assessment
*Event tree analysis
Two ways to modify insurance rates based on modifying the manual rate to reflect the insured's safety record are the prospective experience rating and the restrospective rating. Which of the following identifies the restrospective rating? Past experience Experience during policy period Projected losses manual premiums are not modified
*Experience during policy period Because past experience modifies future rates, this plan is known as prospective experience rating to distinguish it from restrospective experience rating, which further modifies the manual rate to reflect experience during the policy year.
A sudden and violent release of large amounts of gas is called: Permissible explosive Low reaction Deflagration Explosion
*Explosion
In the theory of fire extinguishment, all of the following are believed appropriate, EXCEPT: Extinguishment by cooling Extinguishment by oxygen dilution Extinguishment by fuel removal Extinguishment by fire break
*Extinguishment by fire break
successful communication consists of 3 basic elements:
the sender the message the receiver must always provide feedback to ensure the message was received
UEL:
upper explosive limit the maximum concentration of vapor or gas in air above which propagation of flame does not occur
The degree of care that must be exercised by common carriers, such as airlines, bus companies, and railroads, is defined as: Reasonable care Great care Slight care Care
*Great care Great care must be exercised by common carriers. Great care is that high degree of care that a very prudent and cautious person would undertake for the safety of others
_____ offers the highest coefficient of friction and thus provides the most resistance to slips
wood
Which of the following is a strong oxidizing agent? H2O2 He Fe Cr
*H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
A process of examining a system, design or operation to discover inherent hazards, characterizing them as to the level of risk and identifying risk-reduction alternatives is called: Failure modes and effects analysis Job safety analysis Fault tree analysis Hazard analysis
*Hazard analysis
some common causes of eye injury are: High energy arcs, compressed air, dilute boric acid High energy arcs, methanol, compressed air Compressed air, metal filings, deionized water Deionized water, dilute boric acid, compressed air
*High energy arcs, methanol, compressed air dilute boric acid is used to treat eye inflammation
EH&S Audits are not designed to Identify weak performers in plant manager roles Ensure legal and corporate program compliance Advise top management of compliance status Identify strengths and weaknesses of the facility's EH&S program
*Identify weak performers in plant manager roles In addition, a compliance assurance plan is generated
The implication by a manufacturer or dealer, that the product is suitable for a specific purpose by: (I) placing it on sale for that purpose, (2) advertising that it will satisfy that purpose, or (3) indicating in operating instructions that it will accomplish that purpose is best described by which term? Intended use Implied warranty Expressed warranty Warranty
*Implied warranty is an implication by the manufacturer or dealer that a product is suitable for a particular purpose, will satisfy that purpose, or will accomplish that purpose
Workers compensation represents a significant business expense for employers. To a large extent, employers can influence their cost of this coverage by: Obtaining a low rate prospective experience rating plan Improving their experience modification rate Obtaining a low rate restrospective experience rating plan Negotiate with life underwriters
*Improving their experience modification rate One of the objectives of the Workers' Compensation system is to encourage safety in the workplace. A credit rating is awarded for better than average injury/illness accident prevention OR a debit rating charged against the premium for one that is worse than average. Injury rates and the experience modification are used to estimate charges. By lowering the experience modification rate one can lower their insurance premium.
When incurring a Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) due to a noisy workplace, most of the TTS occurs: Right before the end of the exposure period In the first few hours of exposure Towards the end of the first week of exposure Occurs within minutes of entering the data
*In the first few hours of exposure 1-2 hrs
The term incident encompasses first-aid cases, recordable cases, restricted workday cases, lost-workday cases, permanent disability cases, near misses and property damage cases. Which of the following represents an indirect cost? Incident review Workers' compensation premiums Ambulance Service Drug Testing
*Incident review Direct Cost Categories: 1. Workers' Compensation - Ex. WC premiums 2. Medical Bills - Ex. Treatment by physician, nurse, hospital costs 3. Medical Treatment Supplies - Ex. Bandages, splints, antiseptic 4. Ambulatory Service - Ex. Established fees 5. Drug Testing - Ex. Fees for off-site testing 6. Job Accommodations - Ex. Equipment or tool redesign or replacement; ergonomically designed chairs, keyboards 7. New Equipment - Ex. Cost of new equipment/parts purchased as a result of an incident Indirect Cost Categories: 1. Healthcare Professional - Ex. Consultation with the victim; treatment time; recordkeeping and filing; follow-up consultation(s) 2. Injured Worker - Ex. All time spent away from the job attributable to the incident. One way to determine this is to ask the nurse of supervisor. Be sure to include travel time to/from the nurse's office, waiting time, treatment and follow-up, and time spent visiting the offsite doctor's office. - Ex. An important, yet often overlooked contribution to indirect cost estimates is the percent reduction in efficiency due to restricted work. Often, an injured worker can return to the job at 100 percent; occasionally, however, the worker is only able to work at 90 percent until fully recovered. Once the percentage of restricted work has been determined, it can be incorporated into the direct cost summary. Example: Hourly rate = $10; cumulative time lost due to incident = 2 hours. This yields an initial $20 indirect cost. Ex. Restricted work efficiency level = 90% for 8 hrs. Since $10 x .9 yields work at a level for only $9/hr, there is a $1/hr indirect loss for each hour worked at the restricted level. Therefore, that $1/hr x 8 hrs yields an additional $8 loss, which should be added to the original $20 calculation; thus, the ultimate indirect cost is $28. 3. Supervisor - Ex. Consultation with the victim; recordkeeping and filing; follow-up consultation; disciplinary action 4. Return to Work - Ex. Consultation, work process modification 5. Lost Production/Productivity - Ex. Lost production represents the expected income that would have been received from maintaining production/service that was lost and is attributable to the incident. Often, this cost amounts to the highest of all indirect costs. Also consider the lost productivity of witnesses and colleagues in discussing and investigating the incident. 6. Incident Review - Ex. Sum hourly rates of the incident investigation team, multiply by the average time needed to complete a thorough investigation for each cost category. 7. Human Resources - Ex. Managing the case back to 100-percent duty, consultation, recordkeeping and filing. 8. Cost to Hire - Ex. The cost in terms of all necessary activities to bring in a replacement employee to work while the injured employee recovers 9. Manager - Ex. Consultation with the victim; recordkeeping and filing; follow-up consultation; disciplinary action 10. Process Delays/Interruptions - Ex. Represents lost income expected or lost personnel productivity when a process is delayed or interrupted as the result of an incident 11. Security - Ex. Since security is not involved in all cases, one must first determine the percentage of involvement. - Ex. Assume 900 cases occur and security is involved in 10 percent (or 90) of them. 90 cases x 1 hour of time devoted x $10/hr = $900 for all cases worked on. If security contributes $900 to the total, the cost for 900 cases = $900/900 = $1 contribution/case 12. Training - Ex. Include new or retraining efforts, instructor costs, paperwork, recordkeeping and tracking. For new/retrained employees on a new job, one can also perform an efficiency analysis similar to that of an injured worker (see above). 13. Legal - Ex. Calculate same as security costs
For event A to occur a preliminary, intentional action B, is needed; for example, lifting the cover that protects a critical switch, permitting it to be thrown. Such a design is called: Interlock Isolation device Lockout Lockin
*Interlock This is a description of the concept of an interlock in terms of probabilities and systems terminology
If an employee is exposed to continuous noise at the level of 90 dBA averaged over the eight hour work day the employer must do all of the following except Implement feasible engineering or administrative controls Include the employees in a Hearing Conservation Program Establish a Hearing Conservation Program Isolate the noise source
*Isolate the noise source OSHA's hearing conservation standard requires that feasible administrative or engineering controls be implemented if exposure is 90 dBA or higher. If exposures are 85 dBA or higher then a Hearing Conservation Program must be established and any exposed employees must be enrolled in it
A key advantage of Boolean algebra is considered to be: It is superfluous It is deceptively simple It can utilize AND/OR/NOT connectors A calculator is not needed
*It can utilize AND/OR/NOT connectors widely used to develop probabilities involving AND/OR/NOT etc. type situations
In developing a safe maintenance guide for robotic workstations, which method, useful for predicting potential injury situations, would apply to: Determining which hazards are present in each step of a task in the work zone and is there a control in place against them? SADT JSA FTA FMECA
*JSA Job safety analysis is a procedure to make a job (robotic workstations) safe by breaking down the robot technician's job into different tasks that are done, identifying the hazards or potential injuries of each task and develop solutions to eliminate or control the exposure.
There are several management theories of motivation, such as Theory X and Theory Y. Which of the following is NOT true? Theory X - The worker is uninterested and unmotivated to work Theory Y - The worker is interested and motivated to work Job Enrichment Theory of Herzberg - Work environment, benefits, and work conditions are all-important Job Enrichment Theory of Herzberg - Work must be meaningful, must provide recognition, give responsibility, and allow for professional growth in order to motivate the worker
*Job Enrichment Theory of Herzberg - Work environment, benefits, and work conditions are all-important Herzberg believed that hygiene issues (such as work environment, benefits, and work conditions) are necessary before motivation and resultant productivity increases can occur but do not result in motivation. Instead, workers are motivated by work that is meaningful, provides recognition, gives responsibility, and allows for professional growth.
A technique that utilizes a method of developing job procedures that includes a systematic task analysis that examines each step, and preventative or corrective actions required to ensure a safe operation is called: Job safety analysis Task analysis Operability study Systematic task analysis
*Job safety analysis
When an injury is caused by two or more persons, each of which failed in a legal duty, they are in: fault contributory fault contributory negligence joint tort liability
*Joint tort liability
Boiler safety devices include all but which of the following? Low water-water cutoff Pressure gauges Safety relief valves Low water-fuel cutoff
*Low water-water cutoff
The minimum concentration of gasoline in air that can be ignited is 7.6%. This minimum concentration is called the: Lower Explosive Limit Upper Explosive Limit Lower Ignitable Limit A & C
*Lower Explosive Limit
If the identify of the material in a pipe were unknown, one could determine the hazard of the piped material by referring to all of the following except: MSDS process diagrams SOPs Other employees familiar with the process
*MSDS can only be used if the identity is already known
The concept of "hierarchy of needs" was developed by: Freud Maslow Jung MacGregor
*Maslow Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a critical component of many management theories dealing with human needs
Which of these circumstances would you expect to have the highest likelihood of producing a severe injury? Routine, planned work Production work Low energy sources Non-routine work
*Non-routine work Experience has shown that severe injuries occur in non-routine work, non-production work, high energy work, or construction
A manufacturer is not required to warn prospective users of products whose use involves an obvious peril, especially those that are well known to the general public. This principle is known as: Obvious peril Inherent danger Foreseeability Responsibility
*Obvious peril
Of the following, which is the least effective way for a manager to maximize his/her safety program? Written safety policies Supervisory safety training Audit of safety program One-on-one meetings
*One-on-one meetings Common elements to maximize a safety program include: written policies supervisor training auditing investigation of all hazards and accidents formation of safety committees
As a manager, how would you discipline a minor rule infraction? Oral reprimand Written reprimand Ignore it Suspension
*Oral reprimand most logical way to deal with a minor rule infraction for the first offense
Flow testing an industrial fire hydrant requires what instrument? Pitot tube with gauge Aneroid with gauge Magnehelic gauge Burdon gauge with pickup tube
*Pitot tube with gauge used for flow testing water
Interlocks are one of the most commonly used safety devices. Identify the appropriate interlock device below. Nonalignment of two or more parts prevents further action. Path Separation Position Interlock Key Interlock Path Coding
*Position Interlock
What is JSA? Procedure of reviewing methods, hazards, and safety A type of job description A private company Joint Safety Authority
*Procedure of reviewing methods, hazards, and safety Job Safety Analysis written procedure for reviewing job methods, uncovering hazards, and recommending safe procedures
The tendency for an individual who finds himself in a frustrating circumstance and reverts to an earlier form of behavior, such as putting on a temper tantrum, is called: Negativism Aggression Reactivity Regression
*Regression
The principle that "occurrence of an accident is sufficient proof that negligence existed" is described best by which term? Res ispa loguitur Negligence per se Liability Strict liability
*Res ispa loguitur If the accident occurred there must have been negligence
Which is a financial method for reducing the costs of accidents in an organization? Risk transfer Risk projection Financial risk management Hierarchy of loss controls
*Risk transfer Several control techniques available are for treating loss exposures. The two categories for reducing the costs of accidents in an organization: prevention (loss control) and financial (cost reduction). Loss control techniques include engineering, administrative controls and PPE to deal with losses. Engineering controls include building a ventilation system to reduce explosive vapor levels, whereas administrative controls might limit exposures to toxic materials. Issuing PPE such as respirators is the last line of defense against hazards in the workplace. Sprinkler systems and distance to a means of egress are examples of loss reduction not loss prevention. A company might try to avoid the loss altogether. Organizations can reduce exposure by substitution. Instead of mixing methylene chloride as a solvent ingredient in a commercial aerosol product a company count substitute a "safer" solvent to reduce the likelihood of a worker being exposed. Risk transfer assigns liability to another party, rather than run the risk of the loss itself. If methylene chloride mixing could not be accomplished safely in the plant, the company may choose to have the product shipped to a contractor who would mix the ingredient. If the contractor's workers are overcome by vapors from the solvent mixing, then the contractor would typically hold the liability. Another form of risk transfer is insurance. Insurance is designed to permit the company to shift the financial consequences of the risk to an insurance company. By paying the insurance company's premiums, the organization can expect specified benefits in the event of loss. With large numbers of insureds, insurance companies can more accurately estimate its own losses. Organizations may retain their loss exposures without dealing with them. This may be a result of ignorance or choice. Organizations that retain their own exposures may ignore them, or attempt to reduce them or they may, in fact, self-insure. Ignoring the risks may make the owners more confident, but dealing with the risks will make them more prepared for loss. Self-insurance is simply no insurance; the company retains the loss exposure. It should only be undertaken by companies with the financial resources necessary to absorb potential losses. (Friend & Kohn, 2007) Identification techniques include individual consultation and group discussion. Individual consultations are one-on-one meetings and are arranged as a preliminary exercise to initially identify the risks. This process involves key participants in the project in question. The purpose of this stage is to allow the interviewee to contemplate what he/she thinks are the main risks attached to either, the project as a whole, or as individual stages of the project or both. As the participants are from different disciplines, their viewpoints about the project are influenced by the specialized nature of their field. Group discussion is a process by which potential sources of risk are identified with a clear set of rules and a timetable. This technique should be carried out with the project team. One person should be the coordinator who chairs the meetings. The discussion process should have two distinct stages, a creative state and an assessment stage. The creative stage permits any one member of the team, one at a time to 'throw' in potential risks or sources of risk. Individual team members are not restricted to their own knowledge domain and outlandish ideas are encouraged. The assessment stage then follows. Estimation includes interviewing and brain-storming with personal and corporate experience. The analysis, and/or estimation, stage is more extensive in nature than in the identification stage. All the ideas are analyzed individually and a final draft of the risks is assembled. The idea of the analysis stage is to categorize or rank the risks by using the one-on-one situation in interviewing, or the group discussions from brain-storming. Therefore, the end result from this stage is to prioritize the risks so as to know which of them are to be forwarded to the quantitative analysis. At this point, this threshold level or cut-off point must also be decided. The notion being the risks below this level, and thus those not to be analyzed quantitatively, are covered by project contingent reserves. The ones above would not be, hence requiring further analysis. Personal and Corporate experience. If there are employees with experience, then this property should be utilized. Experience enables the main risks in a project to be identified. Obviously, one looks at the more senior officers to excel in this department. However, there is always a chance that certain risks never encountered before are overlooked. If the project is not equivalent to a previous project, than the policies of the company, or engineering judgment decides on a contingency percentage. Factors of safety are used extensively in the construction industry and is based on this method. Response strategies include: Risk avoidance Risk transfer Risk retention Risk reduction
In what ways should safety be managed differently from other company functions? Cannot set goals Personal contacts are more important Budget support is not there Safety is not managed differently
*Safety is not managed differently The more the safety program's goals and management style are understood the more support there will be for the program
A technique which is used to determine an unintended energy route, which can allow an undesired function to occur, prevent desired functions from occurring, or adversely affect the timing of functions is called: Time-loss analysis Sneak circuit analysis Common cause analysis Energy flow analysis
*Sneak circuit analysis A technique that investigates unintended energy routes
What should work methods be designed to reduce? Static postures Static postures, extreme and awkward postures Static, extreme, and awkward postures, repetitive motion, and excessive force Frequency of movement
*Static, extreme, and awkward postures, repetitive motion, and excessive force these stressors should be designed out, when designing appropriate work methods
The lowest concentration of a substance in air to which humans or animals have been exposed for any given period of time, that has produced any toxic effect, or produced a tumorigenic or reproductive effects, is called: TDL LDL TCL LD50
*TCL = Toxic Concentration Low TDL = Toxic Dose Low for solids and liquids LD50 = lethal dose for 50% of the animals LDL = lethal dose low
a temporary depression of the hearing is called a Noise Induced Hearing Reduction (NIHR) Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS) Temporary Auditory Depression (TAD)
*Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS)
An express warranty from a manufacturer, implies or states: That a product is suitable for a specific use That a product will perform in a specific manner That you can return the product within 30 days That a product will perform for at least 30 days
*That a product will perform in a specific manner An express warranty is a written or oral statement that a product will perform in a specific manner
The ISO Quality Management Standards are found in which series of standards? The 6000 series The 9000 series The 14000 series The 18000 series
*The 9000 series The ISO Quality Management Standards are found in the ISO 9000 series. ISO 9001, Quality Management Systems - Requirements is the best known. The ISO 14000 series covers Environmental Management. 18000 series is not in the ISO standards. OSHAS 18001 and 18002 are Occupational Safety and Health Management Standards generally considered to have originated from England
Organizations allocate costs into various categories to aid decision making. Often, these costs are determined as a percent or ratio of manufacturing costs. Examples include raw materials, direct labor, indirect materials, selling costs, distribution costs, and other costs. In calculating return on investment of ergonomic controls, a key expense used to determine the cost-benefit of controls is Direct costs of accidents inflated over time to determine present value of future workers' compensation injury dollars The cost of capital associated with purchase and installation of controls Depreciation costs and pretax operating expenses after controls are implemented Profit and quality loss as a result of increased absenteeism and poor employee morale
*The cost of capital associated with purchase and installation of controls While all are important, the cost of capital (interest lost from the initial investment) is often ignored. Knowledgeable financial managers will consider the cost of capital when calculating their desired return on investment of capital expenditure. The challenge of the practitioner is to keep this in mind when determining cost-benefit of controls and, when possible, to quantify productivity efficiency and productivity enhancements to help support action plans
What happens to the heat energy of a 2 quart pan of water when it is heated from 30degC to 100degC? The energy remains the same The energy is doubled The energy is less than doubled The energy is more than doubled
*The energy is less than doubled The heat energy varies directly with the absolute temperature of the substance (Kelvin), not the relative temperature (Celsius). Water heated from 30degC to 100degC is being heated from 303K to 373K. This is less than a doubling of temperature resulting in less than a doubling of heat energy K = C+273
The vapor-air density is defined as: The weight of a vapor-air mixture resulting from the vaporization of a flammable liquid at equilibrium temperature and pressure conditions as compared with the weight of an equal volume of air under the same conditions The weight of a volume of a pure gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure The density of a solid or liquid substance is the ratio of the weight of the substance to the weight of the same volume of another substance A hazard which exists wherever material that will burn or oxidize readily is available
*The weight of a vapor-air mixture resulting from the vaporization of a flammable liquid at equilibrium temperature and pressure conditions as compared with the weight of an equal volume of air under the same conditions
The A-weighted sound level measurement is the preferred scale of measure because: It distinguishes intermittent and impact noise The weighting is related to effects of noise on the ear It filters high frequency background noise It can assess temperature and pressure
*The weighting is related to the effects of noise on the ear
A manager who utilizes the inherent motivation that is present in all humans is a _____ manager Theory X Theory Y Theory Z Theory A
*Theory Y managers utilize the goal-orientation of the worker to achieve results
All of the following are administrative controls for reducing or preventing ergonomic injuries except: Job expansion Tool changes Job rotation Rest periods
*Tool changes Tool changes are an engineering control while job expansion, job rotation, and rest periods are administrative controls
Tools and handles should be selected to eliminate or minimize which of the following stressors? Chronic muscle contraction and repetitive forceful motions Tool vibration and repetitive motions Tool vibration, repetitive motions, chronic muscle contraction, steady force, and excessive gripping, pinching, or pressing with and and fingers Tool vibration, repetitive motions, chronic muscle contraction, and excessive gripping, pinching, or pressing with hand and fingers
*Tool vibration, repetitive motions, chronic muscle contraction, steady force, and excessive gripping, pinching, or pressing with hand and fingers
The National Response Center (NRC) is operated by: DOE USCG OSHA SARA III
*USCG = U.S. Coast Guard
Which of the following interlock can sense the presences of nonporous materials? Radio-frequency inductive Magnetic sensing Photoelectric device Ultrasonics
*Ultrasonics
You are asked to inspect a 10 psi unfired pressure vessel. What do you already know about it? ASPs do not do this No good criteria exists Unfired pressure vessel regulations do apply Unfired pressure vessel regulations do not apply
*Unfired pressure regulations do not apply to unfired pressure vessels which operate below 15 psi
A cooperative nursing home patient that weighs 150 lbs cannot bear his own weight and needs to be moved. Which is the best method to eliminate manual lifting? Use a stand and pivot technique Use a friction reducing device Use a lateral sliding aid Use a portable lift device
*Use a portable lift device OSHA Publication 3182(2009) Guidelines for Nursing Homes Ergonomics for the Prevention of Muscular Skeletal Disorders
The analysis technique used to determine the upper bounds on a hazardous event without regard to the probability of occurrence of the particular event is called Naked man Worst-case analysis Upper bound analysis Credibility analysis
*Worst-case analysis considers the most severe consequence that might reasonably be expected to arise
A worker can perform a certain task in 16 hrs. The part of the task the worker can do in X hours is 16/X X/16 16-X 16X
*X/16 In one hour, the worker can do 1/16 of the total task
cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) is an acute injury caused by repetitive motion a chronic illness caused by exposure to extremes in temperature a chronic injury caused by an accumulation of micro-injuries an acute form of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
*a chronic injury caused by an accumulation of micro-injuries CTD is a type of chronic musculoskeletel injury that is cause d by an accumulation of many micro injuries over a period of time. acute or macro injuries cause immediate pain and damage from sudden or extreme force, while micro injuries are from low-intensity stresses that accumulate over a long period of time
the rule of thumb for predicting combined decibel readings from two separately measured noise sources, where the two sources differ by 3 decibels is: multiply by 2 multiply by 3 add 1 add 2
*add 2 the rule of thumb for combining decibels where the 2 sources differ from 2-5 decibels, is adding 2 to the higher decibel level
The industry where system safety techniques first were widely used was the: aerospace industry computer industry hazardous waste industry steel industry
*aerospace industry The aerospace industry developed the basic format of system safety. The government contracts issued to these companies required that systems safety be addressed in a quantitative manner. Military specifications have been written concerning system safety
the primary factors that affect the development of CTD include all of the following except age of the worker intensity of force applied repetitiveness of task lack of a proper rest period
*age of the worker the accumulation of micro-injuries from excessive force, repetition, and lack of rest between tasks will eventually result in a disabling injury
anticipating and controlling hazards are best accomplished: 24hrs following a workplace inspection any time before a pilot process is closed to production all design stages of an activity after an accident has occurred
*all design stages of an activity is the cornerstone of a safety program the ultimate goal for any safety program (occupation, systems, product) is to design environments and equipment and to set up job procedures so that employee exposure to injury will be either eliminated or controlled as completely as possible
AIHA is the: american industrial hygiene association american international hygiene association agency international for hygiene and assessment agency industrial and health audits (from ISO)
*american industrial hygiene association AIHA is an international, membership organization serving professionals that practice industrial hygiene. AIHA is the sponsor of the ANSI/AIHA Z10, American National Standard for Occupational Health and Management Systems
what instrument is required for assessing an individual's hearing ability? sound level meter octave band analyzer audiometric booth noise dosimeter
*audiometric booth the sound level meter and octave band analyzer are used for area sound measurements. the noise dosimeter is used for making noise dose measurements in the individual's hearing zone. the only way to assess hearing is with an audiometric booth.
theory y management assumes the worker is basically uninterested in work basically interested in work basically blase towards work basically accident prone
*basically interested in work theory y management holds that the worker is interested and motivated to work, as opposed to theory x
If a bar magnet were to be pulverized into dust, the particles would: become unmagnitized become tiny bar magnets neutralize each other a & c
*become tiny bar magnets
the color used to identify physical tripping hazards is: red green blue black/yellow
*black/yellow
the color used to denote information is: blue red yellow orange
*blue
There are no established safety specifications for: bump caps safety glasses respirators boilers
*bump caps bump caps were originally developed by the airline industry for work inside fuselages. They have no established specs.
All of the following standards call for the use of respirators in the event of an overexposure except lead asbestos benzene carbon dioxide
*carbon dioxide
Dermatitis would be a major concern with the permeability of ______ while wearing neoprene gloves
*carbon tetrachloride, methyl alcohol, benzene can be absorbed in amounts great enough to cause injury to organs other than the skin neoprene protects against most common oils, aliphatic hydrocarbons, etc. not satisfactory for aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, ketones, etc.
cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) are rapidly becoming a major source of Workers' Compensation dollar loss. The most common form is: bursitis carpal tunnel syndrome kaolinosis tendpnitis
*carpal tunnel syndrome carpal tunnel syndrome is a common disease of workers performing repeated exertions or movements of the fingers/hand and wrist which compress the median nerve int he carpal tunnel. it is often associated with tingling, pain, or numbness in the thumb and first three fingers, frequently resulting in lost time and workers' compensation costs
Total quality management (TQM) is an overall commitment to continuously improve quality performance at all levels. All of the following concepts apply except: empowerment improvement central thinking auditing
*central thinking acting as one voice is a concept of TQM, not central thinking
The fire tetrahedron states that combustion requires an oxidizer, fuel, heat, and which of the following? confinement surface area chain reaction deflagration
*chain reaction According to the NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, for combustion to occur, 4 components are necessary: Oxygen (oxidizing agent) Fuel (substrate) Heat (ignition) Self-Sustaining Chemical Reaction (chain reaction) Each component of the tetrahedron must be in place for combustion to occur. If ignition has already occurred, the fire is extinguished when one of the components is removed from the reaction
a classic example of synergism, in regards to toxic effect, involves asbestos coupled with a synergistic agent to produce lung cancer. What is this synergistic agent? water polyvinyl chloride dust cigarette smoke
*cigarette smoke the classic example of toxicologic synergy is asbestos and cigarette smoke. the following table illustrates the effect: Activity: non-smoking, no asbestos exposure - relative risk of lung cancer is 0.15 non-smoking, asbestos exposure - relative risk of lung cancer is 0.5 smoking, no asbestos exposure - relative risk of lung cancer is 1.0 smoking, asbestos exposure - relative risk of lung cancer is 6.0
what DOT placard is required for transporting numerous cylinders of compressed nitrogen? class 1.4 explosive class 2.1 flammable gas class 2.2 non-flammable compressed gas class 8 corrosive materials
*class 2.2 non-flammable compressed gas
the part of the eat which contains the hair like cells that detect sounds is the semicircular canals cochlea stapes anvil
*cochlea is the organ which contains the hair like cells. the sound waves more in the hairs at specific locations in the cochlea. the sites of hair movement correspond to the sounds' frequency.
For the purpose of protecting workers in trenches, the type of soil is required to assess risk. A primary factor in differing types of soil is: depth cohesiveness width soil weight
*cohesiveness is critical to its stability in a trench or excavation
The primary reason for enclosing a grinding wheel is collect dust contain wheel breakage easier t use prevent wheel from breaking
*contain wheel breakage
in many cases, canopy hoods are not considered very good because: more material needed to construct system larger fans are needed contaminant is drawn thru breathing zone are always considered good
*contaminant is drawn thru breathing zone
Your company CEO feels he has too many people reporting directly to him, including you (the Safety Director). He has asked your opinion about where int he organizational structure to best place the safety function: personnel support operations continue reporting to the CEO
*continue reporting to the CEO Safety should report to a function with power and the control to correct problems.
There are 2 common enclosure designs: threaded-joint enclosures and ground-joint enclosures. When hot gases travel through the very small openings in either of these joints, they are ___ before reaching the surrounding hazardous atmosphere heated cooled warmed frozen
*cooled
what part of the eye is acutely damaged by the welders flash of ultraviolet rays pupil sclera cornea retina
*cornea
The primary reason for accident investigation is to punish wrong doers provide OSHA with facts prepare insurance forms to recover loss correct the conditions that caused the accident
*correct the conditions that caused the accident and identify the reason
A generic process of evaluating competing courses of action by examining the dollar costs of certain abatement actions versus the dollar value of the benefits received is called prime cost assessment cost analysis cost-benefit analysis risk management
*cost-benefit analysis
A ratio of a project or countermeasure input cost to a project or countermeasure impact measure, that is, dollars spent per accident prevented, is called: input/output analysis cost-effectiveness ratio cost-benefit ratio cost-countermeasure analysis
*cost-effectiveness ratio can be thought of as the ratio of dollars spent to impact of spending those dollars
The analysis technique where individuals are interviewed about accidents, near misses, and hazardous conditions is known as: event tree fault tree critical incident system safety analysis
*critical incident
A method of identifying errors and unsafe conditions that contribute to both potential and actual injurious accidents within a given population by means of a stratified random sample of participants - observers selected from within this population is: job safety analysis procedural analysis critical incident technique operating and support hazard
*critical incident technique
which occupational illness occurs at the highest rate? cumulative trauma pneumoconioses poisoning heat-related
*cumulative trauma based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics (1994), repeated trauma had the highest incidence rate (41.1 per 10,000 F.T.W.) The next highest occupational illness was skin disorders
GCFI operates on sensing leakage of resistance current ohms watts
*current GFCIs are designed to interrupt the circuit when leakage current (amps) occurs between a conductor and the shield. The definition of a ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is located in Article 100 of the NEC and is as follows: "A device intended for the protection of personnel that functions to de-energerize a circuit or portion thereof within an established period of time when a current to ground exceeds the values established for a Class A device." A Class A GCFI trips when the current to ground has a value in the range of 4 miliamps to 6 miliamps, and references UL 943, the Standard for Safety for Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupters. OSHA 1910.399 defines a ground fault circuit interrupter, of GFCI, as "a device whose function is to interrupt the electric circuit to load when a fault current to ground exceeds some predetermined value, that is less than that required to operate the over-current protective device of the supply circuit." A voltmeter is a tool used to detect current leakage.
The success of the system safety effort depends on: employing applicable systems safety techniques implementing current design practices defining safety objectives identifying and correcting potential hazards
*defining safety objectives The success of the system safety effort depends on definitive statements of safety objectives and requirements by the managing activity and their translations into functional hardware and software
the most frequent occupational disease is attributed to pnemoconiosis (PCS) dermatosis chemical poisoning radioactive exposure
*dermatosis industrial skin diseases account for more than half of all compensation claims for occupational disease. these claims are scattered throughout all types of industry and sometimes appear where occupational skin disease may be least expected. there are two general types of dermatitis, primary irritation and sensitization. cause can be classified under the headings of: chemical agents, mechanical agents, physical agents, plant poisons and biological agents
When a chemical reaction takes place an initial energy is needed to move the reaction up an energy "hill". This energy that is needed to get the reaction going is called: Enthalpy Entropy Energy of activation Excitation energy
*energy of activation Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
heat energy of the body can be lost by radiation convection conduction evaporation
*evaporation
Back Disorder Risk Factors include all of the following except excessive vibration prolonged sitting inappropriate body mechanics continued bending
*excessive vibration is considered a CTD risk factor according to OSHA guidelines
A battery operated smoke detector is an example of what type of design? interlock fail active fail passive fail operational
*fail active
The System Safety design philosophy, given a failure, keeps the system energized in a safe mode until corrective or overriding action can take place intrinsically safe fail passive fail active fail operational
*fail active Intrinsically safe eliminates failure Fail passive knocks system to lowest energy level Fail operational allows system to operate without interruption
Water feed valves for boilers that remain open during a control failure to allow boiler to operate and not build up excess pressure are: intrinsically safe devices fail passive devices fail active devices fail operational devices
*fail operational devices
This system safety design reduces the system to its lowest energy level given a failure: intrinsically safe fail passive fail active fail operational
*fail passive
The effects of the failure are traced through the system and the ultimate effect on task performance is evaluated. This process is called: failure effects analysis fault hazard analysis failure modes and effects analysis critical item
*failure modes and effects analysis The effects of the failure are traced through the system and the ultimate effect on task performance is evaluated.
One of the current principles of safety management states the key to effective line safety performance is having management procedures that: fix accountability for accidents identify and correct unsafe acts or conditions improve worker attitude through education and training engineer the hazard out of operations
*fix accountability for accidents fixing accountability is based on the belief that a line manager will achieve results only in those areas in which he is being measured. It has long been felt by professional safety practitioners that the lack of procedures for fixing accountability is safety's greatest failing.
in conducting pulmonary function tests, FEV is the acronym for: forced expiratory volume full expected volume forced expiratory velocity full expected velocity
*forced expiratory volume is the volume of air that can be forcibly expelled during the first or second exhalation. this test is used to detect obstructive diseases
An example of a fail-passive device is the fuse emergency generator high temperature light switch A & C
*fuse brings the system to its lowest energy state ("0" current flow)
What is the most appropriate coding method when identifying 15 items, from a human engineering view? color coding geometric shapes stereoscopic depth standard color coding chart
*geometric shapes
In organizing and implementing a successful safety and loss control program, it is essential that you: obtain adequate funding get top management support and participation acquire an environmental health and safety staff promulgate a formal safety policy and program to support it
*get top management support and participation An effective safety program must begin at the top. Only top management can assign the responsibility for safety and loss control and ensure its performance. Also, it's top management who can implement the controls of the workplace environment along with worker operations that will control accidents
what color identifies safety facts or first aid? red magenta green orange
*green
A worker's hand has been exposed to liquid nitrogen. What is the correct first aid? immerse hand in ice water immerse hand in warm water immerse hand in hot water keep hand in ice
*immerse hand in warm water Per the "Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations", the hand should be placed in warm water of approximately 115degF (p. 81). The treatment is for frostbite.
consider the design placement of components. which of the following terms relates to the principle in which the performance of the activity with the component is vital to the achievement of the objectives of the system? importance principle functional principle sequence-of-use frequency-of-use
*importance principle the determination of importance is largely a matter of judgement
the end goal of ergonomic/human factors engineering includes any of the following except increase workers' compensation costs reduce worker errors and accidents control stresses affecting worker's psychic comfort increase worker productivity
*increase workers' compensation costs ergonomics, traditionally human factors engineering, int he US is a multidisciplinary activity dealing with interactions between individuals and their total working environment, plus stresses relating to such environmental elements as atmosphere, heat, light, sound in addition to workplace tools and equipment
In system safety design, which design philosophy is the closest to "perfect" safety? intrinsically safe fail safe fail passive fail operational
*intrinsically safe This design philosophy seeks to limit failures to an extremely small percentage. All of the others allow failure, but seek to engineer out the hazard a failure would bring
As an OSHA Compliance Officer, you are using a dosimeter with a 90 dBA threshold and a second dosimeter with a 80 dBA threshold to measure the same noise source. How should your 90 dBA threshold dosimeter's readings compare to your 80 dBA threshold dosimeter? greater than greater than or equal to less than less than or equal to
*less than or equal to
What is the most important factor in accident prevention? written program training safety engineers management support
*management support
who is responsible for packaging and labeling hazardous materials for shipment? manufacturer carrier receiver distributor
*manufacturer
"Kaizen" is a Japanese-oriented method designed explicitly to improve: loss performance environmental compliance employee health manufacturing efficiency
*manufacturing efficiency Kaizen is a manufacturing/production system where continuous manufacturing improvement is made in small, incremental steps. Embracing kaizen requires a culture of sustained continuous improvement focusing on eliminating waste in all systems and processes of an organization
the incus is part of foot inner ear middle ear outer ear
*middle ear
a mechanical filter respirator offers respiratory protection against gases gases and dusts gases and mists mists and dusts
*mists and dusts mechanical filter respirators offer respiratory protection against airborne particulate matter including dusts, mists, metal fumes and smoke. They do not provide protection against gases, vapors, or oxygen deficiency.
most muscles are joined by hundreds or even thousands of nerve fibers of the efferent (motor) nervous system. this contact between the end point of the axon of one motor-neuron and the sarolemma of the muscle is called reticulum switches cross bridges motor endplate motor muscle
*motor endplate
General purpose electrical equipment can cause explosions and fires in areas where flammable vapors, liquids and gases and combustible dusts or fibers are present. Which of the following is not an example of special purpose electrical equipment? non-sparking equipment motors and lighting fixtures intrinsically safe electrical equipment pressurized equipment
*motors and lighting fixtures are examples of equipment that may heat up. These energy sources can produce temperatures high enough to cause ignition
in considering horizontal work surfaces, the area that can be conveniently reached with a sweep of the forearm with the upper arm hanging in a natural position at the side is called: sweep area semi-sweep area normal area maximum area
*normal area
Acclimatization to a hot environment includes controlled blood flow to the skin, facilitated sweating, and increased stroke volume of the heart without increase in heart rate. It can be accomplished in: one or two weeks one month 7 days 12 days
*one or two weeks
one example of a class "A" incident includes a fire involving ordinary combustibles flammable liquids combustible metals live electrical equipment
*ordinary combustibles Class A fires involve ordinary combustibles. Examples of Class A extinguishing agents are mono-ammonium phosphate and ammonium phosphate Class B fires involve flammable or combustible liquids. Class C fires involve live electrical equipment. Class D fires involve combustible metals.
the middle ear contains a group of bones called the stapes ossicles incus eustachian tubes
*ossicles the middle ear consists of the eustachian tubes, the mastoid air cell system, and the sound conducting mechanism composed of the incus, malleus, and the stapes. these three small bones comprise the ossicles
the metacarpal is defined as the center point of the hand the most distal point of the hand pertaining to the long bones of the hand between the carpus and phalanges the muscle of the posterior lower arm
*pertaining to the long bones of the hand between the carpus and the phalanges
The following are types of glove materials except: nitrile neoprene PVC polynitrile
*polynitrile
Incident investigations are required as part of the OSHA Process Safety Standard. Key elements of the Incident Investigation Program Requirements include the following EXCEPT near misses prompt investigation within 24 hrs incidents which did or could result in catastrophe incident report and recommendations
*prompt investigation within 24 hrs The investigation must be conducted within 48 hrs, not 24. The other answers are all part of the Incident Investigation Program. Also included in the program is a system to address the report recommendations, a review of the incident report, and recommendations with affected personnel.
Kinesiology:
a scientific study of human or non-human body movement. Kinesiology addresses physiological, biomechanical, and psychological mechanisms of movement. Applications of kinesiology to human health (ex. human Kinesiology) include biomechanics and orthopedics; strength and conditioning; sport psychology; methods of rehabilitation, such as physical and occupational therapy; and sport and exercise. Studies of human and animal motion include measures from motion tracking systems, electrophysiology of muscle and brain activity, various methods for monitoring physiological function, and other behavioral and cognitive research techniques.
The main objective of the Consumer Product Safety Commission is protect consumers against unreasonable risks enforce regulations increase consumer awareness decrease consumer costs
*protect consumers against unreasonable risks in products
Common law requires employers to: provide a workplace free of hazards compensate employees for workplace injuries provide a workplace that is reasonably safe applies to employees NOT employers
*provide a workplace that is reasonably safe
the shift in sensitivity from photopic to scotopic vision is called scotopic effect purkinje effect photopic effect photonic effect
*purkinje effect
A fire detection device that relies on photoelectric detection is called infrared detector radiant energy detector thermoelectric detector thermo-radiant detector
*radiant energy detector use photoelectric cells to detect changes in infrared energy radiated by burning materials. When radiation changes occur repeatedly within a selected range of frequency a fire signal is given.
numbness in the fingers is associated with siderosis raynaud's syndrome lead poisoning tetanus
*raynaud's syndrome is a disease associated with the use of hand held vibrating tools. it results in a loss of feeling and is characterized by white spots on the fingers and hands
according to contemporary motivation theory, the strongest motivator is: fear of a boss status recognition of achievement pay
*recognition of achievement
When assessing the reliability of a system, all of the following are considered appropriate except part usage functional requirements environmental requirements reliability bonding
*reliability bonding
common job risk factors for the development of CTD include all of the following except excessive force abnormal postures mechanical compression repetition
*repetition althouth repetition contributes to the development of CTD, it is the repetition of the risk factors such as excessive force, abnormal postures, and mechanical compression that eventually causes the injury. repetition is a compounding factor that contributes to the risk for developing CTD
Political and socioeconomic factors are not important considerations in which of the following processes? risk communication risk assessment risk management risk acceptability
*risk assessment is the scientific discipline involved in characterizing and quantifying the magnitude of potential harm to human health from the use and/or presence of a particular agent in the environment. Unlike risk management, risk assessment does not take into account economic impact
Which of the following is not an element of risk assessment? hazard identification exposure assessment risk communication dose-response assessment
*risk communication Risk communication is the process of informing the public in an understandable and effective manner of the potential harm from a given exposure situation and/or particular agent. Hazard identification, dose-response assessment, and exposure assessment are all elements of risk assessment as outlined by NAS (National Academy of Sciences)
The process of determining safety goals, allowing supervisors a chance to perform, providing assistance along the way and rewarding them accordingly to their progress is known as: management by expression safety by objectives OSHA star program motivation-hygiene theory
*safety by objectives
An in-depth method that may be used to evaluate a safety program is a safety program audit safety inspection job-task survey safety check
*safety program audit The audit should provide insight into the effectiveness of the program and identify where improvements can be made. ASSE provides an outstanding safety audit process to evaluate and rate: Organization & Administration, Industrial Hazard Control, Fire Control & Industrial Hygiene, Supervisory Participation, Motivation and Training, and Accident Investigation, Statistics & Reporting Procedures
Industrial safety and systems safety start from a common base, a desire to: Identify, analyze, and control hazards Save lives and property Analyze and improve equipment Control and prevent accidents to employees
*save lives and property Whereas industrial safety directs itself to people, system safety is oriented toward analysis and improvement of hardware (ex. systems)
the correct term for hearing loss that can be induced by occupational exposure to noise is presbycusis sociocusis sensorineural conductive
*sensorineural presbycusis is hearing loss due to age sociocusis is loss due to background noise conductive loss is a loss between the outer ear and the cochlea
the safest method to determine electrical current through a circuit is to use which device?
a split core ammeter has fingers that enclose the conductor under test without opening or tapping the circuit must safer than other methods
human factors engineering or ergonomics is concerned with fitting the worker to a task or the task to the worker. a man-machine system is considered a closed loop system. which of the following do not make up the closed loop system? reacts data input senses of man size of material
*size of material the closed loop system is made up of reacts, machine, data input and senses of man
the main part of the body involved in maintaining the body's heat balance is: skin heart lungs hair
*skin skin is responsible for dissipating heat load through the blood flow of the capillaries. the capillaries expand and contract depending on load.
In addition to shoring and shielding, what basic type of protective method is permitted to protect workers from a trench cave-in? sloping limiting the workers' exposure times in the trench posting a competent person as a safety observer outside the trench training
*sloping or benching decrease the effective depth of the trench
the midpoint position of the palpable junction between the proximal end of the clavicle and the sternum at the upper border (jugular notch) of the sternum is called lumbar/sacral lumbar sub-link sternoclavicular thorax
*sternoclavicular
this technique utilizes a six-step process to analyze and control human errors. the process involves selecting an event, identifying the tasks associated with the event, separating specific behaviors of each task and assigning basic error rates is called: behavioral assessment job safety analysis technique for human error rate prediction operability study
*technique for human error rate prediction 6 step process to analyze and control human errors
A product safety factor is defined as: the extra margin of safety over intended use the product "Safeness" the product's cost factor override amount of product liability insurance needed
*the extra margin of safety over intended use
Responsibility for safety in day to day operations belongs to: the assigned safety engineer top management the line supervisor operations management
*the line supervisor the line supervisor or foreman is the key person who plays an important role as the link between management and the worker. The worker follows his/her orders and is responsible for their work quality and quantity
The point of operation for any machine tool is the place where a guard is usually placed where one moving part passes another the place where work is done on material both A & B
*the place where work is done on the material this is generally the area where injury can occur 29 CFR 1910.12(a)(3)
the carpus is defined as the collection of bones in the hand the wrist bones, collectively the bony eminerice at the distal pertaining to the palm of the hand
*the wrist bones, collectively
the conductive zone within the respiratory tree includes trachea trachea and bronchea alveoli and bronchea bronchea
*trachea and bronchea ref. Engineering Physiology
Which of the following types of interlocks requires 2 simultaneous physical actions by a person - sometimes within a specific time period - to activate the system? timed action interlock two-hand controls sequential controls simultaneous motion interlock
*two-hand controls
Vector-borne infection from mosquito or tick include:
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - Malaria - Yellow Fever Biological transmission involves propagation, multiplication, cyclic development, or a combo in a host before the arthropod can transmit the infective form of the agent
inspection of wire rope used for hoisting of lifting includes:
- lubrication - kinking - corrosion - loose or broken wires - wear of crown wires - high strands - nicks
axial fans:
- most commonly used for general ventilation or dilution ventilation work - high volume and low pressure drop
a learning objective:
- must identify what the student will be able to do at the end of the training program - is determined in the design phase outline of the training program is determined after the learning objectives are established
3 basic legal principles that can be used in most states area:
- negligence - strict liability and implied warranty - express warranty and misrepresentation
requirements of a danger tag:
- tag must be able to be read from 5' - both written text and pictograms ensure understanding - signs should be in positive, concise, easy-to-read terms - warn against potential hazards - should not vary in design at the same location and in the identical situation
Irritants are:
chemicals that will irritate various tissues causing redness, rashes, swelling, couching, or even hemorrhaging ex. chlorine and ammonia
DOT hazard class 8 =
corrosive
GFCI:
ground fault circuit interrupter
#s on placards indicate the
hazard class
Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs:
high order needs: satisfy psychological development and growth lower order needs: 3. social needs 2. security, protection, stability in day-to-day activities 1. physiological or survival needs of food, water and physical well-being
HLOS:
horizontal line of sight
Strict Liability:
is the concept whereby the plaintiff need not show negligence or fault to prove liability
3 parts of a wellness program:
1. lifestyle change for the better - offer premium discounts, cash rewards, gym memberships, & other incentives 2. counseling programs 3. substance abuse programs
Negligence:
is the failure to exercise a reasonable amount of care or to carry out a legal duty so that injury or property damage occurs to another. An example would be you were a landlord and did not provide adequate security and the renter was robbed.
NFPA 3 main classifications for occupancy
1. low hazard 2. ordinary hazard - group 1 - combustibility is low, stock piles less than 8ft (canneries, laundries, electronic plants) - group 2 - combustibility is moderate, stock piles less than 12ft (cereal mills, textile plants, printing and publishing plants and shoe factories) - group 3 - combustibility is high, high rates of heat release are expected (flour mills, piers and wharves, paper manufacturing and processing plants, rubber tire manufacturing and storage) 3. extra hazard - group 1 - small quantities of flammables, but severe fires (die casting, metal extruding, rubber production, sawmills, upholstering using plastic foams) - group 2 - moderate amounts of flammables, very severe fires (asphalt saturating, flammable liquid spraying, open oil quenching, solvent cleaning, varnish and paint dipping)
3 basic parts of an environmental protocol (during audits):
1. pre-visit activities - contact established - preparatoin of questionnaire - establishment of reporting relationships 2. visit activities - conduct the entrance briefing - tour the facility - record - interview - review records - inspect - record findings - conduct an exit briefing 3. post-visit activities - follow-up to resolve - provide audit reports determining liability is not part of audit protocol
As low as reasonably practical (ALARP) is
level or mishap risk that has been established and is considered as low as reasonably possible and still acceptable. It is based on a set of predefined ALARP conditions and is considered acceptable.
3 common types of heat transfer:
1. radiation - solid bodies of diff temps have a net heat flow from the hotter surface to the cooler surface by electromagnetic radiation (primarily infrared radiation) 2. convection - the exchange of heat between skin and the surrounding air 3. conduction - when 2 solid bodies are in contact, heat will flow from the warmer body to the cooler body
3 component parts of every noise issue:
1. source of sound energy 2. path of sound energy 3. receiver of sound energy
A full face piece supplied air respirator in positive pressure mode has a protection factor of:
1000 APF
What is the heat required to change 100 gm of water at 15degC to 75deg C?
6000 calories Heat gained or lost during temperature change = mc(t2-t1) m = mass = 100 g c = specific heat of the substance = 1 for water = 100*1(75-15) = 6000
LEL:
lower explosive limit the minimum concentration of combustible gas or vapor in air below which propagation of flame does not occur on contact with a source of ignition
rapid vaporization of sprays and mists will
lower ignition temps well below the free standing liquid's FP the reduction in droplet size that occurs when a material is sprayed will also reduce the LEL if the droplet size is really small, below about 10 microns, the material will act like a pure gas mixture
training objectives should be:
mandatory: - reasonable - measurable - obtainable optional: - written - have action verbs (add, answer, compare, line up, etc.) - avoid words such as understand, know, comprehend, & notice because they are difficult to measure
rotating vane anemometer is useful for
measuring the airflow through large supply and exhaust openings where the air velocities are relatively high
Acceptable Risk:
A risk that has been reduced to a level that can be tolerated by the organization having regard to its legal obligations and its own policy.
gloves for handling corrosives:
neoprene or butyl rubber generally best for handling acids like hydrochloric acid
stainless steel welding results in fumes containing:
nickel and chromium electrodes used in this process often contain a large amount of fluorides, which are released into the air in large quantities
can you mix lithium metal and non-potable water?
no, lithium metal is water reactive
What is the first thing to do when a water sample comes into a lab? Smell it Take pH Log it in Analyze it
*Log it in
UN agency that impacts international hazardous waste transportation overseas?
IMO - International Maritime Organization The International Maritime Dangerous Good Code (IMDGC) relates to the safe carriage of dangerous goods by sea
Risk transfer:
Risk transfer can take 2 basic forms: 1. The property or activity responsible for the risk may be transferred, ex. hire a subcontractor to work on a hazardous process, and 2. The property or activity may be retained, but the financial risk transferred, ex. insurance or client takes the costs of risk by contract
Probability is
The likelihood of a hazard causing an incident or exposure that could result in harm or damage for a selected unit of time, events, population, items or activities being considered.
CO2 inhalation symptoms include
increased heart rate rapid pulse increased blood pressure
indirect costs vs. direct costs:
indirect costs 1. incident investigation 2. loss of productivity 3. cost of hiring 4. cost of training direct costs 1. increased work comp premiums 2. medical treatment 3. therapy
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS):
inflammation of the tendons in the wrist that affects the median nerve MSD Body Part Affected: Fingers, wrists Symptoms: Tingling, numbness, severe pain; loss of strength, sensation in the thumbs, index, or middle or half of the ring fingers Possible Causes: Repetitive and forceful manual tasks without time to recover Workers Affected: Meat and poultry and garment workers, upholsterers, assemblers, VDT operations, cashiers
How long is a stay wire of a smokestack if at a distance of 80 ft from the base it makes an angle of 65deg with the ground?
*189 ft cos65=80/x
voluntary muscle is controlled at will and comprises what percentage of body weight 10% 20% 30% 40%
*40%
the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced maximum expiration is called tidal volume tidal/residual volume residual volume vital capacity
*residual volume
implied warranty is the implication by a dealer that the product will serve a specific purpose. the implication must be made by:
- placing it on sale for that purpose - advertising it for that purpose - indicating it will operate for that purpose in books or manuals
According to Clay Carr in Smart Training, the Manager's Guide to Training for Improved Performance, adults have 4 basic training needs:
1. adults need to know why they are learning a particular topic or skill, because the need to apply learning to immediate, real-life challenges 2. adults have experience that they apply to all new learning 3. adults need to be in control of their own learning 4. adults want to learn things that will make them more effective and successful
reason for UST releases:
1. piping failure 2. corrosion 3. spills & overfilling
Hazard:
A condition, set of circumstances or inherent property that can cause injury, illness or death
Record:
A document showing or stating results achieved or providing information or data of activities performed.
Obvious Peril:
A manufacturer or distributor would not have to label a large blade hunting knife because the product involves an obvious peril, sometimes called an obvious hazard that is well known to the public
Audit:
A systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining information and data (audit evidence) and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which defined audit criteria are fulfilled. Internal audits, sometimes called first party audits, are conducted by the organization itself, or on its behalf, for management review and other internal purposes (ex. to confirm the effectiveness of the management system). Internal audits can form the basis for an organization's self-declaration of conformity. In many cases, particularly in small organizations, independence can be demonstrated by the freedom from responsibility for the activity being audited or freedom from bias and conflict of interest. External audits include second and third-party audits. Second party audits are conducted by parties having an interest in the organization, such as customers, or by other persons on their behalf. Third party audits are conducted by independent auditing organizations, such as regulators or those providing certification. Combined audit is when two or more management systems of different disciplines (ex. quality, environmental, occupational health and safety) are audited together. Joint audit is when two or more auditing organizations cooperate to audit a single auditee.
Prevention Action:
Action taken to reduce the likelihood an underlying system deficiency or hazard will occur or recur on another similar process. Fix a potential problem.
Prevention through design:
Addressing occupational safety and health needs in design and redesign processes to prevent or minimize work-related hazards and risks associated with construction, manufacture, use, maintenance, and disposal of facilities, materials, equipment and processes.
A HAZMAT team is:
An organized group of employees, who are expected to handle and control leaks or spills of hazardous substances OSHA's Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response ruling, 29 CFR 1910.120(d)(3), defines "hazardous materials response (HAZMAT) team" as above.
gas with the most impact on the greenhouse effect?
CO2 the most important atmospheric constituent is water vapor together, water vapor with CO2 + clouds create ~90% of the total effect remaining 10% is due to trace amounts of - ozone - methane - nitrous oxide methane is more impactful than CO2, but CO2 has a much larger quantity methane - global warming potential of 21 CO2 - global warming potential of 1
Low voltage protection is in Class ___ of hardhats
Class G (general) proof tested at 2,200 volts for 1 min with 3 milliamps maximum leakage
HazCom requires all info be presented in:
English
The three distinct parts of a means of egress are: Exit access, exit, and exit discharge Door, passageway, and ramps Door opening device, door, and exit light Horizontal exits, stairs and ramps
Exit access Exit Exit Discharge
IDLH means
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health this is a term NIOSH defines as an atmosphere in which staying greater than 30 mins will cause irreversible effects of hinder the workers ability to exit
Engineering Controls:
Implement physical change to the workplace, which eliminates/reduces the hazard on the job/task Examples: - Use a device to lift and reposition heavy objects to limit force exertion - Reduce the weight of a load to limit force exertion - Reposition a work table to eliminate a long/excessive reach and enable working in neutral postures - Use diverging conveyors off a main line so that tasks are less repetitive - Install diverters on conveyors to direct materials toward the worker to eliminate excessive leaning or reaching - Redesign tools to enable neutral postures
ISO:
International Organization for Standardization
What is ISO?
International Organization for Standardization
Risk reduction:
Loss prevention is one of the ways of risk reduction. Loss prevention can be classified into 4 basic categories: 1. Preconditions for a loss, ex. faults in the premises, ex. badly insulated wire 2. Prevention of loss; devices designed to prevent preconditions for loss, ex. cut-off switches 3. Early discovery of loss producing events, ex. sprinkler system 4. Limitation of loss, ex. fire doors, compartmentalizaton
MORT:
Management Oversight Risk Tree
fire brigade falls under which NFPA standard:
NFPA 600 = private fire brigades NFPA 1500 = fire dept occupational safety and health NFPA 101 = life safety code NFPA 10 = standard for portable fire extinguishers
NAS:
National Academy of Sciences
What is the appropriate interlock that can detect the presence, absence, excess, or inadequacy of pressure, temperature, flow or other parameters and either permits or stops action? Parameter sensing Transducer Interlock Trip Device Proximity Device
Parameter sensing
HVAC is working but still have sick building syndrome. Most like cause is:
Poor quality of air or distribution
PtD:
Prevention through Design
An effective fire loss control program must include objectives that prevent loss of life and personal injury, prevent inception of fire, protect property, and: Provide means to extinguish fire Provide uninterrupted operations Incorporate the use of fire resistive building materials Effect controls that limit the fire load (amount of combustibles)
Provide uninterrupted operations In any fire loss control program, there is a necessity for a plan that protects against a business interruption. Generally, there is a condition of insurance that you reduce the loss resulting from a business interruption by resuming complete or partial operations on the fire damaged premises and/or making use of other property and materials at another manufacturing facility
Res Ipsa Loquitur
Res ipsa loquitur (Latin: "the thing speaks for itself") is a doctrine in the Anglo-American common law that says in a tort lawsuit a court can infer negligence from the very nature of an accident or injury in the absence of direct evidence on how any defendant behaved.
Loss of hearing due to occupational exposure:
Sensorineural
Exclusive Remedy:
State workers' compensation statutes gave employees a definite remedy for injuries and diseases arising out of or suffered in the course of their employment. In exchange for a definite recovery, the workers' compensation remedy is exclusive, that is, with just a few exceptions, a worker's right of recovery against the employer is limited to the benefits provided by the workers' compensation law. The employee may not sue in tort.
Occupational Health Assessment:
The collection, analysis, recording and reporting of biological and other data to identify, evaluate and track potential or actual health effects that are associated with being in the work environment
Severity:
The extent of harm or damage that could result from hazard.
Exposure Assessment:
The process of measuring or estimating the exposure profiles of workers, including the relevant characteristics of the exposures such as the duration and intensity.
Res Ispa Loquitur:
The term res ispa loquitur (the thing speaks for itself) is involved in accidents where the damage producing agent was under the sole control of the defendant and the accident would not have happened if the defendant would have exercised proper control
multiplexing:
The transmission of multiple signals on one medium ex. data and voice at the same time
Risk retention:
This is the method of responding to risks by the body who controls them. The risks, forseen or unforseen, are controlled and financed by the company or contractor that is fulfilling the terms of the contract. There are 2 retention methods, active and passive. Active retention, sometimes referred to as self-insurance, is a deliberate management strategy after a conscious evaluation of the possible losses and costs or alternative ways of handling risks. Passive retention, on the other hand, (sometimes called non-insurance) occurs through neglect, ignorance or absence of a decision, ex. a risk has not been identified and responding to the consequences of that risk might be borne by the contractor performing the work
TLV:
Threshold Limit Values -- set by ACGIH -- airborne concentrations of chemical substances and represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, over a working lifetime, without adverse health effects.
PPE:
Use protection to reduce exposure to ergonomics-related risk factors Examples: - Use padding to reduce direct contact with hard, sharp, or vibrating surfaces - Wear good fitting thermal gloves to help with cold conditions while maintaining the ability to grasp items easily
a single point of failure can best be described as:
a single failure that will seriously affect the safety of a system" ex. the failure of the brake line on an automobile not equipped with redundant braking components ex. the failure of the engine on a single engine aircraft or failure of the only fuel pump on the engine single point failures are almost always considered weak links int he system or process. this may not be the case when high reliability components are used
A hammer is
an impact tool used to drive items into material by way of manual or powered force and is a common source of injury according to NSC. All hammers should have securely fitted handle suited to the type of head being used, the council notes. The handle, regardless of what it is made of, should be oil-free, shaped to fit the hand, and the correct size and length for the task. When using a hammer, protective eyewear should always be used to guard against flying chips, nails, or scales
source reduction is:
any activity which decreases or prevents the creation of a waste or which decreases the toxicity of the waste stream without treatment. it can also mean an activity (other than treatment or ordinary recycling) which prevents a contaminant from entering any waste stream (including fugitive emissions) or being otherwise released into the environment preferred management strategy pollution prevention (P2) = source reduction = waste minimization
Hazard is
any real or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or death to personnel; damage to or loss of a system, equipment, or property; or damage to the environment. A potentially unsafe condition resulting from failures, malfunctions, external events, errors, or a combination thereof. A condition, set of circumstances, or inherent property that can cause injury, illness or death.
calibrations should be done:
at the start of measurements and after completions to insure that all readings are accurate
the training method used primarily to find new, innovative approaches to issues is:
brainstorming 4 rules to brainstorming: - ideas presented are not criticized - freewheeling creating thinking and building on ideas are positively reinforced - as many ideas as possible should be quickly presented - combining several ideas or improving suggestions is encouraged
most common natural cause of wildfires is from which type of lightning
dry lightning
highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases and easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air stream are called
electrostatic precipitator (ESP) applies energy only to the particulate matter being collected and therefore is very efficient in its consumption of energy (electricity) wet scrubbers apply energy directly to the flowing fluid medium
HMIS:
hazardous material information system
most common ways for toxic materials to enter the body is through:
inhalation eye and skin absorption ingestion injection inhalation - major route of industrial contaminants skin - second route ingestion - third puncture - last most common route at home is ingestion
sectional areas of a discharge pipe shall not be ____ the full area of the valve outlets discharging.
less than the discharge pipe shall be as short as possible and arranged to avoid undue stresses on valve or valves. it is recommended that individual discharge lines be used for each valve, but if 2 or more valves are combined, the discharge piping shall be designed with sufficient flow area to prevent blowout of steam or other fluids
a globe thermometer is used for:
measuring radiant heat an ordinary dry bulb thermometer alone will not measure radiant heat black globe thermometer is a hollow copper sphere painted on the outside with a matte black finish to measure the radiant energy from direct sunlight or other sources (ex. machinery and hot structures near the workplace)
Heat exhaustion symptoms include:
pale, pasty white skin nausea headache rapid pulse low blood pressure
PVC (gloves):
polyvinyl chloride (chemical resistant)
PHA:
preliminary hazard analysis process hazard analysis
Choose a wrench that
properly fits the fastener that is to be turned. Using the correct size reduces the changes of wrench slippage. Always try to pull on a wrench (instead of pushing) in case the fastener suddenly loosens
OSHA scaffolding training requirements:
requires a competent person to provide training on the nature of fall hazards, correct procedures for erection, maintenance and disassembly, proper use, placement and care in handling, etc. all erection and disassembly must be done under supervision of a competent person
Heinrich's domino theory includes:
social fault unsafe act accident injury
the least likely section(s) to be included in a lesson plan developed for a health & safety training session is/are:
student survey lesson plan format: - title - objectives - aids - introduction - presentation - application - summary
post-consumer recycled content means
the fraction of feedstock used in manufacturing a material which is derived from materials that have been used by the public, discarded, and collected for reprocessing
industrial toxologists study:
the harmful, or toxic, properties of substances and determines dose thresholds
Risk Communcation is
the interactive process of exchanging risk information and opinions among stakeholders.
autoignition temperature:
the lowest temperature at which a flammable gas or vapor-air-mixture will ignite from its own heat source or a contacted heat source without the necessity of spark or flame
The maximum travel distance is:
the maximum distance one could travel to pass through the nearest exit discharging to a public way
The common path of travel is:
the maximum distance one has to travel in order to have access to two or more exits.
Residual Risk is
the risk remaining after preventative measures have been taken. No matter how effective the preventive actions, residual risk will always be present if a facility of operation continues to exist.
In system safety you would use which gate to connect the causitive agents "exothermic reaction"/"outside source" to end product "heat". "AND" "OR" Either Neither
"OR" OR gate because either an "exothermic reaction" OR "outside source" will cause heat
Ergonomics:
(Human Factors) also known as comfort design, functional design, and systems, is the practice of designing products, systems, or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people who use them. The study of people's efficiency in their working environment. The field has seen contributions from numerous disciplines, such as psychology, engineering, biomechanics, industrial design, physiology, and anthropometry. In essence, it is the study of designing equipment, devices and processes that fit the human body and its cognitive abilities. the two terms "human factors" and "ergonomics" are essentially synonymous.
Lost workday case incident rate:
(Lost Workday Cases x 200,000) / Total Hrs Worked
Silicosis is
(also known as miner's phthisis, grinder's asthma, potter's rot and other occupation-related names[1], or by the invented name pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis[2][3]) is a form of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust, and is marked by inflammation and scarring in the form of nodular lesions in the upper lobes of the lungs. It is a type of pneumoconiosis.[4] Silicosis (particularly the acute form) is characterized by shortness of breath, cough, fever, and cyanosis (bluish skin). It may often be misdiagnosed as pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs), pneumonia, or tuberculosis. Silicosis resulted in 46,000 deaths globally in 2013 down from 55,000 deaths in 1990.[5]
Anthracosis is
(anthrac- meaning coal, carbon + -osis meaning condition) is defined in Bioline as, "the asymptomatic, milder type of pneumoconiosis as caused by the accumulation of carbon in the lungs due to repeated exposure to air pollution or inhalation of smoke or coal dust particles" (1).
An output power up to 500mW, sufficient to cause eye injury, is produced by Class ___ lasers
* Class 3B the international electro-technical commission (IEC) publishes standards on laser safety 5 classes of lasers: 1 2 3A - max output power of 5mW (hazardous when viewed with an optical aid such as binoculars - unsuited for the general consumer) 3B - max output of 500mW, sufficient to cause eye injury 4
A mercury exposure during a spill would have the greatest impact on what system:
* the central nervous system neurotoxin symptoms include: - tremots - emotional changes (mood swings, irritability, nervousness, excessive shyness) - insomnia - neuromuscular changes (weakness, muscle atrophy, twitching) - disturbances in sensations - changes to nerve responses - poor performance on tests of mental function - kidney effects (higher exposures) - respiratory failure (higher exposures) - death (higher exposures)
Fuel and oxygen cylinders in storage locations must be separated by a minimum distance, or a firewall must be provided. If a firewall is provided the fire resistance rating of the wall must be at least 0.5 hr 1 hr 2 hrs 3 hrs
*0.5 hr firewalls separating fuel and oxygen cylinders must have at least a 30-minute rating and be at least 5 ft high. Fuel and oxidizers can also be segregated by 20 ft as per OSHA and NFPA
under foundry conditions, the numerical value of the WBGT Index is calculated using the formula: 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB 0.7 WB + 0.1 GT + 0.1 DB 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + velocity
*0.7 WB + 0.3 GT the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is calaculated indoors or outdoors with no solar loads: WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT Foundry conditions would exclude the solar load. Had the question asked for the formula outdoors with solar load, the answer would have been: WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB WB = natural wet bulb temperature GT = global thermometer temperature DB = dry bulb temperature
What is the lifting index for an operator to lift a 12kg weight and a recommended weight limit of 12.1? 0.526 0.992 1.008 1.901
*0.992 Lifting Index (LI) - a term that provides a relative estimate of the level of physical stress associated with a particular manual lifting task. The estimate of the level of physical stress is defined by the relationship of the weight of the load lifted and the recommended weight limit (RWL). An LI greater than 1 is considered a hazardous lift. LI = Load Weight/Recommended Weight Limit = L/RWL = L/RWL = 12/12.1 = 0.992
An inspector checklist for a dry-pipe sprinkler system requires opening the inspector test valve and timing before delay before water discharge. NFPA 13 requires that dry systems must deliver water to inspector test pipe outlet in not more than: 3 minutes 15 seconds 1 minute 30 seconds
*1 minute NFPA 13 establishes the maximum size for dry-pipe systems at 500 gallons for gridded systems and 750 gallons for non-gridded systems. However, these maximums can be exceeded if delivery of water to inspectors test pipe does not exceed 60 seconds. Many times to ensure rapid delivery of water, "quick opening" devices are installed. These devices generally consist of accelerators, which cause the deluge or dry pipe valve to cycle more rapidly or exhausters, which dump air more rapidly
a BTU is The amount of energy required to raise one kg of water 1degF 1/180 of the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water from 32degF to 212degF The amount of energy needed to metabolize 1 lb of fat The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water from 32 to 212degF
*1/180 of the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water from 32 to 212degF The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of water is a specific amount and varies with temperature. Answer B accounts for the change of heat capacity of water as its temperature changes, giving the average over the whole range of temperatures at which water is a liquid at 1 atm. The more common definition of a BTU is defined as the heat necessary to raise 1 lb of water 1degF
the tongue guard on a grinding wheel should be ___ away from the wheel 1/4" 1/2" 3/4" 1"
*1/4" this is necessary to prevent the object being ground from being caught between the wheel, possibly injuring the operator
A generally accepted practice for use of a video display terminal is to locate the VDT slightly below the operator's horizontal line of sight (HLOS). The recommended angle suggested? 5deg below the HLOS 5-35deg below the HLOS 15-35deg below the HLOS 15-25deg below the HLOS
*15-25deg below the HLOS Although there is not complete agreement on this design principle, most references, including the NSC Accident Prevention Manual, suggest that 15deg to 25deg below the HLOS is the proper placement for video display terminals. This allows the operator to assume a normal head position that develops a slightly lowered sight or viewing angle. This means the video monitor top is placed at eye level to allow proper head and neck position.
You are evaluating a lifting task in your facility that involves moving tote boxes containing parts from a lower conveyor to an upper conveyor at right angles to each other. The tote boxes have 2 handles and are easy to grasp. The tote box handles, when on the lower conveyor, are 10 in. from the floor. When the tote box is on the upper conveyor, the handles are 40 in. from the floor. The center of the belt of both conveyors is 10 in. from the feet of the worker. One lift is required every minute during the full 8-hr shift. The tote box weighs 4 lb. How much material can be placed in the tote box?
*16 lb The NIOSH lifting equation is: RWL = LC * HM * VM * DM * AM * FM * CM LC = 51 lbs HM = (10/H) VM = [1-0.0075 * absolute value of (V-30)] DM = [0.82 + (1.8/D)] AM = (1-0.0032*A) **^ All of the above is part of the lifting equation before we start applying numbers from the problem** These are the numbers we will use in the RWL equation: H = 10 in. (this is the horizontal distance from the feet) V = 10 in. (this is the vertical distance from the floor) D = 30 in. (this is how far the item is lifted vertically) A = 90deg (this is the asymmetry AKA body twisting) FM = 0.75 (this is the frequency factor) CM = 1.00 (this is the coupling factor) RWL = (51 lb)*(10/10)*[1-(0.0075(absolute value 10-30)]*(0.82+(1.8/30)*(1-(0.0032*90))*0.75*1.00 = 51*1*0.85*0.88*0.712*0.75*1.00 = 20.37 lbs Product Weight = RWL-tote weight = 20.37-4 = 16.37 lbs
How many BTUs are required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water from 32degF to 212degF?
*180 BTU 1 BTU is the heat required to raise 1 lb of water 1degF (assuming that the heat capacity of water remains constant throughout the temperature range). Energy = 212-32 = 180 Energy = 180degF * 1BTU/degF = 180 BTU
what is the minimum atmospheric oxygen concentration (by volume) permitted for employees to perform work without self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or atmosphere-supplying respirators? 15.5% 17.5% 19.5% 23.5%
*19.5% OSHA permits no less than a 19.5% oxygen concentration. Symptoms of hypoxia typically begin at 16%
what is the minimum ice thickness in inches for clear sound ice for a one person load? 1.5 2 2.5 3
*2 Ice Thickness Requirements: from Table 46-1, Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations, NSC 7th Edition
A TLV change in the notice of intended changes becomes adopted after ___ years if no further action is taken by the ACGIH 1 2 3 Adoption requires specific action
*2 assuming no other action has taken place
most people, especially the young, can hear sounds between 10 HZ & 12,000 HZ 10 HZ & 20,000 HZ 20 HZ & 12,000 HZ 20 HZ & 20,000 HZ
*20 HZ & 20,000 HZ HZ = cycles/second a steady loss of hearing occurs as people grow older. a person in their sixties often cannot hear frequencies above 12,000 HZ. this phenomenon is known as presbycusis
a paint spray booth operation, according to OSHA, should provide enough dilution air to reduce the vapor of flammable materials to ___ of the LEL 10% 15% 20% 25%
*25% OSHA at 1910.94(c)(6)(ii) states "the total air volume exhausted through a spray booth shall be such as to dilute solvent vapor to at least 25% of the LEL of the solvent being sprayed". The standard gives an example of calculation for a typical solvent.
Which of the following statements concerning the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is true? 1. The CPSC consists of five commissioners appointed by Congress 2. The CPSC adjudicates contested enforcement actions resulting from Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA) violations 3. Commence a proceeding for the issuance, amendment, or revocation of a consumer product safety rule 4. Maintain an injury information clearinghouse and conduct studies and investigations of incidents resulting from accidents involving consumer products 1, 2, 3, & 4 1, 3, & 4 3 & 4 1 & 2
*3 & 4 The CPSC is appointed by the president The CPSC is not involved with adjudicating contested enforcement actions The CPSC may take actions involving issuance, amendment or revocation of consumer product safety rules CPSC is required to maintain an injury information clearinghouse and when deemed necessary, conduct studies and investigations of accidents involving consumer products [Public Law 92-573, October 27, 1972]
To construct an eye in a one-half inch wire rope, how many clips are required? 3 clips with U-bolts on live end 4 clips with U-bolts on live end 3 clips with U-bolts on dead end 4 clips with U-bolts on dead end
*3 clips with U-bolts on dead end Three clips are required, and the U-bolt or U-clip always goes on the dead end. The most common method of making a loop or eye in a wire rope involves the use of cable or "Crosby" clips. The Crosby clip consists of a U-bolt and saddle and if used correctly produces an excellent connection. However, even one loose or incorrectly applied clip reduces the efficiency of the connection by as much as 50%. The U-bolt should always be installed bearing on the dead end of the rope with the saddle bearing on the long or live end of the rope. This is because the U-bolt when tightened, dents and damages the wire rope. All clips should be installed in the same manner. Additionally, the ridges or corrugation in the saddles must match the lay of the rope ex. right lay or left lay. Otherwise the live end of the rope will also be damaged resulting in broken and cut strands. The number of clips required usually ranges from 3-7 depending on material and size of wire rope. One reference is OSHA 1926.251 Hint: Never saddle a DEAD horse
Heat acclimatization can be effected by: 1 hour out of heat 3 day weekend 2 weeks off Is not effected by time away
*3 day weekend Some loss of acclimatization may be seen after 3 days off
If the annual audiogram shows a standard threshold shift, the employee can obtain a retest within: 7 days 14 days 20 days 30 days
*30 days
Your local fire department has asked you to determine the static pressure at the rooftop standpipe connection on the tallest building at your facility. The standpipe is about 100 ft above the outlet of one of the fire hydrants surrounding the building. You perform a simple static pressure test on the fire hydrant and determine that the static hydrant pressure is 75 psig. Neglecting friction losses, what is the approximate static pressure at the standpipe connection 100 ft above you?
*30 psig 75 psig = 173 ft H2O 173 ft H2O - 100 ft H2O = 73 ft H2O = 31.6 psig 1 psig = 2.306 ft H2O
NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, requires emergency lighting to illuminate the means of egress in some occupancies (places of assembly, educational buildings, health care facilities, etc.). When required, these lights must provide not less than 1 ft-candle for a period of 1.5 hours if the normal lighting fails. what are the periodic testing requirements for these lights? 30 second functional test every 30 days and 1.5 hr test annually 30 second functional test monthly 5 minute functional test every 30 days and 1.5 hr test annually 1.5 hr functional test annually
*30 second functional test every 30 days and 1.5 hr test annually NFPA 101, Chapter 31, states that a functional test shall be conducted on every required emergency lighting system at 30-day intervals for a minimum of 30 seconds. An annual test shall be conducted for the 1.5 hr duration. equipment shall be fully operational for the duration of the test. written records of visual inspections and tests shall be kept by the owner for inspection by the authority having jurisdiction. Exception - self-testing/self-diagnostic, battery-operated emergency lighting equipment that automatically performs a minimum 30-second test and diagnostic routine at least once every 30 days and indicates failure by a status indicator shall be exempt from the 30-day functional test, provided a visual inspection is performed at 30-day intervals
Workers should not be permitted to continue their work when deep body temperature exceeds: 30.6degC or 87degF 31.4degC or 89degF 38degC or 100.4degF 30degC or 86degF
*38degC or 100.4degF
A Volatile Flammable Liquid is defined as having a flash point below ____ (____), or whose temperature is ____ its flash point. 36degC, 100degF, below 38degC, 120degF, above 32degC, 100degF, above 38degC, 100degF, above
*38degC, 100degF, above degC*(9/5)+32 = degF OSHA 1910, Subpart S, App. A
If during the first trimester of pregnancy, a female worker's core temperature is exceeded at the following level, for extended periods, there is an increased risk of malformation to the unborn fetus. 39degC or 102.2degF 38degC or 100.4degF 30degC or 86degF 31.1degC or 88degF
*39degC or 102.2degF
on vehicles used for transporting hazardous cargo, placards are used as a warning. A placarded vehicle must have at least how many identical placards? 1 2 4 6
*4 placards show hazard class front, rear, and both sides must be readable from all 4 directions 19 DOT specifications placards 10 & 3/4 inches square
How many calories of heat must be added to change 60g of ice at 0C to steam at 100C? 1 calories is needed to change 1g of water 1deg, to boil 1g of water = 540cal, and to melt 1g of ice is 80cal/g
*42,200 cal Melt the ice = 80 cal/g Raise T from 1-100 = 100 (1cal/deg) Boil water = 540 cal/deg 730cal/g*60g = 43,200 cal
Water is poured into a cylindrical tank at the rate of 9 cubic inches/minute. How long will it take the water to fill the tank if the radius is 3 inches and its height is 14 inches?
*44 min V = (pi*r^2)(h) V = 395.64 in^3 9 in^3/1 min = rate 9x = 395.64*1 x = 43.96 = 44 min
What is the intensity of illumination on top of an assembly bench at a distance of 2 ft from a 200 candle power light? 400 foot-candles 200 foot-candles 100 foot-candles 50 foot-candles
*50 foot-candles The intensity of illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the light source. Expressed as a formula: Intensity of Illumination = CandlePower of Source/(Distance^2) = 200/(2^2) =200/4 =50 foot-candles
The pressure in a closed gas cylinder is doubled as a result of heating. If the original ambient temperature was 25deg C, what is the new temperature?
*596K = 323C (P1V1)/t1 = (P2V2)/t2 25deg C + 273 = 298K (P1V1)/298 = 2P1V2/t2 t2(P1V1) = 298 (2P1V2) Volume is the same t2 = 298*2 = 596K
a disposable dust mask has a protection factor of approximately 2x 5x 10x 50x
*5x 5x - disposable masks (ex. dust masks) the protection factor is the ratio of the concentration outside the mask compared to the concentration inside the mask 2x is less than most respirators 10x is the protection factor for half mask cartridge respirators 50x is the protection factor for demand supplied air respirators
It has long been recognized that human error has a substantial impact on the safety of complex systems. In aviation, shipping, and the process industry, human malfunctions play a dominant role in the progression of accidents. What percent of accidents are related to human error in the above industries? 20% - 30% 60% - 70% 70% - 80% 70% - 90%
*60% - 70%
A small automobile traveling at a constant velocity of 55 mi/hr accelerates to pass a tractor-trailer. The tractor-trailer is 60 ft long and is also travelling at 55 mi/hr. Assuming that the driver of the small automobile accelerates to a constant velocity of 70 mi/hr when he pulls into the left lane 20 feet BEHIND the tractor trailer, how far will the small automobile actually travel in the left lane until it is 60 ft in FRONT of the tractor trailer and moves back into the right lane? 350 ft 450 ft 550 ft 650 ft
*650 ft determine the relative distance that the small automobile must travel. this is the length of the tractor-trailer plus the buffer distances behind and in front of the tractor-trailer. 60 ft + 20 ft + 60 ft = 140 ft determine the relative velocity at which this distance will be traveled by the small automobile. this is the difference between the tractor-trailer's velocity and the small automobile's velocity. in other words, this is the velocity at which the small automobile appears to be traveling relative to the driver of the tractor-trailer. 70 mph - 55 mph = 15 mph for how long will the small automobile need to travel 140 ft (the relative distance) at 15 mph (the relative velocity)? convert 15 mph to ft/sec. 15 mi/hr *5280 ft/mi * 1 hr/3600 sec = 22 ft/sec divide 140 ft / 22 ft/sec = 6.36 sec = the small automobile will traverse this distance in 6.36 sec how far did the small vehicle actially travel at 70 mph for 6.36 sec? s = vt + at^2 / 2 no acceleration (constant velocity), so the at^2/2 term is 0 70 mi/hr * 6.36 sec * 5280 ft/mi * 1 hr/3600 sec = 653 ft (the last 2 terms are conversion factors)
You are preparing a driver's training course and want to discuss the danger of excessive speed while driving. When driving, a driver's reaction time in an emergency is divided into three parts: the time required for the driver to recognize the presence of an emergency, the time required for the driver to make a decision on how to handle the emergency, and the time required for the driver to actually implement the decision. You discover that the combined total of these segments is about 0.6 seconds for the average, unimpaired driver. How far will an automobile going 80 mi/hr travel during 0.6 sec?
*70 ft 80 mi/hr * 1 hr/60 min * 1 min/60 sec = 0.0222 0.0222 mi/sec*.6 sec = 0.0133 mi convert mi to ft (1 mi = 5280 ft) = 70 ft
Cranes and other equipment must be periodically proof-tested to 150% of their rated load. To what weight must a crane rated for 25 tons be proof-tested? 37,500 lbs 50,000 lbs 75,000 lbs 100,000 lbs
*75,000 lbs one ton = 2000 lbs 25*2000*1.5 = 75,000
What is the wet bulb-globe temperature to which an industrial assembly worker is exposed if the following temperatures are obtained? Dry bulb = 89degF Natural wet bulb = 84degF Globe = 81degF
*83.1degF Use the WBGT for indoor applications WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT = 0.7 (84) + 0.3 (81) = 83.1degF
An oxygen tank is filled with oxygen at an absolute pressure of 1000 lbs per square inch at 17degC. The internal volume of the tank is 1 cubic foot. The oxygen is used in high-altitude safety simulations at an absolute pressure of 10 lbs per square inch at -27defC. How many cubic feet of oxygen can be supplied by the tank under these conditions?
*85 cu. ft Use the Gas Formula: (P1*V1)/T1 = (P2*V2)/T2 T must be in K 1000*1/(17+273) = 10*x/(-27+273) x=84.8
At a distance of 5 miles, an office building has an angle of elevation of 2deg. Find the height of the building.
*922 ft Convert miles to ft 5*5280 = 26400 ft tan2 = x/(26400) x = 922 ft
workstations should be designed to accommodate the specific persons who are actually on a given job. if the specific person is unknown, to what minimum segment of the work force should work stations be designed to accommodate? 50% of the work force (the "average" employee) 68% of the work force (plus or minus one standard deviation) 90% of the work force 95% of the work force
*95% of the work force it is not adequate to try to design a system to a so-called "average" person. one attempts to design to 95% of the expected work force
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is The US government representative to international boards of inquiry and regulation A US non-profit organization A US industry advocate A US government organization that certifies standards
*A US non-profit organization ANSI is a 501(c)3 private, not-for-profit organization in the US. ANSI oversees the creation, promulgation and use of standards and guidelines that impact every sector of businesses. ANSI is also involved in accreditation programs related to conformance to standards - including globally-recognized programs like the ISO 9000 (quality) and ISO 14000 (environmental) management systems.
Flammable inside storage locations must be provided with all of the following except: A clear aisle at least 22 inches wide A raised 4 inch sill Self-closing fire doors Either gravity or mechanical exhaust system
*A clear aisle at least 22 inches wide Storage using inside storage rooms must normally comply with NFPA 30 which requires that every room inside storage room be equipped with one clear aisle at least 3 feet wide, not 22 inches. The standard also requires a raised 4 inch sill to prevent run off of any spilled material, self-closing fire doors and some type of exhaust system. The minimum width of an exit access in most new business construction is 36 inches.
Which is the best definition of hazard? A condition, set of circumstances, or inherent property that can cause injury, illness, or death An event in which a work-related injury or illness or fatality occurred or could have occurred A set of interrelated elements that establish and support occupational safety and health objectives An estimate of the combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event or exposure, and the severity of the injury
*A condition, set of circumstances, or inherent property that can cause injury, illness, or death
The characterization of a Class II, Division 2 location, according to the National Electrical Code is? A site where flammable or combustible vapors may be present in sufficient quantities to be hazardous A place where combustible dust is normally present in adequate quantities to be hazardous A scene where flammable or combustible vapors are not normally present, but could be, due to atypical or intermittent operations A location where combustible dust is not normally present but with the potential due to abnormal or periodic operations
*A location where combustible dust is not normally present but with the potential due to abnormal or periodic operations During those times, sufficient dust may be present in the air to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures A Class II, Division 2 location is an area normally free of dust, but due to some incident, dust may be introduced. Mechanical breakdown of a valve or a break in a pipe are examples of conditions that would require an area to be classified as Division 2
An event tree analysis is best defined as: A method for identifying various possible outcomes A system of numerical analysis A method utilizing true and false options A system of statistical analysis
*A method for identifying various possible outcomes An event tree analysis is a logic method that breaks down the possible outcomes of a single event.
A simple definition for hazard, as it applies to system safety is A source of danger Risk, peril, or jeopardy A potential to do harm A dangerous condition which can interfere with the orderly progress of an activity
*A potential to do harm simple, abbreviated version of a hazard. A more detailed definition is "a potential condition, or set of conditions, either internal and/or external to a system, which when activated by a stimulus (set of events or conditions that transforms a hazard from its potential state to one that causes harm to the system) or series of events which culminate in a loss (accident)"
To discharge a capacitor safely, which tool should be utilized? A screw driver to short circuit the terminals An approved leakage meter A properly rated bleeder resistor or capacitor discharge tool Properly rated test light or light bulb
*A properly rated bleeder resistor or capacitor discharge tool It is essential that large or high voltage capacitors be fully discharged before measurements are made, soldering is attempted, or the circuitry is touched in any way. Some of the large filter capacitors commonly found in line operated equipment store a potentially lethal charge. Capacitors (like the high voltage of the CRT in a TV or video monitor) will retain a dangerous or at least painful charge for days or longer. The main filter capacitors in the low voltage power supply should have bleeder resistors to drain their charge relatively quickly, but resistors can fail. There is no discharge path for the high voltage stored on the CRT capacitance, other than the CRT beam current and minimal reverse leakage through high voltage rectifiers. In the case of old TV sets using vacuum tube HV rectifiers, the leakage was essentially zero. They hold their charge almost indefinitely. When a capacitor is safely discharged, some capacitors, due to their ability to leak, are "dead" after being safely discharged with a "bleeder resistor" of the right value for the job. Using a resistor that is under-rated, wattage-wise, can result in the bleeder going open circuit during a discharge sequence leaving some energy. High voltage capacitors, or worse yet, high energy-high voltage capacitors require correct wattage AND correct resistance to be bled safely. Also, high microfarad low voltage capacitors can vaporize a screwdriver and spray metal into a person's eyes. (Adequate voltage margin is also essential for resistors used in high voltage circuits. Low inductance capacitors that are used in energy pulse circulatory, are often of the oil-filled high energy/high voltage type. This type can give a shock after it has been completely drained by a safe bleeding technique. Never attempt to discharge a capacitor without protective goggles shielding eyes and gloves that are NFPA 70E compliant. Using the right tools and materials for discharging the capacitor is very crucial. Discharging a capacitor simply means giving the stored electrical currents a path out of the apparatus. To discharge a small capacitor, touching the two lead terminals with the tip of screwdrivers with insulated handles should discharge; however, this is not recommended. Attach a properly rated resistor or capacitor discharge tool onto the capacitor's terminals to safely dissipate the stored electrical currents. To verify the capacitor is completely discharged, use a volt meter or test light.
The ISO 9000 series of standards set forth and describe: A regulatory framework that assures a corporation has a valid quality management system A standardized list of expectations of high quality companies for use by governing bodies A simple set of rules that can be followed by company officials to assure that employees accomplish quality work A set of management practices recognized by international consensus
*A set of management practices recognized by international consensus The ISO 9000 series of standards sets forth an internationally recognized series of standards that have been developed through a consensus process. The ISO 9000 series specifically identifies good quality management practices
The ISO 9001:2008 standard provides: A set of management system requirements that can be achieved and measured A set of specific operating methodologies that companies must implement A model organizational structure that will assure quality products and services A method for auditing organizations to measure the organizational quality level
*A set of management system requirements that can be achieved or measured ISO 9001:2008 sets forth a system of requirements that an organization must achieve to be considered conformant with the standard. The standard does not specify how the organization must achieve the requirements or what the organizational structure must be
BSI developed and published the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 to provide for: Organizations to fill a gap, thus providing additional revenue streams to BSI, through the sales of the standard. This will be successful until ISO publishes a similar standard. A structure for an organization to incorporate occupational safety and health into the organizational management process. The standard is designed to work in conjunction with ISO 14001 and ISO 9001. An organizational structure to incorporate occupational safety and health into the organizational management process. The standard was necessary because occupational safety and health program needs are not compatible with ISO 14001 and ISO 9001. A management structure for an organization to accomplish occupational safety and health, providing an independent verification of organizational safety programs that is not negatively influenced by the quality management system objectives.
*A structure for an organization to incorporate occupational safety and health into the organizational management process. The standard is designed to work in conjunction with ISO 14001 and ISO 9001
The movement of a body segment in a lateral plane away from the midline of the body is: Abduction Adduction Flexion Extension
*Abduction
The handling of ethyl ether involves severe explosion hazards because of its High flash point Low vapor pressure Ability to form peroxides A & B
*Ability to form peroxides Ethyl either does have a low FP, high vapor pressure and does form explosive peroxides when in contact with air
A quantitative risk analysis (QRA) was performed on a single process. The results of the analysis indicate that the process will fail, causing catastrophic consequences once every 10,000 years. Your plant has seven of these processes operating at all times, and your company has 11 other plants similar to this one around the country. Also, your company has three other competitors with similar numbers of facilities with very similar processes. Assuming that the results of the QRA can be extrapolated to the other similar process throughout the industry, how often should you expect a catastrophic accident in your company's industry related to this process? About once every 30 years About once every 80 years About once every 150 years About once every 180 years
*About once every 30 years The results of the QRA are associated with a single process. Your company has 84 of these processes (12 facilities x 7 processes/facility). Your company's competitors bring in another 252 such processes (84 processes x 3). This is a total of 336 such processes in the industry. That means we can expect 336 catastrophic accidents in 10,000 years, or about one accident every 30 years
Work surface height for standing work places should be designed as follows for precision work: Below wrist height with padded rests for elbows Shoulder height with a back rest Above elbow height with padded forearm rests Standing work places should be discouraged
*Above elbow height with padded forearm rests The work should be placed above elbow height for best posture and provide padded forearm rests to allow resting of arms on surface. Work surfaces below elbow height may cause arm fatigue and shoulder height work will cause back and shoulder fatigue. Standing work places can be well designed to allow for low stress work with low fatigue. Adjustability will allow the employee to determine the best height for their needs.
One of the new principles of safety management states that certain sets of circumstances can be predicted to produce severe injuries. Which of the following does NOT apply? High energy sources Nonproductive activities Usual, nonroutine activities Accidents are by chance and cannot be predicted
*Accidents are by chance and cannot be predicted The traditional approach to safety states that once an accident occurs, the severity of injury is dictated by chance. The new principle states that certain sets of circumstances can be predicted to produce severe injuries. Essentially, we can attack severity directly instead of hoping the attach on accident frequency will also affect severity.
Water is immediately available in sprinkler piping in a wet pipe system in the event of fire. The sprinkler head fuse is melted by heat from the fire and water is delivered to control or extinguish the ensuing fire. In a pre-action fire sprinkler system: Air under pressure is maintained in the system piping Piping includes open sprinklers Building occupant manually opens a deluge valve, thereby taking pre-action Sprinkler heads are connected to a rate of rise detector which assures a dual fault tolerance
*Air under pressure is maintained in the system piping In a pre-action fire sprinkler system, system piping is pressurized. The piping is charged through the activation of supplemental detection systems located in the same area as the sprinklers. Water is then free to flow through the piping to sprinkler heads. If a sprinkler head has fused (through heat from a fire) water will be delivered to the fire. Pre-action systems are used when there is a danger of serious water damage to the protected area. Calcium carbide combines with water to create the corrosive calcium hydroxide and liberates acetylene (ethyene). Therefore it is not recommended to use a water system with calcium carbide.
Which of the following is required after an automatic sprinkler system is installed? Hydrostatic pressure Operational flow test/water flow alarm test Contractor certification All of above
*All of above Flow tests and hydrostatic pressure tests are required. The installation contractor must provide a written of these tests to the owner's representative or the authority having jurisdiction. NFPA 13, 8-1 and 8-2 (Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems)
If your production facility embraces the Japanese-derived "5-s" system, which of the following will you likely see in your production areas? Very clean machines and workplaces Visually obvious locations to store portable equipment Machines and tools neatly ordered All of the above
*All of the above 5-s practice is to establish and maintain a high-quality environment in an organization. The 5-s method is based on 5 Japanese words that all start with "s" and loosely translate in English to: 1. Organize everything clearly and throw away unneeded things 2. Keep everything neat 3. Everyone must keep his or her equipment very clean 4. Everything should be stored where it belongs 5. Everyone must be disciplined to continuously maintain these activities
Change analysis is A method for understanding how an incident occurred A method for understanding how a change in a system could cause problems later on A method for understanding how a management system change will affect the system All of the above
*All of the above Change analysis is an excellent investigative tool for incident investigation as well as a proactive tool for performing risk assessments when a system change is anticipated
The loss of life from buildings equipped with sprinklers has been: Almost negligible Very low Low Moderate
*Almost negligible Automatic sprinkler protection is a particularly important factor in safeguarding life from fire. NFPA records show that the loss of life by fire in buildings equipped with automatic sprinklers has been almost negligible. The few deaths that have occurred have been unusual circumstances where the sprinkler system was shut off for some reason or where the fire was confined to clothing and did not generate enough heat to fuse sprinklers
ASSE: Association of System Safety Engineers Association for Safe and Secure Environments American Society of Safety Engineers American Safety and Security Engineers
*American Society of Safety Engineers ASSE is an organization serving its members and the public by providing information and action on occupational safety, health, and environmental issues and practices. ASSE membership is made up of professionals that work to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses, to create safer work and leisure environments and to develop safer products to enhancing the quality of life
The Incident Command System (ICS) recognizes that field response is where response personnel carry out tactical decisions and activities in direct response to an incident, under the command of: Federal Government An appropriate authority Local Government Private Contractors
*An appropriate authority
The planning process of the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 requires that: An organization or company completes a planning activity on a recurring basis with the organization or company's board of directors An organization assures daily planning of work activities to assure safe practices are reviewed and implemented An organization or company to establish processes, implement and monitor all procedures and processes and take corrective action when problems occur An organization establishes objectives and processes supporting the organization's occupational health and safety policy
*An organization establishes objectives and processes supporting the organization's occupational health and safety policy
ANSI: Approves standards developed sponsors, granting approval once specific standards development criteria are verified Promulgates and publishes standards that are intended to be used by local governments in the development of regulations Promulgates and publishes standards that are developed in cooperation with various sponsoring organizations Works closely with the American National Standards Verification Board to assure the standards that it develops meet the specific criteria required of ANSI standards
*Approves standards developed sponsors, granting approval once specific standards development criteria are verified ANSI does not develop standards and does not provide interpretations. Standards are developed under the direction of sponsors. Standards may be approved by ANSI only after ANSI has verified that the requirements for due process, consensus and other criteria have been met in the development process
Your plant has a storm sewer runoff pond which is not fenced. A young child drowns in it. What type of liability is it? Negligence Attractive nuisance Homicide Manslaughter
*Attractive nuisance doctrine holds that a person is under the duty to prevent injury to children that may be attracted to something which could cause harm
In conducting a Link Analysis, link values can be developed for a wide range of operational relationships. "Movement Links" consider all but which of the following? Eye movement Auditory, nonvoice Body movements Manual movements
*Auditory, nonvoice this is a communication link. All the other choices are movement links.
When performing a process hazard analysis, which of the following need to be included in the analysis? Off-site utilities that support the process On-site utilities that support the process All equipment associated with the covered process B & C
*B & C If on-site utilities can affect the integrity of the process and potentially cause a hazard with the process, it must be covered in the process hazard analysis, just as the process equipment itself. Off-site utilities that are not int he control of the facility would not be included; however, part of the analysis must include provisions for loss of power and other utilities.
Strict liability places the responsibility upon the manufacturer because: There is no one else you can sue The manufacturer is best able to distribute the loss if sued The manufacturer is in the best position to prevent accidents by improving the safety of the product B & C
*B & C Strict liability places the responsibility upon the manufacturer because: 1. The cost of accidental injuries caused by defective products can be passed along to the general public by means of insurance or price structure 2. IT is the manufacturer who is in the best position to prevent accidents by improving product safety by design or planning
How often is calibration of sound level meters required? Monthly Quarterly Before each survey Before and after each survey
*Before and after each survey
Which of the following defines the observation of worker behaviors at random intervals and classification of these behaviors according to whether they are safe or unsafe Critical incident technique Life safety code Behavior sampling Safety orientation
*Behavior Sampling Behavior sampling or activity sampling technique involves observation of worker behaviors at random intervals by organizational experts and classification of these natural risk behaviors according to whether they are safe or unsafe. Using this technique, management can apply various components of safety program (such as safety lectures, posters, brief safety talks, safety inspections, motion picture films, supervisory training) and immediately note their influence on workers' unsafe behavior.
Responders to a fire involving a propane tank would want to prevent a BLEVE, which is an acronym for Burning Liquid & Expanding Vapor Explosion Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion Burning Liquid Elevated Volume Expansion Boiling Liquid Exacerbating Volume Expansion
*Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion which is a major container rupture due to a form of pressure release explosion. This can be caused from external heating such as an adjacent container fire. For this reason, the fire attack scenario of a tank fire would include hose streams directed on adjacent containers, as well as the burning tank.
What is an example of panic hardware? Emergency escape windows from a high-rise building Delayed egress locks Magnetic deadbolts Break away bars on doors
*Break away bars on doors a panic bar (also known as a crash bar, exit device, panic device, or a push bar) is a type of door handle that permits opening the door quickly during emergency conditions. The mechanism consists of a spring-loaded metal bar fixed horizontally to the inside of an outward-opening door. When the lever is either pushed or depressed, it activates a mechanism which unlatches the door, allowing occupants to quickly exit the building
Which of the following describes a loss control program designed to allow your facility to continue serving its customers even though the facility was nearly destroyed by a fire? Emergency management/emergency response Situational awareness Business interruption recovery/business continuity Inland marine preparedness
*Business interruption recovery/business continuity Business continuity planning is a key part of a loss control program. Such plans should include recovering corporate information, setting up operations, and financing temporary operations until a new facility can be commissioned. Depending upon the risk of a natural disaster, some companies purchase business interruption insurance to help finance operations.
Which will not leave a residue? CO2 extinguisher Chemical extinguisher AFFF Dry chemical
*CO2 extinguisher Halons, halon-replacement clean agents and CO2 agents extinguish fire by displacing oxygen (CO2 or inert gases), removing heat from the combustion zone or inhibiting the chemical chain reaction (Halons). They are referred to as clean agents because they do not leave any residue after discharge which is ideal for protecting sensitive electronics, aircraft, armored vehicles and archival storage, museums, and valuable documents Halon are gaseous agents that inhibit the chemical reaction of the fire in Classes B:C and A:B:C depending on the type. Halon gases are banned from new production under the Montreal Protocol, as of Jan 1, 1994 as its properties contribute to ozone depletion and long atmospheric lifetime, usually 400 years. The industry has moved to halon alternatives, nevertheless, halon 1211 is still vital to certain military and industrial users, so there is a need for it. Halocarbon replacements, HCFC have been approved by the FAA for use in aircraft cabins in 2010. Considerations for halon replacement include human toxicity when used in confined spaces, ozone depleting potential, and greenhouse warming potential CO2, a clean gaseous agent which displaces oxygen to extinguish class B:C fires. Not intended for Class A fires, as the high-pressure cloud of gas can scatter burning materials. CO2 is not suitable for use on fires containing their own oxygen source, metals or cooking media
It is generally accepted that accidents: Are all preventable Only 50% are preventable Are unexpected events that cannot be controlled Can be prevented, but where absolute prevention is not possible, take steps to reduce severity
*Can be prevented, but where absolute prevention is not possible, take steps to reduce severity Each answer is a history of accident prevention. The prevalent concept in the early 1900s was that no more than 50% of all accidents were preventable. In the 1940s, it changed to a concept that all were preventable, and finally to today's more realistic theory that not all accidents can be prevented but, in those cases where absolute prevention is not possible, steps can be taken to reduce the severity of the damage or injury
Candle power, the English standard for luminous intensity, is measured by the International System of units as: Candela Luminescence Luminance Lumens
*Candela International System of units uses 7 units as the basis for all other SI units: - meter for length - kilogram for mass - second for time - ampere for electrical current - Kelvin for temperature - candela for luminous intensity - mole for substance amount Lumens is the US measurement for luminous intensity
The volatility of a chemical refers to the: Capacity of a liquid to form vapors Degree of flammability of a chemical Exothermic reaction of a liquid Endothermic reaction of a liquid
*Capacity of a liquid to form vapors measured through its vapor pressure flammability of a liquid is increased if it is more volatile, but non-flammable liquids can be volatile also. exothermic and endothermic reactions are not related to volatility
The major cause of fire-related deaths is attributed to: Inhalation of smoke Seared lungs Carbon Monoxide Burn trauma
*Carbon Monoxide Statistics maintained by the NSC and the NFPA show CO to be the leading cause of fire-related deaths. CO, a gas, inhibits blood cells in carrying oxygen to the body tissues. Of all the gases that have poisonous effects upon man and animals, CO is the most widely encountered
What agent is generally used to desorb a sample from an activated carbon tube? Chloroform Carbon disulfide Toluene Methyl chloroform
*Carbon disulfide
The best protection with dealing with hoisting and rigging equipment includes Chains, slings and ropes inspected before each job Hoisting and lifting equipment inspected daily A thorough inspection every 18 months of all chains in use The use of wire rope birdcaged for lifting, if provided with Crosby clamps every six inches
*Chains, slings and ropes inspected before each job Inspection of hoisting and rigging equipment before each job provides the greatest protection from use of defective equipment. Selection "B" is a good practice, however not as protective as choice "A". The frequency on selection "C" should be dependent on use, however in no case more than 12 months. Selection "D" is incorrect, birdcaged wire rope should be removed from service.
A technique that provides formal documentation and feedback of safety analysis performed on changes to the end product throughout the life-cycle is called: Life-cycle analysis Critical path analysis Change analysis Root cause analysis
*Change analysis is a technique that provides feedback throughout the life cycle of the product (as changes are made)
The 5 categories of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) are commonly referred to as CBRNE which is an acronym for: Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive Corrosive, Bacterial, Reflexive, Nuclear, and Energetic Chemical, Bacterial, Repsiratory, Neurological, and Explosive Corrosive, Biological, Radiation, Neurological, and Explosive
*Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive defined by the US Dept of Defense
An area where flammable solvents are transferred and stored should be wired as: Class I, Division I Class I, Division II Class II, Division I Class II, Division II
*Class I, Division I required for all electrical wiring (as well as electrical equipment) due to the expectation that a flammable atmosphere may be present at some time from operations. NFPA 70 Article 500-5 (National Electric Code)
A flammable liquid with a FP of 63degF and a BP of 110degF would be classified by the NFPA as a Class I liquid Class IA liquid Class IB liquid Class II liquid
*Class IB liquid A Class I liquid refers to any flammable with a FP below 100degF. A Class IA liquid has a FP below 73degF and a BP below 100degF. A Class IB liquid has a FP below 73degF and a BP at or above 100degF. A Class II liquid has a FP at above 100degF and a BP below 140degF. NFPA 30 (Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code)
Hazardous locations are areas where flammable liquids, gases, or vapors, combustible dusts, or other easily ignitable materials exist in sufficient quantities to produce an explosion or fire. Hazardous locations are classified as Class I, Class II, or Class III. Which one of the following statements is not true? Class I locations are those in which flammable vapors and gases may be present Class II locations are those in which combustible liquids may be found Class III locations are those in which there are ignitable fibers and flyings Class I and Class II locations are subdivided into groups of gases, vapors and dusts having similar properties
*Class II locations are those in which combustible liquids may be found dusts, not liquids
effective temperature is defined as: A non-comfort index which combines the effects of body temperature, humidity, and air movement Any specific temperature, the vapor pressure, and absolute humidity The rate in which temperature effects the body Comfort index which combines the effects of body temperature, humidity, and air movement
*Comfort index which combines the effects of body temperature, humidity, and air movement
In fault tree analysis, the examination of cut sets reveal some causes which can cause the system to fail in spite of many redundancies. This analysis is called: Redundancy analysis Fault tree analysis Common cause analysis Fault hazard analysis
*Common cause analysis A common cause failure results in total loss of the system (or sub-system), regardless of expected redundancy. The analysis discussed above is Common Cause Analysis
The Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 is a management system standard that is directed at reducing risk through a process of continual improvement. The standard is not a regulation or law. As such: Compliance with OH&S legal requirements is only a piece of an OH&S management system conforming to the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 Compliance with OH&S legal requirements is only the key factor of an OH&S management system conforming to the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 Compliance with OH&S legal requirements is irrelevant to an OH&S management system conforming to the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 Compliance with OH&S legal requirements is generally part of, but not required for an OH&S management system conforming to the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001
*Compliance with OH&S legal requirements is only a piece of an OH&S management system conforming to the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 Section 4.3.2, of the standard requires that legal and other requirements be continually identified and taken into account when establishing processes, procedures and running an OH&S management system
Which action, according to current safety philosophy, would have the greatest impact on changing safety behavior? Posting a sign stating, "Wear Your Eye Protection" Turning off all machines when finished Complimenting an employee for wearing eye protection Providing a free meal for a safe month on the plant floor
*Complimenting an employee for wearing eye protection Most experts agree that there are two primary actions that influence behavior change the most, positive reinforcement and reinforcing the behavior as close to action time as possible. The first step in improving behavior in an organization is to establish an ethics program to address the organization culture issues. Safety incentive programs should be designed to influence and change behaviors. Positive Feedback/Compliments have 3 parts: 1. Soon 2. Certain (Specific) 3. Positive
The term CLI used in the professional practice of ergonomics means Composite Lifting Index Controlled Lifting Index Coordinated Lifting Indicator Coupling Lifting Index
*Composite Lifting Index CLI is the term used in the revised NIOSH Lifting Equation to denote the overall lifting index for a multi-task manual lifting job. The multi-task procedure is quite complicated and involves calculation of the Frequency-Independent Recommended Weight Limit (FIRWL), the Single-Task Recommended Weight Limit (STRWL), the Frequency-Independent Lifting Index (FILI) and the Single-Task Lifting Index (STLI) for each task
An electrical conduit that is very warm to the touch is discovered during an industrial safety inspection. Which of the following descriptions best fits this condition? Conduit is hot with electric energy due to a ground fault Conduits are always warm to the touch Conduit is likely absorbing radiant heat from the furnace Conduit likely contains overloaded electrical wiring
*Conduit likely contains overloaded electrical wiring One of the most common causes of electrically created fires is overheated wiring because of overloading. Many factors contribute to a safe installation. The wire must be sized (correct gauge) properly to handle the current. Overcurrent protection (fuses or circuit breakers) must also be correctly sized and function properly. Additionally, electrical raceways must not be overloaded with electrical wiring. The sizing of wiring and the amount of wiring allowed for a given size of raceway is strictly regulated in the National Electric Code. Generally conduit will not feel hot to the touch even under severe circuit loading if installed according to code.
which of the following is the best way to reduce unsafe acts? The swift and sure application of negative reinforcement for unsafe acts Studying the behavior pattern and its underlying root causes Consistently applying positive consequences to reinforce appropriate behavior Encouraging behavior avoidance through the application of rewards
*Consistently applying positive consequences to reinforce appropriate behavior studies have shown that the systematic positive reinforcement of appropriate behavior (including behavioral changes) is highly effective toward improving employee attitudes and behavior
You are a safety professional in a large corporation with a high-rise corporate office building. The building is occupied totally by employees of your company except for a few service contractors and first floor space leased by store tenants. Life safety is one of your principle concerns. Strategies for evacuation that you may consider include all the following EXCEPT: Relocating occupants Constructing a vertical exit Constructing a horizontal exit Staging, or phasing, the evacuation
*Constructing a vertical exit Relocation means to move people away from the fire floor, generally two floors up or down from the fire. A horizontal exit on the same floor is possible when fire walls, ceilings, and floors exist that allow people to evacuate through a fully protected enclosure before arriving at a stairwell. Staged evacuation can take several forms but essentially means to evacuate people in stages and to perhaps use a series of safe areas in the staging. There is no such term as a vertical exit.
Risk analysis generally consists of all of the following steps except Estimation of the likelihood of events Construction of a fault tree Estimation of the consequences Selection of specific scenarios
*Construction of a fault tree One doesn't have to construct a fault tree to conduct a risk assessment. However, event flow should be defined. The other 3 steps are referred to ask the "RISK TRIPLET"
You are conducting a formal safety inspection of a manufacturing plant with your newly hired safety engineer. During your inspection you observe an employee, without eye protection, working at a bench installing parts. This is not a hazardous operation but it is in a posted "Eye Protection" area. Which one of the following is the best course of action? Contact the supervisor and discuss the situation Test the skills of your new safety engineer by letting him handle the situation Confront the employee and determine "Why" eye protection is not being used Note the discrepancy and do not discuss it until the outbrief when the CEO and the supervisor are both present
*Contact the supervisor and discuss the situation
When an injured person's care for his own safety was less than that reasonable for a prudent person under existing conditions, he is considered negligent and the defendant will not be held liable. This principle is known as: Privity Contributory negligence Joint tort Assumption of risk
*Contributory negligence The injured person contributed to the injury because he took less than reasonable care
Based on the results of the Process Hazard Analysis, the various procedures for the process should identify the hazards with the materials and processes as well as the accident consequences. These considerations should contain at a minimum: properties of the chemicals used; precautions to prevent exposure; any special or unique hazards that may exist and _____. Control measures for physical contact hazards Control measures to be taken if physical contact or airborne exposure occurs A Hazard Control Program Plan Engineering controls listing
*Control measures to be taken if physical contact or airborne exposure occurs
Employees are interviewed randomly to collect accident information concerning near misses, difficulties in operations, and conditions that could have resulted in death, injury, or property loss. This method is described as Behavior sampling Critical incident technique Program quality verification inspection Un-programmed process safety management
*Critical incident technique The critical incident technique asks those participating to describe any incidents that come to their attention. This technique can be useful in investigating worker-equipment relationships in past or existing systems, evaluating modifications to existing systems, or developing new systems. Safety sampling can be a successful method to verify effectiveness of a safety training program provided that the technique is adapted to the program, a sound basic accident prevention program is in place and management is familiar with the technique and it's potential.
A person who keeps, maintains, transports, or stores a dangerous creature, device or substance is liable for injury or damage, regardless of fault, even when he exercises due care. This principle is known as: Care Dangerous privity Dangerous instrumentality Res ispa loguitur
*Dangerous instrumentality If a person keeps, transports, etc. dangerous "things" they can be held liable under this principle
A group of foundry workers are exposed to an air temperature of 105degF. Which control would be least appropriate? Wear more clothing Decrease the air movement Increase air velocity Decrease the humidity
*Decrease the humidity Wearing more clothing is a physical barrier that blocks radiant energy (i.e. energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation). Air movement and humidity have almost nothing to do with radiant energy control (though they do have a lot of effect with convective energy control). You still get sunburned when the wind is blowing or the humidity is high or low. You don't if you have clothes on (or some other UV barrier). Infrared radiant energy is simply a lower wavelength of the same kind of energy. Instead of causing burns, it just heats the skin.
A rapid reaction during which heat is transferred progressively from a reaching material to another nearby whose temperature is then raised to a point at which it also reacts; is called: Reaction terminal Deflagration Detonation Explosion
*Deflagration
Manual materials handling tasks can be designed to avoid injuries. Modifications to the object to be handled could include all of the following EXCEPT Design objects so the arms can be easily extended around it Handles or hand holds should be used wherever possible Avoid lopsided weights and loose contents Use hoists or other lift assists when object weight is excessive
*Design objects so the arms can be easily extended around it Extension of the arms around objects should be avoided. Alternatively, use handles, lifting devices, and even weighting to improve the task
What would be an example of an engineering control? Design the job to fit the worker Assign workers to specific jobs Implement a job rotation schedule Providing customized fitted gloves
*Design the job to fit the worker One of the best ways to prevent and control occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities is to "design out" or minimize hazards and risks. NIOSH leads a national initiative called Prevention through Design (PtD). PtD's purpose is to promote this concept and highlight its importance in all business decisions. The mission of the PtD National initiative is to prevent or reduce occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities through the inclusion of prevention considerations in all designs that impact workers. The mission can be achieved by: - Eliminating hazards and controlling risks to workers to an acceptable level "at the source" or as early as possible in the life cycle of items or workplaces - Including design, redesign and retrofit of new and existing work premises, structures, tools, facilities, equipment, machinery, products, substances, work processes and the organization of work - Enhancing the work environment through the inclusion of prevention methods in all designs that impact workers and others on the premises PtD encompasses all of the efforts to anticipate and design out hazards equipment, tools, products, new technologies, and the organization of work. The focus of PtD is on workers who execute the designs or have developed to support designing out hazards, the most reliable and effective type of prevention
Experience has indicate the most effective way to reduce accidents is: Training employees to be more safety-conscious Behavior modification Designing safety features into systems Job rotation
*Designing safety features into systems Hazards can be more effectively reduced or eliminated through system design, whereas hazard reduction through changing human behavior is limited and requires continuous reinforcement
when designing an ergonomically desirable work place, which of the following is a good design practice? Allowing room for employees to lean forward or to the side to reach objects Designing the work so that employees can move about and use different muscle groups Placing objects within close reach to discourage movement Designing work which requires the arms to be held up or out
*Designing the work so that employees can move about and use different muscle groups helps prevent overuse of any one muscle group. leaning, restricted movement, and extension of arms all can cause injury over the long-term
The audit objectives define what is to be accomplished by the individual audit and may include which of the following? Evaluation of the ineffective monitoring of audit program outcomes Determination of the extent of non-conformity of activities, processes and products with the requirements and procedures of the management system Conformity with audit program procedures Determination of the extent of conformity of the management system to be audited, or parts of it, with audit criteria
*Determination of the extent of conformity of the management system to be audited, or parts of it, with audit criteria Each individual audit should be based on documented audit objectives, scope and criteria. These should be defined by the person managing the audit program and be consistent with the overall audit program objectives. The audit objectives define what it is to be accomplished by the individual audit and may include the following: - determination of the extent of conformity of the management system to be audited, or parts of it, with audit criteria - determination of the extent of conformity of activities, processes and products with the requirements and procedures of the management system - evaluation of the capability of the management system to ensure compliance with legal and contractual requirements and other requirements to which the organization is committed - evaluation of the effectiveness of the management system in meeting its specified objectives - identification of areas for potential improvement of the management system The audit scope should be consistent with the audit program and audit objectives. It includes such factors as physical locations, organizational units, activities and processes to be audited, as well as the time period covered by the audit. The audit criteria are used as a reference against which conformity is determined and may include applicable policies, procedures, standards, legal requirements, management system requirements, contractual requirements, sector codes of conduct or other planned arrangements.
For budgeting purposes, how do you calculate the value of a loss control program (neglecting the time value of money)? One cannot calculate the value of a loss control program since one cannot place a value on human injury or death Determine the initial and recurring costs of the loss control program Determine the expected magnitude of loss reduction Determine the expected magnitude of loss reduction and subtract the initial and recurring costs of the loss control program
*Determine the expected magnitude of loss reduction and subtract the initial and recurring costs of the loss control program The value of a loss control program is the result of the expected magnitude of loss reduction, minus the initial and recurring costs of the loss control program
Which of the following, according to the NSC, is not included in good accident investigation procedures? Identify basic causal factors Determine who is to blame for the accident Identify deficiencies in management system Suggest corrective action alternatives for management system
*Determine who is to blame for the accident According to the NSC, good accident investigation procedures: - provide information needed for injury rates, identify trends or problem areas, permit comparisons and satisfy workers' compensation requirements - identify, without placing blame, the basic causal factors that contributed directly or indirectly to each accident - identify deficiencies in the management system - suggest corrective action alternatives for a given accident - suggest corrective action alternatives for the management system - In reconstruction of a vehicle accident, the most important element is to consider the possibility of multiple causes
A tornado has just struck your multi-building facility where you have several hazardous processes operating. There appears to be substantial damage; however, you are unharmed. Since the coordinator of emergency management is not onsite, what are your first priorities as the acting emergency management coordinator? Safeguarding personnel at all costs while abandoning all systems Shutting down all systems and evacuating the site Determining the local emergency response incident commander and turning over incident command to that person Safeguarding personnel and safeguarding all systems, without further endangering other personnel
*Determining the local emergency response incident commander and turning over incident command to that person There should never be a question about safeguarding personnel and safeguarding the public in any situation. However, emergency planning requires organizations to consider how the organization's property, operations, and the environment can also be safeguarded in an emergency
If the velocity of reaction through the reacting material reaches sonic or supersonic speed, the explosion is called: Low order explosion Low explosive Deflagration Detonation
*Detonation
A system safety analysis can clarify a complex process by: Making a step-by-step evaluation of each component that makes up the system Developing a conceptual model of the system Employing the use of applicable statistics A & C
*Developing a conceptual model of the system An analysis of the system can clarify a complex process by devising a chart or model that provides a comprehensive, overall view of the process by showing its principal elements and the ways in which they are interrelated.
Methods of minimizing rates of repetition in jobs include all of the following EXCEPT Dividing jobs to reduce the number of job elements Allow alternate use of limbs Allow self-pacing Allow frequent rotation between jobs which use different postures and muscles
*Dividing jobs to reduce the number of job elements The goal is to increase the number of job elements to reduce the repetitiveness of the task. This can only be done by combining jobs, not dividing them. The other answers help to reduce repetition through allowing change and alternative to using the same muscles continuously
Hazardous locations are classified as Class I, Class II, or Class III, depending on what type of hazardous substance is or may be present. Each of these classes is divided into two hazard categories, Division 1 and Division 2, depending on the likelihood of the presence of a flammable or ignitable concentration of a substance. Which one of the following statements is false? Division 1 locations are designated as such because a flammable gas, vapor, dust or easily ignitable material is normally present in hazardous quantities Division 2 locations are designated as such because a flammable gas, vapor, dust or easily ignitable material is normally present in hazardous quantities Division 2 locations, the existence of hazardous quantities of these materials is not normal, but they may occasionally exist either accidentally or when material in storage in handled In general, the installation requirements for Division 1 locations are more stringent than for Division 2 locations
*Division 2 locations are designated as such because a flammable gas, vapor, dust or easily ignitable material is normally present in hazardous quantities
Which system design is intrinsically safe? A non-redundant system Double parallel system Cost effective system Single parallel system
*Double parallel system The only redundant system listed is a double parallel
What are two primary situations where biomechanics analysis should be performed? During manual lifting and to evaluate the effects of body postures During manual lifting and to evaluate the effects of work rest cycles During manual lifting and to evaluate the effects of dynamic loads During manual lifting and to evaluate the effects of static loads
*During manual lifting and to evaluate the effects of body postures Body postures are an important consideration when performing biomechanical analyses
The National Electric Code (NEC) utilizes a Class I, II, III etc. hazard identification system. Class II hazards involve: Flammable liquids Dusts Fibers Powders
*Dusts Class I - flammable liquids or gases Class II - combustible dusts Class III - fibers
Who must be trained on the methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control of hazardous energy? Area supervisor Each authorized employee Each affected employee All employees whose work operations are or may be in an area where energy control procedures may potentially be used
*Each authorized employee In the OSHA lockout/tagout (LOTO) standard (29 CFR 1910.147) an authorized employee is one who locks out or tags out the machine or equipment in order to perform servicing or maintenance. An affected employee is one whose job requires him/her to operate or use a machine or equipment on which service or maintenance is being performed under LOTO, or whose job requires him/her to work in an area in which such servicing or maintenance is being performed. Authorized employees must receive training in the recognition of hazardous energy sources, the type and magnitude of the energy available in the workplace, and methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control. Affected employees need training in the purpose and use of energy control devices. The most significant item in safe operating procedures for for equipment maintenance is ensuring that energy at the machine is zero and will remain that way during the repair. A review of 29 CFR 1910.147 is recommended if unfamiliar with OSHA's LOTO requirements.
What is the most expedient method of protecting a worker from noise? Ear protection Limited exposure time Engineering controls Administrative controls
*Ear protection is the quickest way to provide hearing protection. The most effective long term solution is to engineer out the source of the noise (if feasible).
The leading cause of industrial fires is attributed to: Friction (machine bearings) and overheated materials (run-away process temperatures) Careless smoking Electrical (wiring, panels, apparatus) Incendiarism (arson)
*Electrical (wiring, panels, apparatus) Over a recent period of 10 years and 25,000 fires, 23% of the fires they analyzed were attributed to be of an electrical nature
The time required for a flammable mixture to ignite is dependent upon: Pressure, temperature, and oxygen Temperature, composition, pressure Energy of ignition source, temperature, pressure Energy of ignition source, temperature, pressure, and composition
*Energy of ignition source, temperature, pressure, and composition Generally, the entire mixture is not brought to autoignition temperature at once. Local heating occurs so that a small volume is first brought to autoignition temperature and ignites.
Management is committed to reducing accidents and has embraced the concept of performing root cause analyses on all accidents and near misses. Currently, you estimate that about one out of every ten minor accidents is reported (minor accidents do not require professional medical intervention). Likewise, you believe that more than 4 near misses have ever been reported in 4 years. You know that getting employees to report minor accidents and near misses is fundamental to preventing accidents through root cause analysis. Which of the following is NOT suitable for encouraging employees to report accidents and near misses? Ensuring employees see operational/management system changes as a result of the root cause analysis Ensuring that the root cause analysis process will never blame employees Ensuring that employees can easily report accidents and near misses without complicated paperwork and explanations Ensuring each employee is recognized for the number of near misses he/she reports
*Ensuring each employee is recognized for the number of near misses he/she reports Employees who report accidents and never see any resulting good come from the report are not likely to go to the trouble of reporting any further accidents or near misses. The root cause analysis process MUST be blame-free or employees will not make reports. The root causes of accidents are management system weaknesses - employees who perceive the root cause analysis process as a way to "get" employees will never participate in it. If the reporting process is complicated and requires the employees to spend a lot of time with complicated forms and explanations, then employees are not likely to continue reporting accidents and near misses. Finally, peer pressure is a key reason employees do not report accidents and near misses. Recognizing employees for such things is akin to embarrassing them publicly.
The responsibility for a defective product as it moves from the manufacturer to the customer rests with the ____. Manufacturer Distributor Wholesaler Entire chain from raw material on
*Entire chain from raw material on can be held liable for a defective product
In reviewing designs for product safety, the foremost environmental consideration(s) must be directed to the affect of: Environmental conditions on product operations Product operations on the environment Product disposal on the environment Environment
*Environment The environment must be considered in designs for product safety because the ambient environment (temperature, humidity, corrosivity) will affect the condition and operation of the product; the operation of the product (noise, particles, toxic vapors, liquid effluent) would, without proper controls, pollute the environment; and product disposal, should it contain hazardous materials (mercury, lead, beryllium) has the potential to contaminate soil and groundwater.
What illness would you associate with a framing carpenter? Dequevain's disease Epicondylitis Carpal Tunnel syndrome Raynaud's syndrome
*Epicondylitis = tennis elbow = carpenter's elbow
All of the following statements are true except Dust-ignition proof equipment is designed to keep ignitable amounts of dust from entering the enclosure Dust may accumulate on electrical equipment, causing overheating of the equipment, as well as the dehydration of gradual carbonization of organic dust deposits Overheated equipment may malfunction and cause a fire Equipment must be designed to operate at the ignition temperature of the specific dust involved even when blanketed
*Equipment must be designed to operate at the ignition temperature of the specific dust involved even when blanketed below the ignition temperature*
A supervisor's job responsibilities include the 3-E's principles. Which of the following would not be included under the 3-E's? Make sure employees comply with safety rules and procedures Instruct employees in how to work safely Establish a safety program Determine ways for eliminating injury/illness potential out of the job
*Establish a safety program The supervisor's job involves: ENGINEERING - to determine the most effective way of doing the job and designing the injury/illness potential out of the job EDUCATION - to instruct the employee in the right method and through training improve job skill, knowledge and behavior ENFORCEMENT - to make sure the employee follows the prescribed work practice and complies with safety rules and procedures
The ANSI/AIHA Z10, Americal National Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems purpose is to: Establish performance criteria for management acceptance of risk to employees and the public Establish a tool for continual improvement of occupational safety and health performance Establish a tool to assist organizations with regulatory compliance Establish a minimum level of performance for organization health and safety programs in the international environment
*Establish a tool for continual improvement of occupational safety and health performance
In determining the probability of a cause/effect relationship between an illness and an agent in the workplace, the first consideration must be to: Examine the interplay between the physical environment and biological effects Examine dose relationships in terms of time and place Establish that a disease condition does exist Determine toxicity of chemical agent
*Establish that a disease condition does exist The first consideration in determining the probability of a cause/effect relationship between an illness and an agent in the workplace is to establish that a disease condition does exist or that the particular manifestations of the disease are the result of exposure to a specific harmful agent
The TLV-TWA Committee in the 1991-92 TLV booklet proposed which of the following changes in the designation of carcinogenic chemicals? No change No longer designate carcinogens Established 5 categories of occupational carcinogens No longer publish exposure limits for carcinogens
*Established 5 categories of occupational carcinogens to better reflect degrees of uncertainty and scientific knowledge A1 - Confirmed Human Carcinogens A2 - Suspected Human Carcinogens A3 - Animal Carcinogens A4 - Not classifiable as a Human Carcinogen A5 - Not suspected as a Human Carcinogen
What is the key to effective safety management? Compliance with OSHA standards Establishing accountability Engineering control of workplace hazards Safety Committees
*Establishing accountability management must hold supervisors accountable for the unsafe acts committed by the employees they supervise
Which of the following is the first step in establishing an effective process safety management program? Employee training Hazard analysis Written process safety management program Establishing the safety culture
*Establishing the safety culture An effective process safety management program cannot be achieved without first establishing a culture in which safety is a priority and is part of the daily routine of the employee. The hazard analysis and written program will not be implemented, and employee training is not effective without the commitment of the work force or management.
Which of the following hydrocarbons has the lowest molecular weight? Octane Butane Decane Ethane
*Ethane One ethane molecule has 2 carbon atoms and 6 hydrogen atoms. The sequence for alkanes is: Name/# Carbon Atoms Methane/1 Ethane/2 Propane/3 Butane/4 Pentane/5 Hexane/6 Heptane/7 Octane/8 Nonane/9 Decane/10
One class of organic chemicals that form potentially explosive peroxides is: Ethers Ketones Alkyls Aniline
*Ethers With age, ethers can form explosive peroxides. These peroxides, in many cases, can be seen as crystal growth in the ether solution
You happen to be in the building at the time of an industrial fire emergency. The fire department has been notified, the building alarm has activated, and you are attempting to extinguish the incipient fire with a nearby 20-pound dry chemical fire extinguisher in accordance with your training. You are unsuccessful. You should Evacuate and await the fire department Search for another fire extinguisher and make another attempt to extinguish the fire to provide time for the fire department to arrive Remain near the fire to prevent evacuating people from inadvertently entering the danger area Enter the fire and smoke area to search for trapped people
*Evacuate and await the fire department Holding paramount the safety and health of people requires you to hold paramount your own safety. Even though the other 3 answers imply you are holding paramount the safety and health of people, each of the other 3 disregards your own safety
In the case of short term spills, in-place protection is used when? Evacuating the public would cause lesser risks Evacuating the public would cause greater risks Is not recommended Is not feasible of short term spills
*Evacuating the public would cause greater risks or when an evacuation cannot be performed. (1993 Emergency Response Handbook)
This analysis considers initiating events, their consequences through consideration of system failure and success alternatives. It is called: Event tree analysis Fault tree analysis Cause consequence analysis Event/causal analysis
*Event tree analysis is an analytical tool that can be used to organize, characterize, and quantify accidents in methodical order; considering success and failure states
Every person has a legal duty to exercise due care for the safety of others and to avoid injury to others if possible; this principle is called: Exercise of due care Slight care Non gross negligence Great care
*Exercise of due care is the principle that every person has a legal duty to exercise due care for the safety of others and to avoid injury to others if possible.
An example of an inductive analysis technique would be fault tree logic tree FMECA event tree
*FMECA = bottom up analysis
In developing a safe maintenance guide for robotic workstations, which method, useful for predicting potential injury situations, would apply to: determining the combinations of human actions and equipment conditions that could lead to a robot related injury? SADT JSA FTA FMECA
*FTA Fault tree analysis begins with defining the unwanted injury event and proceeds graphically constructing the sequences of events and conditions that would lead to that event. When failure rates and human reliability values are available, the probabilities of the various sequences can be computed.
A design which allows the system to function safely until corrective action is possible is called: fail safe fail passive fail operational fail non-operational
*Fail operational
Which of the following designs will NOT allow equipment to operate? Fail active Fail passive Fail safe Fail operational
*Fail passive
A system that is designed to shut down when one or more critical components fail is called Fail safe Interlock Circuit breaker Fuse
*Fail safe There are times when a system, guard, elevator, and other high risk equipment are designed to shut down when one or more critical components fail. When this occurs, it will do so in a safe position or condition without the experience of a major loss
What is the design that attempts to ensure that a failure will leave the product unaffected or will covert it to a state in which no injury or damage will occur? Fail-safe Fail-secure Fail-operations Fail-proof
*Fail-safe According to Willie Hammer, Product Safety Management and Engineering, there are three fail-safe designs: A. Fail-passive arrangements reduce the system to is lowest energy level B. Fail-active design maintains an energized condition that keeps the system in a safe mode until a corrective or overriding action occurs or an alternate system is activated C. Fail-operational arrangements allow functions to continue safely until corrective action is possible. An example of a fail-active device would be a battery-operated smoke detector that chirps when it is time to replace the battery.
The hazard analysis method that tabulates the ways in which equipment and components can fail, and the effects of these failures on a system, process, or plant is called? Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Management Oversight & Risk Tree (MORT)
*Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) The Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) tabulates the ways in which equipment and components can fail, and the effects of these failures on a system, process, or plant. Failure modes describe the ways in which equipment can fail (such as open, closed, on, off, leaks, etc.). The analyst lists all of the components of the system under review and all the failure modes for these components. The FMEA identifies the individual failure modes that can either cause or contribute to an accident. This method of analysis does not address multiple failures. An FMEA analysis should produce a qualitative, systematic, list of equipment and components, a list of associated failure modes, and a list of the effects of the failure modes on the system. The list of effects should include a worst-case estimate of the consequences of each failure mode. The information produced by an FMEA analysis can be used to support recommendations for increased equipment and component reliability that would improve safety.
A method that tabulates each system or unit of equipment, along with its failure, the effect of each failure on the system or unit, and the degree of risk posed by the individual failure is called: Failure effects analysis Failure modes and effects analysis Fault tree analysis Failure hazard analysis
*Failure modes and effects analysis defined above as applied in Process Safety. Note that there are extensive inductive versions of FMEA, such as Failure Modes and Effects Critality Analysis (FMEACA) which is utilized within aerospace reliability analysis. Criticality is an attempt to define the System Safety related risk associated with the specific failure.
The technique in which the failure or malfunction of each component is considered and the effects of the failure traced throughout the system is identified with: Failure modes effects analysis Fault hazard analysis Fault tree analysis THERP
*Failure modes effects analysis is an analytical technique in which the failure or malfunction of each component is considered, including the mode of failures. The effects of the failure are traced through the entire system and its effects on the system performance is evaluated. Failure modes effects analysis is very similar to failure hazard analysis, except it is performed for every component in the system without regard for outcome.
Which of the following methods is a deductive analysis technique that allows the analyst to determine the combinations of failures that are necessary to achieve an event defined as the top or undesired event? Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Risk Management Plan (RMP)
*Fault Tree Analysis Key word: Deductive FTA is a deductive analysis technique that allows the analyst to determine the combinations of failures that are necessary to achieve an event defined as the top or undesired event. FTA is well suited for the analysis of highly redundant systems. The fault tree is a graphic model that displays the various combinations of equipment/component failures and human errors that can give rise to the top event. The FTA provides a means to qualitatively or quantitatively identify the frequency of the top event. It is a deductive technique that employs Boolean Logic (the use of AND and OR gate logic) to relate the top event to a combination of basic events that must occur in order for the top event to happen. The fault tree, once constructed, can be quantified by using the failure rate data for the basic events (ex. those events at the bottom of the tree). A quantified fault tree projects the rate of occurrence for the top event.
The technique that selects the undesired outcome and all possible modes of happenings is the: Failure modes effects analysis Fault tree analysis Fault hazard analysis THERP
*Fault Tree analysis In the fault tree method, an undesired event is selected and all possible happenings that can contribute to the event are diagrammed in the form of a tree. The branches of the tree are continued until independent events are reached. Probabilities are determined for the independent events and after simplifying the tree, both the probability of the undesired event and the most likely chain of events leading up to it can be computed
The system safety technique that starts with an undesired event and analyzes the way the undesired event occurs is: Event tree Fault tree Pert Job safety analysis
*Fault tree starts with the undesired event AKA the FAULT
A system safety technique that starts with an undesired event and an analysis of how that event can occur is called: Fault tree analysis Boolean algebra Preliminary hazard analysis A & C
*Fault tree analysis starts with an undesired event and analyses its antecedents
The manufacturer of any product faces an environment in which: Fault without negligence exists Present court rulings favor the company Product liability is not a significant financial burden Product liability claims are generally decreasing
*Fault without negligence exists Legal history shows a movement from "buyer beware" to "seller beware"
A chemical with a molecular weight of 88 evaporates from a chemical process. Where would it most likely accumulate? Floor Ceiling Neither A nor B, it will mix uniformly Insufficient Information
*Floor For gases, density is proportional to molecular weight. Air is approximately MW=30. Therefore the gas should sink.
Which of the following is not correct? Intensity - How much light a source gives off in a given direction Lumen - unit of light output from a light source Footcandle - Quantity of a light falling on a surface Footlambert - How much light is reflected from a surface
*Foodlambert - How much light is reflected from a surface Footlambert - Amount of light emitted or reflected from a surface. A surface emitting one lumen per square foot of surface has a luminance (brightness) of one footlambert. Reflectance - How much light is reflected from a surface. A perfectly white surface has a reflectance of 1 or 100%
Good ergonomic design for standing workstations would include the following EXCEPT Opportunity for frequent adjustments in posture Anti-fatigue floor mats Foot rests or a bar rail Foot controls for adjustments of work
*Foot controls for adjustments of work Foot controls should be avoided for standing workstations, since this can cause shifting of weight to one leg and abnormal postures. Frequent adjustments, floor mats, and foot rests allow the employee to pick and choose the most comfortable position as needed.
Any foreseeable act that places a rescuer in the same danger as an injured person the rescuer is attempting to aid is considered negligence by the person who committed the initial act. This principle is called: Foreseeability Foreseeability applied to rescue Foreseeability for safety Inherent danger
*Foreseeability applied to rescue allows damages to rescuer if someone could have foreseen that their actions were going to cause an incident where aid would be needed
Which of the following is the best statement related to audit documentation? Checklists must always be used. Forms to record supporting evidence must be documented. Audit sampling plans are generally not documented. Chain of custody is not a legal form of documentation.
*Forms to record supporting evidence must be documented The audit team members should collect and review the information relevant to their audit assignments and prepare work documents, as necessary, for reference and for recording audit evidence. Such work documents may include the following: - checklists - audit sampling plans - forms for recording information, such as supporting evidence, audit findings and records of meetings The use of checklists and forms should not restrict the extent of audit activities, which can change as a result of information collected during audit. Note: Guidance on preparing work documents is given in Clause B.4. Work documents, including records resulting from their use, should be retained at least until audit completion, or as specified in the audit plan. Retention of documents after audit completion is described in 6.6 of ISO 19011. Those documents involving confidential or proprietary information should be suitably safeguarded at all times by audit team members.
FOIA is Federal Occupational Injury Administration Federal Occupational Illness Administration Federal Occupational Injury/Illness Act Freedom of Information Act
*Freedom of Information Act allows the public to obtain information created or maintained by agencies of the federal government. Though there are restrictions on the type of information that can be distributed, if a member of the public can define the information that he/she wants, then the relevant agency is obligated to address the request. FOIA requests from agencies are frequently an excellent way to obtain internal memos, directives, and other information that would not normally be published, but may provide valuable information.
At one time it was considered that a plaintiff could not recover damages unless injury was due to physical contact. This principle has been modified or repudiated over the years to permit a plaintiff to collect damages for neurological or emotional disturbances that occurred without physical injury. This principle is known as: Fright without physical contact Privity without contact Strict liability Tort
*Fright without physical contact allow for damages in cases where there was emotional or similar damage and no physical injury was made
The temperature of a block of ice while melting remains constant. In the course of changing state, the block of ice is: Giving up energy Gaining energy but using energy to change state Converting energy to mass It neither gives up nor gains energy
*Gaining energy but using energy to change state In the process of melting, the block of ice gains heat energy. To illustrate, if a block of ice is heated, its temperature will reach 32degF. The temperature then remains constant and the ice begins to melt. As more heat is added, more ice will melt until it all turns to 32degF water. The energy gained by the ice is used to melt it.
Vapors of flammable and combustible liquid are: Generally heavier than air Lighter than air Normally liquid at room temperature and have molecular weights lower than those which are gases Unstable and unpredictable
*Generally heavier than air The vapors of flammable liquids are generally heavier than air. Examples are alcohol, naptha, gasoline, kerosene, and carbon disulfide. This is logical because gas or vapor density is proportional to molecular weight, and the compounds which are normally liquids at room temperature have higher molecular weights than those which are gases. Note that because vapors of flammable and combustible liquids are heavier than air, they tend to settle in lower areas and the trail of vapors can spread far from the liquid itself. If this vapor trail contacts a source of ignition, the resulting fire can FLASHBACK to the source of the vapors
Which of the following statements is not true? Generally, equipment installed in Class I locations need not be approved as explosion proof Since it is impractical to keep flammable gases outside of enclosures, arcing equipment must be installed in enclosures that are designed to withstand an explosion The equipment must not only be strong enough to withstand an internal explosion, but the enclosures must be designed to vent the resulting explosive gases Venting must ensure that the gases are cooled to a temperature below that of ignition temperature of the hazardous substance involved before being released into the hazardous atmosphere
*Generally, equipment installed in Class I locations need not be approved as explosion proof
An early form of preliminary hazard analysis was known as: Fault hazard analysis Primitive hazard analysis Gross hazard analysis Naked man analysis
*Gross hazard analysis now referred to as preliminary hazard analysis
What provides the best protection when transferring an extremely flammable liquid from a 55 gallon drum via a hand pump to a small metal safety can? Ground both containers Bond containers together Bond containers together and ground each to a separate low resistance ground Ground each container to a single low resistance ground and then bond them to each other
*Ground each container to a single low resistance ground and then bond them to each other Bonding is the process of connecting 2 or more conductive objects together by means of a conductor to minimize the potential electric difference between them. Grounding is the process of connecting the the conductive object to the ground, and is a specific type of bonding. A conductive object may also be grounded by bonding it to another conductive object that is already connected to the ground. Bonding minimizes potential differences between conductive objects. Grounding minimizes potential differences between conductive objects and the ground. The purpose of grounding or bonding in this question is to insure that there is no potential differences between the containers and earth ground; therefore, all objects must be connected to the same grounding point and bonded together. Alternatively, the same objective could be accomplished by insulating the drum and can from the earth ground and then bonding the drum to the can.
Guides and observers (ex. regulators or other interested parties) may accompany the audit team. Which of the following best describes the roles of these parties? Guides are appointed by the auditor Observers can assist the auditors with suggestions Guides ensure that rules concerning location safety and security procedures are known to audit team members Observers cannot be denied from taking part in audit activities
*Guides ensure that rules concerning location safety and security procedures are known to audit team members They should not influence or interfere with the conduct of the audit. If this cannot be assured, the audit team leader should have the right to deny observers from taking part in certain audit activities. For observers, any obligations in relation to health and safety, security and confidentiality should be managed between the audit client and the auditee. Guides, appointed by the auditee, should assist the audit team and act on the request of the audit team leader. Their responsibilities should include the following: - assisting the auditors in identifying individuals to participate in interviews and confirming timings; - arranging access to specific locations of the auditee; - ensuring that rules concerning location safety and security procedures are known and respected by the audit team members and observers The role of the guide may also include the following: - witnessing the audit on behalf of the auditee; - providing clarification or assisting in collecting information
The specific PHA (process hazard analysis) technique that brings together a multi-disciplinary team, usually five to seven people, to brainstorm and identify the consequences of deviations from design intent for various operations and uses specific guide words is called: Process hazard analysis Preliminary hazard analysis HAZOP analysis HAZWOPER analysis
*HAZOP analysis The hazard and operability study or analysis applies the use of specific guide words, such as NO, MORE, LESS, REVERSE, etc. which are applied to parameters like: Flow, Pressure, and Temperature to systematically identify hazards throughout the process
A process hazard analysis (PHA) will be conducted at your facility. The covered process for which this PHA is being conducted is actually being revalidated - the initial PHA for this process was performed about 3 years ago, and a HAZOP methodology was used then. The PHA leader has decided that a what-if/checklist methodology will be used for this PHA. You always thought that any PHA required performing a HAZOP. When you ask the facility's senior process safety engineer about this, what will you likely be told? HAZOP is the only accepted method for conducting any PHA HAZOP is only one of several methods (including what-if/checklist) that OSHA specifies for conducting PHAs A HAZOP is only required by OSHA to conduct the process's initial PHA. The what-if/checklist mehod may be used for revalidating/updating the process's PHA A what-if/checklist methodology should have been used for the first PHA and a HAZOP is only used for a covered process that processes one or more highly hazardous chemicals.
*HAZOP is only one of several methods (including what-if/checklist) that OSHA specifies for conducting PHAs Fault tree analysis, failure mode and effects analysis, what-if, checklist, and what-if/checklist are the specifically permitted methods. More info can be found in Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures, 2nd Edition published by the Center for Chemical Process Safety (a division of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers) 29 CFR 1910.119(e)(2)
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, which vaccine was identified as important for personnel at risk of exposure to BBPs? Tetanus HIV HBV HAV
*HBV was determined to be critical to offer to healthcare workers In 1991 it was made mandatory for workers at risk of exposure to BBPs in the US
Which of the following groups of hydrocarbons would have the greatest chance of not being flammable? Aliphatic hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons Halogenated hydrocarbons Ethers
*Halogenated hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain atoms of carbon and hydrogen only. They are broadly classified into two types, that is; aliphatic and aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are subdivided into saturated and unsaturated compounds and include the alkanes: methane, ethane, propane and butane. Aromatic hydrocarbons are derivative of the parent compound benzene. Ethers are members of a class of organic compound in which an oxygen atom has bridged between 2 hydrocarbon groups. Aliphatic ethers are highly volatile and extremely flammable. Hydrocarbons that have been partially halogenated burn, but generally with much less ease than their nonhalogenated analogs. The fully halogenated derivatives such as carbon tetrachloride are non-combustible.
Which fire extinguishing agent contains halogenated hydrocarbons? Halon Carbon dioxide Dry powder Foam
*Halon = CFCs which react with stratospheric ozone
Back belts (braces) used for support: Are recommended by NIOSH and required by OSHA if back strain is possible Are considered a form of PPE for prevention of back injuries Have not been shown to lessen the risk of back injury among uninjured workers Must be provided at no cost to employees who request them
*Have not been shown to lessen the risk of back injury among uninjured workers The use of lifting belts for professional material handling does not seem to be an effective way of preventing overexertion injuries. When preparing to lift or lower a load, we instinctively develop intra-abdominal pressure within the trunk cavity. The pressure is believed to help support the curvature of the spine during the lifting or lowering effort. An external wrapping around the abdominal region might help to maintain the internal pressure because it makes the walls of the pressure column stiffer. A large number of studies have been performed, summarized, and reviewed by McGill (1999)m Lavender et al (1998), and Thoumier et al (1998). Their conclusions neither summarily support nor condemn the wearing of support belts in industrial jobs.
Process variations occur because of equipment failures, human errors, and process upsets such as localized chemical reactions. The analysis methodology that implements a systematic way to examine how process variations affect a system is called? Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Checklist Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
*Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) The Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis methodology is a systematic way to examine how process variation affect a system. Process variations occur as a result of equipment failures, human errors, and process upsets such as localized chemical reactions. The technique can be used for systems with continuous processes as well as batch processes. The use of HAZOP analysis methodology requires detailed information about the design and operation of the process. The HAZOP methodology is most effective during the design phase of a process or for existing processes. In the HAZOP analysis, a hazard evaluation team composed of experts from different areas systematically examines every part of the process to discover how processes design deviations can occur. The hazard evaluation team leader systematically guides the team through the process design, using a fixed set of guide words. These guide words are applied at crucial points or nodes of the process. The guide words include no, more, less, as well as, part of, reverse, and other than. They are combined with a condition, such as flow or pressure, to define the deviation. For example, "What is the effect of low flow on the process?" Typical deviations include leaks or ruptures, loss of containment, ignition sources, and chemical reactions. The HAZOP analysis should identify hazards and operating problems, and enable the HAZOP team to recommend design or procedural changes that will improve the safety of the process. The results of the HAZOP analysis are documented in a tabular format with a separate table for each segment of the process under study. Ex. Chemical and petroleum industries; Team of experts
In responding to a spill of hazardous materials, which of the following is not a good source of information for prompt hazard recognition? MSDSs Hazardous waste manifest Manufacturer label Symbolic labels
*Hazardous waste manifest does not contain hazard information
The most serious form of heat disease is considered to be Heat stress Heat syncope Prickley heat Heat stroke
*Heat stroke Heat stroke is life threatening and therefore the most serious. The body temperature rises to dangerous levels causing potentially irreversible damage and possibly death
After establishing the required management systems, to become formally registered as compliant with the ISO-9000 or ISO-14000 standards, a company must: Certify in writing to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that the company complies with the relevant standards Hire an ISO-certified third-party registrar to perform an external audit of the company's facilities at which point the third-party registrar will certify to the ISO that the company complies with the relevant standards (if the company is compliant) Hire an ISO-trained auditor to perform an external audit of the company's facilities at which point the external auditor will certify that the company complies with the relevant standards (if the company is compliant) Simply maintain compliance with the relevant ISO standards and submit an annual certification fee to ISO
*Hire an ISO-certified third-party registrar to perform an external audit of the company's facilities at which point the third-party registrar will certify to the ISO that the company complies with the relevant standards (if the company is compliant) A registrar formally certified by ISO as a registrar must be retrained for the audit and subsequent certification to ISO that the company meets ISO requirements
A clause in a contract in which one party agrees to assume liabilities, losses, or expenses of another is known as a: Deductible clause Hold harmless agreement Exemption Assumption of risk clause
*Hold harmless agreement
An agreement or contract in which one party agrees to hold the other free from the responsibility for any liability or damage that might arise out of the transaction involved is called a Strict liability Hold harmless agreement Negligence Exclusive remedy
*Hold harmless agreement A hold harmless (indemnity) agreement is used between two parties to establish that the indemnitee is protected from any unforeseen liabilities, losses, claims or damages during their involvement in an activity. A hold harmless agreement is developed to prevent law suits by assigning liability in a contract. Hold harmless means that if there is a problem and a suit later, one party shields or "holds harmless" the other. A hold harmless clause is a statement in a legal contract stating that an individual or organization is not liable for any injuries or damages caused to the individual signing the contract. An individual may be asked to sign a hold harmless agreement when undertaking an activity that involves risk for which the enabling entity does not want to be legally or financially responsible.
The least likely term which describes designing the job to fit the worker is: human factors human engineering ergonomics human systems
*Human systems Ergonomics, human factors, human engineering, biomechanics and engineering anthropometry are terms common to the objective leading to designing a work station, display, or job, to fit the worker and avoid unnecessary environmental stresses. The desired results of this design is a decrease of injury/illness and an increase in productivity.
When a fuel and oxidizer reacts so rapidly on being mixed at room temperature that combustion starts immediately without an outside ignition source, it is known as: Hypergolic Explosive Adiabatic Flammable
*Hypergolic a hypergolic reaction is a reaction where heat initially emitted will initiate combustion with no other ignition source required
What is the primary function of a loss control system? Assess risk, establish effective risk control measures, and elimination of risk Establish effective risk control measures for hazardous conditions, establish effective control measures, elimination of risk Identify hazardous conditions, assess their risks, and establish effective risk control measures Assure compliance with applicable regulatory requirements and eliminate the residual risk
*Identify hazardous conditions, assess their risks, and establish effective risk control measures As described in Assurance Technologies, a loss control system must be able to identify the hazardous conditions as well as understand the real risks associated with those hazardous conditions. A loss control system is incomplete if it solely identifies hazardous conditions and does not take action to understand the risks. Effective risk control measures are relative to the risks associated with the hazardous conditions. Cannot eliminate risk
Implied warranty involves: Statement Implication Negligence Tort
*Implication An implied warranty revolves around the implications of a manufacturer or dealer that a product is suitable
Workplace Electrical Safety Standard are the most often utilized in the industry to perform arc flash hazard analysis. These calculations are based upon: Potential Energy Incident Energy Hazardous Energy Absorbed Energy
*Incident Energy NFPA 70E Standard The arc flash boundary for systems 50 V and greater shall be the distance at which the incident energy equals 5 J/cm^2 (1.2 cal/cm^2). Determining accurate onset to second degree burn energy and its significance in computing the arc flash boundary is focused on the prevention of injury to the skin of a human who might be exposed to an arc-flash. Different formulas have been proposed to calculate incident energy at an assumed working distance, and the arc flash boundary in order to determine arc rated PPE for Qualified Electrical Workers. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard P1584 Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations [1584 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations. IEEE Industry Applications Society. September 2002] and formulas provided in Annex D of NFPA 70E CSA Z462 [CSA Z462 Workplace electrical safety Standards. 2012.] Workplace Electrical Safety Standard are the most often utilized in the industry to perform arc flash hazard analysis. The formulas are based on incident energy testing performed and calculations conducted for selected range of prospective fault currents, system voltages, physical configurations, etc. The FPB is the distance at which incident energy is 1.2 cal/cm^2, which is the amount of heat needed to cause second-degree burns. Limited Approach Boundary: Entered only by qualified persons or unqualified persons that have been advised and are escorted by a qualified person Restricted Approach Boundary: Entered only by qualified persons required to use shock protection techniques and PPE Flash Protection Boundary: Linear distance to prevent any more than 2nd degree burns from a potential arc-flash (typically 4 ft) The purpose of incident energy calculations is to determine the appropriate PPE that will limit the possible thermal energy exposure to the critical body parts, such as face and chest areas. Usually, the calculations give the heat-exposure in calories/cm^2 or Joules/cm^2. Once you know the heat exposure level, you can choose the protective clothing to best protect your employees. NFPA 70E Standard
Which of the following best describes Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? Elbow and shoulder swelling and inflammation Inflammation of ligaments in the wrist Raynaud's Syndrome of hand and wrist Numbness of the lower legs
*Inflammation of ligaments in the wrist According to NIOSH, CTS occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist. The median nerve controls sensations to the palm side of the thumb and fingers (although not the little finger), as well as impulses to some small muscles in the hand that allow the fingers and thumb to move. The carpal tunnel - a narrow, rigid passageway of ligament and bones at the base of the hand - houses the median nerve and tendons. Sometimes, thickening from irritated tendons or other swelling narrows the tunnel and causes the median nerve to be compressed. The result may be pain, numbness, or weakness in the hand and wrist, radiating up the arm. This injury is common among repetitive motion workers. The median nerve is compressed resulting in numbness, tingling and sometimes pain in the fingers and wrist. Symptoms usually start gradually, with frequent burning, tingling, or itching numbness in the palm of the land and the fingers, especially the thumb and the index and middle fingers. Some carpal tunnel sufferers say their fingers feel useless and swollen, even though little or no swelling is apparent. The symptoms often first appear in one or both hands during the night, since many people sleep with flexed wrists. A person with CTS may wake up feeling the need to "shake out" the hand or wrist. As symptoms worsen, people might feel tingling during the day. Decreased grip strength may make it difficult to form a fist, grasp small objects, or perform other manual tasks. In chronic and/or untreated cases, the muscles at the base of the thumb may waste away. Some people are unable to tell between hot and cold by touch.
Auditing is characterized by reliance on many principles. Adherence to these principles is a prerequisite for providing audit conclusions that are relevant and sufficient and for enabling auditors, working independently from one another, to reach similar conclusions in similar circumstances. Which of the following are included in these principles? Integrity, confidentiality, due professional care. Confidentiality, conformity, liability. Fair representation, subjective observation, performance in a partial manner. Evidence based, interdependence, biased.
*Integrity, confidentiality, due professional care. Te guidance given in Clauses 5 to 7 of ISO 19011 is based on the 6 principles outlined below: 1. Integrity: The foundation of professionalism. Auditors and the person managing an audit program should: - perform their work with honesty, diligence, and responsibility; - observe and comply with any applicable legal requirements; - demonstrate their competence while performing their work; - perform their work in an impartial manner, ex. remain fair and unbiased in all their dealings; be sensitive to any influences that may be exerted on their judgement while carrying out an audit 2. Fair Presentation: the obligation to report truthfully and accurately. Audit findings, audit conclusions and audit reports should reflect truthfully and accurately the audit activities. Significant obstacles encountered during the audit and unresolved diverging opinions between the audit team and the auditee should be reported. The communication should be truthful, accurate, objective, timely, clear and complete. 3. Due Professional Care: the application of diligence and judgement in auditing. Auditors should exercise due care in accordance with the importance of the task they perform, and the confidence placed in them by the audit client and other interested parties. An important factor in carrying out their work with due professional care is having the ability to make reasoned judgments in all audit situations. 4. Confidentiality: security of information. Auditors should exercise discretion in the use and protection of information acquired in the course of their duties. Audit information should not be used inappropriately for personal gain by the auditor or the audit client, or in a manner detrimental to the legitimate interests of the auditee. This concept includes the proper handling of sensitive or confidential information. 5. Independence: the basis for the impartiality for the audit and objectivity of the audit conclusions. Auditors should be independent of the activity being audited wherever practicable, and should in all cases act in a manner that is free from bias and conflict of interest. For internal audits, auditors should be independent from the operating managers of the function being audited. Auditors should maintain objectivity throughout the audit process to ensure that the audit findings and conclusions are based only on the audit evidence. For small organizations, it may not be possible for internal auditors to be fully independent of the activity being audited, but every effort should be made to remove bias and encourage objectivity. 6. Evidence-based approach: the rational method for reaching reliable and reproducible audit conclusions in a systematic audit process. Audit evidence should be verifiable. It will in general be based on samples of the information available, since an audit is conducted during a finite period of time and with finite resources. An appropriate use of sampling should be applied, since this is closely related to the confidence that can be placed in the audit.
There are a number of management standards published by ISO. ISO is an acronym for:
*International Organization for Standardization non-governmental organization
What functions do corporate safety groups normally not perform? Safety policy development Safety procedure development Corporate safety manual Investigate plant accidents
*Investigate plant accidents
ANSI: Serves as the Head of ISO and chairs the IEC Is not involved in international standards, as it is a US based organization Provides oversight for all ISO standards development Is the US representative to ISO and IEC
*Is the US representative to ISO and IEC ANSI is the US representative of the two major non-treaty international standards organizations, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) [via the US National Committee USNC]
Why is it a good idea to have a formal safety and health statement of policy? Safety and health should be of primary concern to everybody It is the starting point for all activities in the safety and health program It expresses management's attitude toward safety and health It publicizes the safety and health function
*It expresses management's attitude toward safety and health The formal safety and health statement of policy is an endorsement of top management's commitment and support. It is management's expression of the direction to be followed.
A procedure to make a job safe by identifying hazards in each step of the job and developing measures to counteract those hazards is: Time and motion Fault tree Job safety analysis Probabilistic risk assessment
*Job safety analysis
Manual materials handling tasks can be designed to avoid injuries. Modifications to the task could include all of the following EXCEPT Keep loads as close to the body as possible during lifting Keep loads off the floor by using platforms or stands Keep all repetitive lifts between knee and waist height Avoid twisting, stretching, or leaning with the load
*Keep all repetitive lifts between knee and waist height Repetitive lifts should be kept between knuckle and shoulder height to reduce bending and reaching for the load. Keeping the loads close to the body, off the floor, and avoiding twisting, stretching, or leaning will help avoid the musculoskeletal, crushing, or falling injuries frequently caused by manual materials handling.
Manipulative tasks are highly repetitive and can cause an overload on muscles and joints. The following are good design guidelines for manipulative arm and hand work EXCEPT Keep movements of arms and hands well within the full range of motion of body joints Don't force body joints to the extreme of their range of motion Keep elbows at 60 degrees and at or above mid-torso height Keep wrists straight
*Keep elbows at 60 degrees and at or above mid-torso height Elbows should be kept at 90 degrees and below mid-torso height for maximum comfort and least strain on the muscles and tendons. Keeping body joints within the range of motion and away from extremes reduces potential for strains and sprains. Straight wrists will prevent repetitive motion injuries.
What is the best design for continuous input with prevision for operator control? Toggle switch Knob Limit switch Push button
*Knob
The human body is More capable of coping with heat loss than heat gain Less capable of coping with heat loss than heat gain Equally capable of coping with heat loss or heat gain Unaffected by environments with potential of heat loss or gain
*Less capable of coping with heat loss than heat gain Warm-blooded The human body is designed to work optimally at a temperature of 98.6degF +/- 1.8degF. Exposure to cold temps, air temps less than 61degF, can reduce manual dexterity. While adaptive mechanisms (ex. sweating and acclimation) are crucial during heat stress exposures, the physiological adaptations to cold stress have less dramatic effects. The first physiological response to cold stress is to conserve body heat by reducing blood circulation through the skin, effectively making the skin an insulating layer. The second physiological response is boosting the body's metabolism though shivering, a sign of significant cold stress.
Which of the following is not considered a phase of Emergency Management? Response Recovery Mitigation Litigation
*Litigation The coordinated response to and recovery from an event is the main stay of Emergency Management. Preparedness is planning how to respond in case an emergency or disaster occurs and working to increase the resources that are available to respond effectively Response involves the effective and efficient application of assets and activities to resolve the immediate impacts of an event. In the case of a planned event, response activities include the application of sufficient resources to ensure that the event occurs without undue or unexpected undesirable outcomes Recovery activities occur until all community systems return to normal or nearly normal conditions. This includes both short-term and long-term recovery actions Mitigation refers to those actions and activities taken to reduce or eliminate the chance of occurrence or the effects of a disaster
In evaluating software related errors, most errors occur during: Data handling User interface Logic development Computational
*Logic development 21.29% Input/output errors account for 14.74% Computational errors account for 8.34% User interface errors account for 7.7% Routine-to-routine interface errors account for 5.62%
Any action which reduces losses incurred, by definition, is Loss control Loss transfer Risk management Loss reduction
*Loss reduction Loss reduction means any action which reduces the losses incurred. The reduction may be by decrease of they physical destruction (as by reducing the amount of material burned or the number or persons injured) or by reducing the operational loss from a given amount of destruction (as having standby equipment or more effective medical care for the injured). It includes the concepts of loss prevention and control as well as the concept of risk avoidance - the refusal to accept a given risk. Planning actions are not generally considered part of loss reduction. The four steps required in an effective loss control program are problem identification, selection of corrective measures, implementation and feedback and control. There are 5 stages in risk analysis and management: identification, estimation, evaluation, response and monitoring. Ex. Sprinkler systems, seat belts
Which is not correct concerning MSDSs? Title III requires MSDSs to be submitted to the State Emergency Response Center Worker's Right-to-Know requires employers to make MSDSs available to employees Worker's Right-to-Know requires chemical manufacturers to develop MSDSs MSDSs provide accurate and appropriate data all of the time
*MSDSs provide accurate and appropriate data all of the time may be in error, out of date, etc. the data should be cross-checked when possible
Disorders that affect the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, ligaments and tendons are called: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) Cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) Soft tissue diseases (STDs)
*MSDs MSDs affect the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, ligaments and tendons. Workers in many different industries and occupations can be exposed to risk factors at work, such as lifting heavy items, bending, reaching overhead, pushing and pulling heavy loads, working in awkward body postures and performing the same or similar tasks repetitively. Exposure to these known risk factors for MSDs increases a worker's risk of injury. MSDs are very difficult to define within traditional disease classifications. These disorders have received many names, such as: - Repetitive motion injuries - Repetitive strain injuries - Cumulative trauma disorders - Occupational cervicobrachial disorders - Overuse syndrome - Regional musculoskeletal disorders - Soft tissue disorders Most of the names do not accurately describe the disorders. For example, the term "repetitive strain injuries" suggests that repetition causes these disorders, but awkward postures also contribute. These terms are used synonymously, however, MSD term is used in current literature. Work-related MSDs can be prevented. Ergonomics - fitting a job to a person - helps lessen muscle fatigue, increases productivity and reduces the number and severity of work-related MSDs. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) defines MSDs to include cases where the nature of the injury or illness is pinched nerve; herniated disc; meniscus tear; sprains, strains, tears; hernia (traumatic and nontraumatic); pain, swelling, and numbness; carpal or tarsal tunnel syndrome; Raynaud's syndrome or phenomenon; MS system and connective tissue diseases and disorders, when the event or exposure leading to the injury or illness is overexertion and bodily reaction, unspecified; overexertion involving outside sources; repetitive motion involving microtasks; other and multiple exertions or bodily reactions; and rubbed, abraded, or jarred by vibration. The risk of MSD injury depends on work positions and postures, how often the task is performed, the level of required effort and how long the task lasts. To reduce the change of injury, work tasks should be designed to limit exposure to ergonomic risk factors. Engineering controls are the most desirable, where possible. Administrative or work practice controls may be appropriate in some cases where engineering controls cannot be implemented or when different procedures are needed after implementation of the new engineering controls. PP solutions have only limited effectiveness when dealing with ergonomic hazards.
Which of these metals is combustible? Nickel Magnesium Molyndenum Iron
*Magnesium Other examples of combustible metals: Titanium Zirconium Sodium Potassium Class D Fires involve these metals
Of the following, the least likely reason to perform a health and safety audit is Determine if codes, laws and regulations are being complied with Assess the over-all program and its conformance to accepted safety and health practices Determine if company policies, procedure, and standards are being met Make sure company is prepared for an OSHA inspection
*Make sure company is prepared for an OSHA inspection The purpose of an effective health and safety audit is to conduct a systematic, objective analysis of a company's health and safety practices that is directed toward well defined goals, namely; regulatory compliance, accident-injury/illness risk control, program activities, record analysis and company policies. Following the audit, a report is prepared in which a written assessment is made along with recommendations to improve health and safety management of any significant risks that were identified
Which of the following is a key objective for the staff safety professional? Making every effort to ensure that management retains responsibility for safety Making every effort to be personally acquainted with line employees Making every effort to retain direct responsibility for the corporate safety function Making every effort to directly investigate all accidents and near misses
*Making every effort to ensure that management retains responsibility for safety staff safety professionals should ensure that the fundamental principles of loss control are followed by the company. In this case, the fundamental loss control principle of fixing accountability for line safety performance is facilitated by answer A
The theory on human motivation which declares that workers are uninterested in and unmotivated toward work; to motivate them to work, a system of rewards and punishments is necessary, applies to: McGregor's Theory Y McGregor's Theory X Herzberg's Job-enrichment Theory Likert's Theory
*McGregor's Theory X In an attempt to analyze how management personnel view human motivation, McGregor evolved the notion there are 2 basic ways in which management can view the worker: Theory X - assumes the worker is essentially uninterested and unmotivated to work Theory Y - assumes the worker is basically interested and motivated to work
Which of the following pass through the carpal tunnel? Medial nerve and radial artery Ulnar nerve and ulnar artery Ulnar nerve and flexor tendons Median nerve and flexor tendons
*Median nerve and flexor tendons The carpal tunnel or carpal canal is the passageway on the palmar side of the wrist that connects the forearm to the middle compartment of the palm. The tunnel consists of bones and connective tissue. Several tendons and the median nerve pass through it.
Which of the following is the least likely reason that would support a product liability claim? Defective design Defective manufacture Product instructions are poor Misuse by the consumer
*Misuse by the consumer Using a product for which it was not designed, manufactured, or marketed (misuse by the customer) reduces the potential for a successful product liability claim
From a statistical standpoint grab sampling is ____ continuous sampling when trying to verify compliance with OSHA an 8-hr TWA standard Simpler than More difficult than About as difficult as Treated in exactly the same way as
*More difficult than The preferred method is to take a full shift sample
An AND gate implies division addition multiplication introspection
*Multiplication
Pressure piping of flammable or combustible liquids or gases can pose a serious threat when such piping is exposed to fire. Where can minimum standards be found for natural gas piping, including pressure limits? ANSI/ASME B31.1 NFPA 51B NFPA 54 ASME, Section IX
*NFPA 54, the National Fuel Gas Code
Explosion prevention systems, when required for flammable gases, vapors, or suspended flammable dusts, should be installed in accordance with which of the following NFPA codes? NFPA 70 NFPA 69 NFPA 68 NFPA 67
*NFPA 69 Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems
The Accident Prevention Manual is published by which of the following organizations? OSHA NIOSH NSC NFPA
*NSC
An analysis technique that involves envisioning a primitive or unprotected system and systematically evaluating the effect of adding various controls is called: HAZOP study Job safety analysis Naked man Gross hazard analysis
*Naked man this technique appears to be primarily a brainstorming approach designed to detect gaps and areas of overlapping protection to aid in identifying the most cost-effect control measures
As a safety professional, you are concerned with professional liability. Your company has insurance for the errors and omissions of its employees. Does this insurance actually cover you for your errors and omissions made as an employee of this company? Yes, completely Yes, partially No Safety professionals are not subject to such liability
*No The insurance policy owned by your company protects the company specifically, and does not cover you at all. If your company is sued as a result of errors and omissions of your work, your company and your company's insurance company are strictly looking out after their own best interests. It is likely that the company's insurance will be sufficient to resolve any claims; however, if the company settles a case for more than the insurance is required to pay, a plaintiff could sue you personally to recover additional damages
An electrician assures you that the standard duplex wall receptacle is wired correctly. She shows you on her multimeter (properly set for AC voltage) that the voltage across the brass-colored terminal and the terminal labeled with a "W" is 115 V. Do you agree with her assurance that the receptacle is wired correctly? Yes No. Ask her to test the voltage across the brass-colored terminal and the green-colored terminal. If it reads 115 V, then agree with her assurance. No. Ask her to test the voltage across the "W"-labeled terminal and the green-colored terminal. If it reads 115 V, then agree with her assurance No. Ask her to test the voltage across the "W"-labeled terminal and the green-colored terminal. If it reads 0 V, then agree with her assurance.
*No. Ask her to test the voltage across the "W"-labeled terminal and the green-colored terminal. If it reads 0 V, then trust her assurance. There should be no voltage across the grounded conductor ("W"-labeled terminal) and the ground wire (green-colored terminal). If there is voltage, then the white wire and the black wire (hot wire) are reversed
the following defines the upper respiratory system in appropriate order: Nose, epiglottis, trachea, lobes of lungs, pleura and bronchi Nose, pharnyx, larnyx and trachea Nose, pharnyx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, lobes of lungs, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi and alveoli Nose, pleura, pharnyx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea, lobes of lungs, primary bronchi and secondary bronchi
*Nose, pharnyx, larnyx and trachea the upper respiratory system is generally agreed to consist of the nasal cavity, pharnyx and larnyx. the lower respiratory system consists of the trachea, primary bronchi and the lungs
The technique of probabilistic risk assessments was developed by what industry? Electronics Transportation Retailing Nuclear power
*Nuclear power Many of the techniques in PRA were applied and developed by the Nuclear Power industry in the 1970s. The techniques were developed to estimate failure rates, develop maintenance schedules, assess population safety, etc.
The best example of a proactive approach is which of the following? Analysis of past injury/illness to identify trends Use of a medical history questionnaire to identify workers with preexisting conditions Implement a strength testing protocol to select workers based on physical demands of the job Observations and use of employee symptom surveys to identify problem jobs and tasks
*Observations and use of employee symptom surveys to identify problem jobs and tasks Both reactive and proactive worksite analysis approaches are used when identifying existing or potential ergonomic hazards and conditions. Reactive worksite analysis by definition means analysis of past incidences while proactive means identification of problem jobs and tasks before injury or illness has occurred. Reviewing past injury records is an example of a passive or reactive approach as you are analyzing incidences which have already occurred. Observations and symptom surveys are used to identify workers who might be in pain but who have not yet reported an injury. Ergonomics interventions can be implemented before an injury occurs. Medical histories and strength testing are often used to screen workers who might be at risk of injury but there is little data to show these techniques are effective.
Speech interference levels can be determined which one of the following instruments? Sound level meters Impact noise analyzers Octave band analyzers Noise dosimeters
*Octave band analyzers Speech occurs in the 500-2000 hz range. To identify the noise levels in this frequency range requires an octave band analyzer
BSI developed and published the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Standard 18001 because: Of 'customer' requests for a management standard that addresses occupational health and safety Of 'customer' concerns that the ISO management system standards were inadequate BSI is responsible for assuring that UK has business standards necessary for global competition ANSI/AIHA had developed an American standard (ANSI/AIHA Z10)
*Of 'customer' requests for a management standard that addresses occupational health and safety BSI has stated its intention to withdraw the standard if an Internal Standard is published covering the subject matter. Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 is produced by BSI. BSI led the development of 18001 as a health and safety management system standard that is compatible with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001.
CRM is a technique to properly use all of the operations professionals on a team to reliably meet mission objectives. It is derived from efforts to make aircraft cockpit crews more team-oriented versus the highly authoritarian environments in which cockpit crews formally found themselves. Of the following, which dynamic human environment is the best candidate for applying the principles of CRM? Offsite incident command staff-onsite incident command staff during an emergency Trainer-trainees during a class Employee-supervisor during a performance appraisal Passengers-flight attendants during a flight
*Offsite incident command staff-onsite incident command staff during an emergency Incident command could greatly benefit from applying the principles of CRM. In this environment, all of the incident command professionals have the same goal; however, culture, work habits, and other non-relevant issues can cloud the efficient exchange of information to meet the mission objectives
Which of the following is the BEST method for conducting interviews associated with an incident investigation? One interviewer and one witness in a room with audio recording Three interviewers and one witness in a room One interviewer and three witnesses in a room One interviewer and one witness in a room
*One interviewer and one witness in a room Audio and video recording should always be avoided as this will typically make the witness nervous and less likely to be fully open. Having three interviewers is intimidating to the witness. Interviewing multiple witnesses at the same time should be avoided since frequently, a dominant person will speak for the group. The other witnesses with information will reason with themselves that other witnesses in the room have better information - particularly if the information is contradictory
Building fire safety is achieved by all of the following except: Separating ignitors from ignitable materials Managing the impact of a fire through building design Take measurements to control products of combustion Organizing a fire brigade
*Organizing a fire brigade Building fire safety may be achieved either by fire (ignition) prevention or, if a fire does occur, by managing its impact through building design. Fire prevention is accomplished by separating ignitiors from ignitable materials. The products of combustion that must be considered by the building designer are categorized as thermal (flame and heat) and nonthermal (smoke and gases).
Which of the following is a management tool that displays graphically the network of relationships between program objectives and the tasks, time, and resources required for their achievement? MORT PERT CPA PET
*PERT = Program evaluation and review technique
All of the following are steps in Chemical Risk Analysis except? Identification of risk Dose-response Exposure assessment PPE required
*PPE required Risk analysis classically involves risk identification, quantifications, dose-response development and exposure assessment.
Which of the following is not a General Boiler Category of the ASME Code? PVG: Requirements for non-organic fluid vaporizers PMB: Requirements for miniature boilers PFT: Requirements for fire tube boilers PEB: Requirements for electric boilers
*PVG: Requirements for non-organic fluid vaporizers
Storage tanks should be spaced so that the thermal radiation intensity from an exposing fire is low enough to prevent the contents of the adjacent tanks from igniting. The tolerances of tanks to thermal radiation can be increased by all of the following EXCEPT Painting vessels with a non-reflective color Providing a fixed water spray system Insulating the tank shell Fireproofing the tank shell
*Painting vessels with a non-reflective color this would encourage the absorption of heat
The reliability of a system is enhanced by adding a component in: Parallel Series Sequence Progression
*Parallel The addition component, which performs the same function within a given system, makes it redundant (or parallel). Conversely, the reliability of a system is diminished by adding a component in series
Which of the following is considered a direct cost when defining hidden costs of an accident? Time lost from work by injured Time lost by fellow workers Payment and benefits for lost time Loss of production
*Payment and benefits for lost time The direct costs are medical and compensation. The indirect or hidden costs are: time lost from work by the injured, loss in earning power, economic loss to the injured family, lost time by fellow workers, loss of efficiency due to break-up of crew, lost time by supervision, cost of breaking in a new worker, damage to tools and equipment, time damaged equipment is out of service, soiled work, loss of production, spoilage, failure to fill orders, overhead costs and miscellaneous.
During a semi-annual inspection, what is the best chain inspection method? Check links with a caliper and compare at least 10 links Check for cracks in end links Compare twist on end sections Perform a detailed link-by-link inspection of the entire chain
*Perform a detailed link-by-link inspection of the entire chain Chain inspections should be done visually in an attempt to detect any elongation or other defect. This is best accomplished with a link-by-link inspection. Overall measurements or caliper readings of a section are often misleading because not all links will be affected or damaged.
The purpose of this analysis is to provide a technique to model systems components at a wide range of abstract levels. This analysis can be defined in purely mathematical terms, and is in such form that the analysis can be automated. Fault tree analysis Petri network analysis Digraph analysis Event tree analysis
*Petri network analysis can be used to model an entire system, subsystem, or components at a wide range of abstract levels through conceptual, top level and detailed designs
The operational relationships between people and/or physical components usually can be expressed in terms of "Link" values. All but one of the following are versions of "Link" types. Communication links Physical links Movement links Control links
*Physical links not a version of a link between people and/or physical components
To reduce eye strain while transporting data from a paper to a computer, it is best to: Place the paper next to the computer screen Place the paper above the computer screen Place paper on the desk Place the paper below the computer screen
*Place the paper next to the computer screen The name for eye problems caused by computer use is computer vision syndrome (CVS). CVS is not one specific eye problem. Instead, the term encompasses a whole range of eyestrain and pain experienced by computer users. Working at a computer requires that the eyes continually focus, move back and forth, and align with what you are seeing. Working at a computer gets even more difficult as you get older. That's because the lens of your eye becomes less flexible. The ability to focus on near and far objects starts to diminish after about age 40 - a condition called presbyopia. To reduce eyestrain, papers should be placed next to the computer screen at eye level
In workers compensation cases for hearing loss the term high fence is often used. High fence also varies by state. What is the meaning of the term high fence? Point the worker must reach Point of 100% hearing impairment Point of 0% hearing impairment Point of 50% hearing impairment
*Point of 100% hearing impairment = hearing loss Varies by state law
What is one disadvantage of having an internal safety program evaluation group? Evaluation staff knows plant workers Less obtrusive audit Potentially less objective Harder to work with
*Potentially less objective One main drawback of an internal safety program audit group is the fact that they are less likely to be totally objective due to personal knowledge
The integration of hazard analysis and risk assessment methods early in the design and redesign processes and taking the actions necessary so that the risks of injury or damage are at an acceptable level is termed: Severity Prevention through design Hazard through design Hierarchy of controls
*Prevention through design Safety through design is defined as the integration of hazard analysis and risk assessment methods early in the design and redesigns processes and taking the actions necessary so that risks of injury or damage are at an acceptable level. This concept encompasses facilities, hardware, equipment, tools, materials, layout and configuration, energy controls, environmental concerns and products.
The ANSI/AIHA Z10, American National Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems provides a system of: Detailed specifications to be implemented in each organization adopting the standard Strict auditing specifications for management system certifications A template for occupational safety and health consultants to use in establishing consulting businesses Principles with broad applicability to different organizations
*Principles with broad applicability to different organizations Management system standards must be capable of being used by a wide variety of different organizations, as such, they are performance based, not prescriptive
What is the name of the American Society of Safety Engineer's Journal? Professional Safety ASSE Journal Hazards Safety Management
*Professional Safety
An employer who elects to establish a fire brigade must do all of the following except Prepare and maintain a written organizational statement Provide education and training for all fire brigade members commensurate with assigned duties Provide protective clothing to employees at no cost Provide CPR training
*Provide CPR training Requirements for the organization, training and protective equipment for fire brigades, industrial fire departments and private or contractual type fire departments are covered by OSHA [29 CFR 1910.156]. OSHA mandates that an organizational statement which establishes the existence of a fire brigade; the basic organization structure; the type, amount, and frequency of training provided members; and membership and duty roster all be provided and maintained in written form. Also, the employer shall provide at no cost to the employee protective clothing which complies with assigned duties.
The objective of the ANSI/AIHA Z10, American National Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems is which of the following? Provide a framework of auditing tools to measure the level of success of an organizations occupation safety and health programs Set forth a strict set of practices and processes that must be implemented that will allow an organization to be certified as having an occupation safety and health management system Provide organizations with a model to allow them to integrate occupational health and safety management into their overall business management system Establish a framework for organizations to manage occupation health and safety irrespective of the success or failure of the business
*Provide organizations with a model to allow them to integrate occupational health and safety management into their overall business management system
The boom indicator on a mobile crane: Provides the angle of the boom Shows the safe load with the boom at any angle Indicates load capacity Signals when the crane is out of balance
*Provides the angle of the boom A boom indicator is a device that shows the angle of the boom. The boom angle is used in conjunction with the crane load chart to determine safe loads. Modern load measuring systems for cranes allow for real-time direct reading of actual crane load and can provide output warnings indicating that the rated capacity is approaching. Such devices can even be integrated with the crane controls to stop the crane operation.
In manual materials handling, methods for eliminating the need to bend include all of the following EXCEPT Using lift tables, work dispensers, and other mechanical aids Raising the work level to an appropriate height Providing materials and tools in front of the worker Lowering the worker
*Providing materials and tools in front of the worker Although providing materials and tools in front of the worker helps to prevent twisting motions, to avoid bending motions the work needs to be at the proper height. This can be accomplished through mechanical means (lift tables), raising he work level, or lowering the worker to the level of the work.
It is possible to reduce incidents involving human error by: Carefully screening job applicants Furnishing workers with PPE Providing training and education to workers and line supervisors Improving workplace conditions
*Providing training and education to workers and line supervisors It is generally agreed that the largest majority of incidents leading to an accident are attributed to unsafe acts rather than unsafe conditions. Although general estimates of many of the mental and emotional states that cause accidents (like indifference, resentment of authority, disregard of danger, undue haste, anger, impatience, boredom) are not reliable, there is consensus that effective training and education will prevent many of the human errors (unsafe acts) that arise from mental and emotional states
The term defines the following: the relationship between the plaintiff's injuries and the defendant's failure to exercise a legal duty, such as reasonable care Privity Proximate cause Foreseeability Care
*Proximate cause defines the relationship between the injury and the responsible party (because they did not exercise reasonable level of care or other reasonable standard).
A special kind of hypergolic fuel includes those substances which will not only react rapidly with oxygen in high concentrations, but even with oxygen in the air. These fuels are known as Hpergols Adiabatic Pyrophors Catalytic
*Pyrophors Some of the most hazardous pyrophors are the iron sulfides. White phosphorous, when removed from water, will bust into flame as it dries
Interlocks provide a form of design hazard control. Identify the appropriate interlock indicated; Sensing of any conductive material, especially steel or aluminum, causes it to operate? Radio-frequency inductive Electromagnetic sensing Conductive Reactance Motion Interlock
*Radio-frequency inductive
A postural analysis system sensitive to musculoskeletal risk in a variety of jobs that is based on body segment specific ratings within specific movement planes, using a scoring system for muscle activity including static, dynamic, rapidly changing or unstable postures, and provide a benchmark for urgency of action is called? Rapid Upper Limb Assessment Rodger's Muscle Fatigue Assessment Strain Index Rapid Entire Body Assessment
*Rapid Entire Body Assessment The purpose of REBA is to develop a postural analysis system sensitive to musculoskeletal risk in a variety of jobs that is based on body segment specific ratings within specific movement planes, using a scoring system for muscle activity including static, dynamic, rapidly changing or unstable postures, and provide a benchmark for urgency of action.
Which disease is characterized by white fingers and numbness? Siderosis Raynaud's Syndrome Lead poisoning Tetanus
*Raynaud's Syndrome A combination of cold and vibration often causes Raynaud's phenomenon or traumatic vasospastic disease. This is a condition, usually of the fingers and hands, characterized by pallor caused by a greatly diminished blood supply resulting from spasm of the blood vessel walls. In addition to white fingers, the victim may also experience numbness of the affected area. The disease is most prevalent among those who work with vibrating machinery in the cold. Typical occupations are chain saw operators, jackhammer operators, tamping tool operators, etc.
Barrier creams: Neutralize potential irritants Reduce contact of the irritants with skin Are preferred to gloves in most cases Are not effective
*Reduce contact of the irritants with skin provide a protective barrier between the skin and the chemical. They are not neutralizing agents for chemicals
The preferred course for a company's management to meet the consequent risk of product liability is: Regulation of risk through careful statement of conditions of sale and delivery Transfer of risk through the underwriting of product liability insurance Reduction of risk through the introduction of effective quality assurance Acceptance of risk through passivity
*Reduction of risk through the introduction of effective quality assurance The management of a company must consider what ways or combinations of ways are available to meet the consequent risk of product liability. Of the four fundamentally different risk alternatives that the company's management can take, the reduction of the existing risk through introduction or improvement of quality assurance will give better conditions for regulation and transfer of risk
The term psychophysical is most related to: Isotonic dynamic muscle force development Relationship between sensations and physical stimuli The study of how our emotions impact our health Study of biological indicators such as heart rate and energy expenditure
*Relationship between sensations and physical stimuli Psychophysical methods are used to study acceptable weights for manual lifting. The worker can adjust the weight of the lift to match his or her own personal feelings of fatigue or perception of what can be sustained for several hours.
The tendency for an individual to give up - to withhold any sense of emotional or personal involvement in the situation is called: Resignation Aggression Regression Reactivity
*Resignation
Dealing with the uncertainty and unpredictability of personal injury, property or damage loss, business interruption and liability is identified with: Casualty insurance Loss prevention Risk management Loss control management
*Risk management risk management is the decision-making process whose objective is to identify the proper mix of loss control, risk retention and risk transfer that the organization should use in dealing with its risks of personal injury, property loss or damage and damage and liability including the expense and revenue losses associated with these exposures
The purpose of this analysis is to identify casual factors relating to an accident or near-miss. The technique goes beyond the direct causes to identify the fundamental reasons for the event Management oversight and risk tree Root cause analysis Event tree analysis Fault tree analysis
*Root cause analysis considers "why" statements to determine root cause categories. The objective is to find one root cause that is the fundamental reason behind a set of related shortcomings
Barrier analysis is utilized within the following accident investigation techniques? Sequential time plotting Critical incident technique Root cause analysis and management oversight and risk tree Event analysis
*Root cause analysis and management oversight risk tree Root cause analysis utilizes Barrier Analysis as one technique to help develop information concerning event flow. Management Oversight and Risk Tree also applies Barrier Analysis when evaluating energy flow.
An analytical technique called 5-Whys is used to identify: Root causes of incidents Human behavior characteristics Behavior-based safety rules Human errors
*Root causes of incidents 5-Whys is a qualitative analytical technique to identify the root causes of an incident sequence. Once the causal factors (discreet human errors and equipment malfunctions that led to the loss of an event) are known, a 5-whys analysis can be performed on each causal factor to determine "why" the causal factor was allowed to exist
Under ICS, the Command Staff positions include: Safety Officer, Public Information Officer, and Liaison Officer Liaison Officer, Operations Section Chief, and Finance and Administration Section Chief Public Information Officer, Chief Executive Officer, and Safety Officer Logistics Section Chief, Safety Officer, and the Contracting Officer
*Safety Officer, Public Information Officer, and Liaison Officer ICS is organized into 3 components: Incident Command Command Staff General Staff Incident Command can be comprised either of a single Incident Commander or a Unified Command. The Command Staff (CS) members perform incident-wide tasks and report directly to the IC. The three most common CS positions include: Safety Officer - responsible for the safe operations of all tasks performed on-site. The safety office has the essential authority to terminate any operations deemed to be unsafe, and even to override the authority of the IC to do so Public Information Officer - The PIO is responsible for passing information regarding the incident to the public and to the media. Traditionally the PIO was responsible for press releases and public warning statements issues through the media. In recent years with the huge explosion of social media the PIO position has expanded greatly Liaison Officer - this position is responsible for interacting and coordinating with other response entities not represented in the incident to provide their input on legal issues and resource availability
What hand tool is most often misused? Wrench Pliers Screwdriver Hammer
*Screwdriver The 2 most common hazards associated with the use of hand tools are misuse and improper maintenance. Misuse occurs when a hand tool is used for something other than its intended purpose. Improper maintenance allows hand tools to deteriorate into an unsafe condition. According to the NSC, the screwdriver is perhaps the most misused and abused tool in the workplace. Misuse can compromise the integrity of the tool by breaking the handle, bending the shaft or dulling the tip, making workers susceptible to hand injury when the tool is used correctly. To prevent injury and keep screwdrivers in shape, the NSC recommends: - Do not use a screwdriver as a punch, wedge, pinch bar or pry - Keep the tip clean and sharp to permit a solid grip on the tip of the screw - Keep the handle of the screwdriver clean and intact to allow for a solid grip - Never hold the piece you are working on in your hand. Always lay it on a workbench or place it in a vice - Carry screwdrivers in toolboxes or work belts - never in your pocket. In wood and sheet metal, make a pilot hole for the screw. - Never use a screwdriver during electrical work unless it is properly insulated
You are a practicing ASP certificate holder. You submit a safety plan you have reviewed to a client. A year later, you notice that the client has made some changes to the safety plan (without your knowledge) and has removed the cover sheet from the original plan you approved and stapled it into the modified plan. What should you do? Hire an attorney and sue the client Remove the cover page from the safety plan, and complain to the client Send a formal letter to the client explaining your concern and your expectation that the modified safety plan should again be reviewed by a safety professional and that the cover page with your signature on it should be destroyed Ignore the issue assuming that the changes were insignificant to warrant further discussion
*Send a formal letter to the client explaining your concern and your expectation that the modified safety plan should again be reviewed by a safety professional and that the cover page with your signature on it should be destroyed It is likely that the client made what he or she perceived were minor changes to the safety plan, and it is also likely that you had failed to tell the client what changes were allowed (without further review) and what changes would require subsequent review. A polite letter apologizing for any oversights on your part while clearly identifying the problem and suitable resolutions is the best way to handle this conflict
Which of the following is not true? Equipment with wiring approved as intrinsically safe is acceptable in any hazardous (classified) location for which it is designated All interconnections between circuits must be evaluated to be sure that an unexpected source of ignition is not introduced through other non-intrinsically safe equipment Intrinsically safe equipment is not capable of releasing sufficient electrical or thermal energy under normal or abnormal conditions to cause ignition of specific flammable or combustible atmospheric mixtures in their most easily ignitable concentrations Separation of intrinsically safe and non-intrinsically safe wiring is not necessary to ensure that the circuits in hazardous (classified) locations remain safe
*Separation of intrinsically safe and non-intrinsically safe wiring is not necessary to ensure that the circuits in hazardous (classified) locations remain safe
Consider component arrangement. Which of the following terms relates to taking advantage of patterns or relationships that frequently occur in the operation of the equipment? Functional Principle Importance Principle Sequence-of-Use Principle Frequency-of-Use Principle
*Sequence-of-Use Principle is used to take advantage of patterns or relationships of tasks during work with equipment
In 1931, Heinrich significantly changed the thinking of safety professionals. He: Shifted the emphasis from conditions to actions Suggested the use of JSA to analyze accidents Applied forensic science to accident analysis Proposed monetary penalties for accidents
*Shifted the emphasis from conditions to actions In the early 1900s, employers concentrated mor eon inspection of the workplace. Heinrich suggested that more emphasis be placed on the actions of employees.
A process hazard analysis of potentially catastrophic processes: Should be done only if applicable under the OSHA Process Safety Standard Should be performed only by licensed professionals Should be done whether or not the process is applicable, under the OSHA Process Safety Standard A & B
*Should be done whether or not the process is applicable, under the OSHA Process Safety Standard A process hazard analysis should be performed if there is knowledge that potential exists for a catastrophic release from a process, whether or not the process is applicable under the OSHA Process Safety Standard. Performing the process hazard analysis is not only a best practice but also a potential OSHA General Duty Clause requirement, especially if an incident does occur and the analysis was never performed. Answer B is not correct since there is not a license for processionals to conduct process hazard analyses.
State compensation boards are a LOW FENCE for hearing loss disability claims because: Of inaccuracies in audiograms Small hearing losses aren't disabling To avoid litigation later on To lower worker's compensation costs
*Small hearing losses aren't disabling Low fence means that they set minimum dB loss before a worker is eligible for compensation. This also is done to account for presbycusis (the natural hearing loss due to aging)
Fire has various stages of burning. all the following are true EXCEPT Incipient Stage - No viable smoke, flame or significant heat is developed, but a significant amount of combustion particles are generated over a period of time Smoldering Stage - The quantity of combustion particles decreases to the point where they become almost invisible Flame Stage - The point of ignition occurs and flame start Heat Stage - Large amount of heat, flame, smoke and toxic gases are produced
*Smoldering Stage The quantity of combustion particles increases to the point where they become visible (smoke)
Hearing loss due to non-occupational noise sources such as: household noise, TV, radio, traffic, etc.
*Sociocusis
Which of the following chemicals is not combustible? Carbon black Sulfur Lamp black Sodium chloride
*Sodium chloride Basically, all organic chemicals are combustible and inorganic chemicals (ex. sodium chloride or salt) are non-combustible. Before ignition can occur, they must be preheated.
The purpose of this analysis is to discover program logic that could cause undesired program outputs or inputs, or incorrect sequencing/timing. This analysis is called: Software logic analysis Software hazard analysis Software sneak circuit analysis Software criticality analysis
*Software sneak circuit analysis When software controls a safety critical event, an SSCA can help detect the condition that could result in a catastrophic event if the cause is related to the inadvertently enabled condition
The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gm of material by 1degC is a characteristic property of the material. It is commonly called: Calorie Specific Heat BTU Temperature Rise
*Specific Heat of water is 1 calorie, the heat that is required to raise the temp 1degC
For double-handled pinching, gripping, or cutting tools: Select a tool with handles that are Designed with grip span that is at least 1/2 inch when fully closed Spring loaded to return the handles to the open position Select a tool with finger grooves on the handle Bent handles when the force is applied vertically
*Spring loaded to return the handles to the open position Tools used for power require high force. Tools used for precision or accuracy require low force. - For double-handled tools (plier-like) used for power tasks: select a tool with a grip span that is at least 2 inches when fully closed and no more than 3.5 inches when fully open. When continuous force is required, consider using a clamp, a grip, or locking pliers. - For double-handled tools (plier-like) used for precision tasks: select a tool with a grip span that is not less than 1 inch when fully closed and no more than 3 inches when fully open. - For double-handled pinching, gripping, or cutting tools: select a tool with handles that are spring-loaded to return the handles to the open position. - Select a tool without sharp edges or finger grooves on the handle. - Tools with bent handles are better than those with straight handles when the force is applied horizontally (in the same direction as your straight forearm and wrist) - Tools with straight handles are better than those with bent handles when the force is applied vertically - Select a tool that can be used with your dominant hand or with either hand DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-164. Easy Ergonomics: A Guide to Selecting Non-Powered Hand Tools.
To reduce the change of injury, work tasks should be designed to limit exposure to ergonomic risk factors. Which of the following represents an administrative control? Using diverging conveyors off a main line so that tasks are less repetitive Use padding to reduce direct contact with hard, sharp, or vibrating surfaces Staff "floaters" to provide periodic breaks between scheduled breaks Install diverters on conveyors to direct materials toward the worker to eliminate excessive leaning or reaching
*Staff "floaters" to provide periodic breaks between scheduled breaks
Which plant leader most influences organizational line management to accept accountability for safety performance? Supervisor Staff safety professional Facility manager Site engineer
*Staff safety professional The role of staff safety professional is to consult and influence. Since safety should be built into line performance, a key role of a safety professional is to influence line management to accept accountability for safety performance. Key word - influences
Workers Compensation is determined by: Federal law Casualty insurance companies State law Unions
*State law Workers' Compensation is required by state law as are its benefits. Although the laws and benefits may vary between the 50 states that have Workers' Compensation, there is agreement on its basic principles.
If a small mobile crane with rubber tires has struck a power line and is apparently dead, lying across the crane boom, what is the proper course of action for the crane operator? Jump from the crane and run away Stay in the crane until the emergency crew arrives Have an oiler knock the power line from the boom with a wood pole Swing boom back and forth until the line breaks or falls off
*Stay in the crane until the emergency crew arrives Each power line contact situation poses different problems. However, the generally accepted guidance is for the crane operator to stay in the cab until power company emergency crews arrive. Often power lines are equipped with fault clearing re-closers, which will reapply power to a faulted line after a few minutes. The re-closer can cycle three or four times before the line is really disconnected and then it is still unsafe because of cross feed situations. Departing the cab should only be considered if a fire or other situation requires it. Jumping from the cab with feet together is the only safe departure method. Contact must be avoided with the energized crane and earth and step potential must be kept at a minimum.
What is an example of an unfired pressure vessel? Boiler Steam jacketed kettle Any vessel directly experiencing flame Copper jacketed steam kettle
*Steam jacketed kettle An unfired pressure vessel does not have a direct flame impacting it.
The growing concept that a manufacturer of a product is liable for injuries due to defects, without a necessity for a plaintiff to show negligence or fault is known as: Care Liability Strict Liability Tort
*Strict Liability
Under what doctrine does one not need to prove negligence on the part of the manufacturer, but only that an injury was attributed to a defect or to an unreasonably dangerous condition? Implied consent Implied warranty Negligence Strict liability
*Strict liability doctrine holds that the seller is liable for any and all defective or hazardous products
Which of the following best defines a management system audit under ISO19011? Systemic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled. Systemic and independent examination of data, statements, records, operations and performances (financial or otherwise) of an enterprise for any unstated purpose. Examination of financial statements and formulation of an opinion on the effectiveness of a company's internal control over financial reporting. Enables organizations to develop their environmental performance through a process of continuous improvement.
*Systemic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled. ISO 19011 defines a management system audit as follows: "Systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled." (ISO 19011:2011 3.1) Selection B is incorrect as audits must be for a stated purpose. Selection C is the definition of an integrated audit US audits of publicly traded companies are governed by rules laid down by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), which was established by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Such an audit is called an integrated audit, where auditors, in addition to an opinion on the financial statements, must also express an opinion on the effectiveness of a company's internal control over financial reporting, in accordance with PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5. Selection D identifies an environmental management system which enables organizations to develop their environmental performance through a process of continuous improvement. ISO 19011 Designed to provide recommendations for Quality and Environmental Management Systems Audits.
The technique that provides a means for quantitatively evaluating the contribution of human error to the degradation of product quality is called: fault hazard analysis failure modes effects analysis fault tree analysis THERP
*THERP a technique for human error predictions was developed by the Scandia Corporation can be used for human components in a system and can be combined with either failure modes effects of fault tree analysis
Which of the following is not an accident investigation technique? STEP MORT RCA THERP
*THERP is not an accident investigation technique. One of the older and more widely used methods of evaluating human performance, THERP is the Technique for Human Error Rate Predication, and was developed by A.D. Swain during the 1960s.
The ANSI Z10 standard is The American National Standard Criteria for Accepted Practices in Safety, Health, and Environmental Training The American National Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems The American National Standard version of the ISO 14001, Environmental Management Systems The American National Standard equivalent of the ISO 9001, Quality Management Systems
*The American National Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Z10 is the equivalent to the British Standards Institute, BS OHSAS 18001
The term Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature (SADT), is defined as: The maximum temperature of a liquid at which it gives off vapor sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with air The minimum temperature of a liquid at which it gives off vapor sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with air The ambient temperature at which a self-sustaining chemical reaction of stored organic peroxides will occur The rate of decomposition of certain organic peroxides when stored at very high temperatures
*The ambient temperature at which a self-sustaining chemical reaction of stored organic peroxides will occur = the ambient temperature at which a run-away reaction will likely occur
Which of the following is not a design parameter that could affect performance with foot controls? Whether the controls require a thrust with or without ankle action The location of the fulcrum (if the pedal is high enough) The color and brightness of the foot control pedal The load or force that is required to activate the foot pedal
*The color and brightness of the foot control pedal Hand controls are far more widely used than foot controls. Generally, the feet are slower and less accurate. Although color may help an operator identify the correct foot pedal in some cases, the color would not affect the performance. Another factor would be the placement of the control relative to the user.
Which is the most correct statement concerning the affliction of frostbite? Frostbite causes uncontrolled shivering Frostbitten skin is soft, puffy and darker than normal The first symptoms of frostbite area "pins and needles" sensations, followed by numbness Frostbite is characterized by irregular heartbeat and respiration
*The first symptoms of frostbite area "pins and needles" sensations, followed by numbness Frostbitten skin is hard, pale, cold and has no feeling. When the skin is thawed, it becomes red and very painful. Severe cases may blister and become gangrenous, resulting in hard frozen skin, sometimes all the way to the bone. Other answers are symptoms of hypothermia
Which of the following components is fundamental in evaluating the success of any management program? A clear presentation of the program results The clear definition of the goals and priorities necessary to manage the program The unit cost of the program results The measurement of the program results against accepted criteria
*The measurement of the program results against accepted criteria Whether the management program is an operations, maintenance, or safety program, the fundamental component necessary toe valuate the success of the program is the comparison of the results against the accepted criteria. Other items are useful, but success is based on achieving the desired results
When you are interviewing a person associated with a recent high-consequence incident, what fundamental law of human behavior must you consider at all times? The person being interviewed will tell you what he or she views is in his or her best interests The person being interviewed can be subpoenaed to provide you any information you think he or she is hiding The person being interviewed will lie to you if you hit upon critical information The person being interviewed will only cooperate in the presence of an attorney or other representative
*The person being interviewed will tell you what he/she views is in his/her best interests Though the other items may be true from time to time, when conducting an incident investigation, remember that the person being interviewed will likely describe things that he/she perceives is in his/her best interest to discuss. This means that if the person being interviewed believes that the incident investigation is in his/her best interests, the interviewer will likely obtain the information sought. If the person being interviewed believes that job reprisals, legal action, or other adverse things will occur, the quality of the information obtained during an interview will likely be degraded
NFPA statistics indicate that over a hundred industrial fires occur each day. Fire/loss analyses show that industrial fires result from a combination of factors. Which of the following is NOT a significant contributing factor to industrial fires? Inadequate automatic sprinklers The presence of non-hazardous processes Building construction deficiencies Excess combustible loading
*The presence of non-hazardous processes
In assessing risk, one of the analytical techniques used by systems safety is called hazard risk. It is: A means used to identify and measure the hazard A way to measure potential hazard conditions in the operational phase A method for calculating the effect of a hazard if allowed to become an accident The product of hazard severity and hazard possibility of occurrence
*The product of hazard severity and hazard possibility of occurrence Risk assessment techniques use mainly system-oriented inductive and deductive analyses. The system safety analytical technique called hazard risk is the product of hazard severity and hazard possibility of occurrence. The other system safety analytical techniques are named hazard identification, operation phase and hazard effects
Flammable limits and range is defined as: The range in which flammable liquids can not ignite The range in which flammable liquids can explode The range in which liquids form flammable mixtures with maximum concentrations of vapor in air or oxygen The range in which gases or vapors form flammable mixtures with air or oxygen
*The range in which gases or vapors form flammable mixtures with air or oxygen There is a minimum concentration of vapor in air or oxygen below which propagation of flame does not occur on contact with a source of ignition
What is meant when a system is said to be "two fault tolerant"? The system will fail when it sustains two independent failures The system will fail when it sustains three independent failures The system is designed to tolerate two independent failures and still operate The system is designed to tolerate three independent failures and still operate
*The system is designed to tolerate two independent failures and still operate Fault-tolerance is a method of designing equipment to sustain one or more independent failures and still operate (or be able to transition into fail-safe mode). In this case, the system is designed to sustain two independent failures and still function. Fault tolerance has nothing to do with when the system will fail (ex. the system may sustain more than three independent failures and still function)
ANSI oversees the development of national standards affecting businesses in the US. ANSI's standards development process focuses on: The selection of key experts for standards committees to assure scientifically sound standards are promulgated The use of European Union approved methods to achieve global dominance of key industries The use of consensus and broad based public involvement to achieve balanced and high quality standards The use of standards to further the business interests of ANSI member companies
*The use of consensus and broad based public involvement to achieve balanced and high quality standards ANSI oversees the development of standards affecting businesses in the US. ANSI's standards development process focuses on the use of consensus and broad based public involvement to achieve balanced and high quality standards. The ANSI standards development process is designed to withstand scrutiny.
Compression of nerves and blood vessels between clavicle and first and second ribs is a disease known as Polymorphous Light Eruption Pneumothorax Atelectasis Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
*Thoracic Outlet Syndrome result of compression of nerves and blood vessels between clavicle and the first and second ribs at the brachial plexus. It can be caused by typing, keying, carrying heavy loads or keeping the head, arms and/or shoulders in an unnatural position
The basic premise of this technique is that for every accident there is a natural course line; that is, with no outside intervention, each accident sequence would eventually end. This technique is known as: Course line plotting Sequential step plotting Time-loss analysis Root cause analysis
*Time-loss analysis is the technique that is based on the premise of a natural course line for accidents
Why would the following types of analyses be routinely conducted? 1. Vibration analysis 2. Lubricant analysis 3. Thermographic analysis To determine how rotating equipment failed To determine whether additional maintenance is needed on rotating equipment To predict the day when rotating equipment will fail To evaluate the overhaul of rotating equipment
*To determine whether additional maintenance is needed on rotating equipment Though any of these could be true, these types of condition monitoring tasks are typically associated with reliability-centered maintenance and help maintenance professionals determine when more extensive maintenance is needed on rotating equipment
for upper extremities, the measurements of repetitiveness are: Cycle time and cycles per work shift Total hand manipulations per cycle, cycle time and total manipulations Total manipulations per cycle time Total manipulations and cycle time
*Total hand manipulations per cycle, cycle time and total manipulations the three measurements of repetitiveness are the total hand manipulations per cycle, the cycle time and the total manipulations or cycles per work shift, according to the OSHA Guidelines
A manufacturing area employee is working where presumed asbestos containing material (PACM) or asbestos containing material (ACM) is being used. If he/she requests info on PACM, the employee is entitled to:
*Training for all employees who are exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos at or above the PEL and/or excursion limit and ensure their participation in the program must get trained upon hire & annually shall also provide training at no cost to employees who perform housekeeping operations in PACM areas training must include, at a minimum: - health effects of asbestos - locations of ACM and PACM - recognition of ACM/PACM damage and deterioration - requirements in this standard relating to housekeeping and proper response to fiber release episodes
The following system is an example of a fail-active design Cylinder with rupture disc Class I Division 1 wiring Transformer with back-up generator B or C
*Transformer with back-up generator A fail active design normally creates redundancy by the use of standby equipment. A back-up generator is a perfect example of a fail active system. Class 1 Division 1 wiring is intrinsically safe Cylinder with rupture disc is fail-passive
Given that incident investigations require resources (time and money), what would be an efficient method to maximize your company's ability to harvest as much information from each incident investigation that is conducted? Perform a formal incident investigation one very incident regardless of complexity and consequence. Perform a formal incident investigation on every complex incident and on every incident with a high consequence. Trend all incidents; perform a formal incident investigation on every complex incident, on every incident with a high consequence, and on other incidents that show a trend. Perform a formal investigation on a randomly selected set of incidents.
*Trend all incidents; perform a formal incident investigation on every complex incident, on every incident with a high consequence, and on other incidents that show a trend The key is trending. An incident can be as minor as a process upset leading to 5 seconds of downtime to a safety-related fatality due to a highly complex sequence of events. No company can afford to investigate every incident unless there is a method for choosing the incidents that will yield the most information and the most opportunity for improving. In some cases, regardless of the complexity, a formal investigation will be commissioned. More frequently, however, a company will want to trend incidents and only perform a formal incident investigation when the trend indicates that there is a higher-than acceptable potential for a repeat. Trending applies to near misses, as well
The risk value for a given hazardous event in a measurement that combines all but the following variables Frequency of process Unanticipated loss Exposed systems Likelihood
*Unanticipated loss
Which is not part of the risk assessment system defined within MORT? Safety Program Review Hazard analysis process Unwanted energy flow Information systems
*Unwanted energy flow not considered under specific control factors and not part of the risk assessment system defined within MORT
The purpose of a start-up review is to: confirm the integrity of the process in accordance with design specifications; ensure that training has been completed; assure that the appropriate procedures are in place; and ____. Ensure the specifications are appropriate Verify that a Preliminary Hazard Analysis has been performed Ensure that quality controls are adequate Verify that a Process Hazard Analysis has been performed
*Verify that a Process Hazard Analysis has been performed A start-up review is to verify that a Process Hazard Analysis has been performed for new facilities and that recommendations have been implemented prior to start-up
The chemistry of fire is depicted by a fire triangle. Which of the following does not apply? Air, heat and fuel comprise the three elements of the triangle All 3 elements must be present to sustain combustion The combustion process will cease when any one of the 3 elements is removed Water must be used to extinguish any fire
*Water must be used to extinguish any fire
In some combustible gas meters, an electrical circuit consisting of a series of resistors is used to measure the mixture of combustible gas to air. This circuit is called:
*Wheatstone Bridge the resistors are balanced and one leg of the circuit, called a hot wire, causing exposure to the suspect atmosphere. If a combustible mixture is present, a catalytic combustion increases wire resistance and causes an imbalance
The procurement/acquisition process is frequently overlooked as the stakeholder in the design of systems. At which point in the design process should representatives from procurement be integrated into the design team? At the very beginning When the system's design intents are well understood (preliminary design review is complete) When the system's component specifications are established (critical design review is complete) When the system is ready to be released for bid or fulfillment
*When the system's design intents are well understood (preliminary design review is complete) Though bringing in representatives from procurement at the very beginning may provide some design insight, the best time to integrate procurement into the design process is when the actual design intent of the system is well understood. At this point, procurement can provide insight on specific component specifications and vendors that can provide the required components and services
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - biological - security - social - ego/status - self-realization. Once a lower need is met a person seeks the next higher need. All of the following factors complicate hierarchical motivation EXCEPT Multiple Motivation - People are often motivated by more than one need - for example, seeking recognition from fellow workers and supervisor Psychological Needs - These are continuing needs such as recognition and affection Conflicting Motives - Some motives can cause conflict - for example, desiring a promotion but fearing responsibilities Withdrawal Needs - Removes self from situation - physically or psychologically
*Withdrawal Needs - Removes self from situation - physically or psychologically
As the facility safety professional, you have become acquainted with 2 line employees that want to learn more about occupational safety in their own work environments beyond what is typically provided to them in their standard training courses. Which of the following is the best way to encourage their continued interest in safety? Work with the employees and their supervisors to develop mutually agreeable written individual development plans outlining new training goals and safety-related responsibilities Work with their supervisors to send them to advanced occupational safety training Work with the employees and their supervisors to permit them to accompany you for a week Work with their supervisors to assign these employees as safety coordinators in their respective operations
*Work with the employees and their supervisors to develop mutually agreeable written individual development plans outlining new training goals and safety-related responsibilities Individual development plans (IDPs) are agreements between employees and their managers to help increase the employees' satisfaction with their jobs. IDPs should include measurable performance goals for attending training, demonstrating new skills, and achieving more diverse job responsibilities.
The interaction of component parts to perform a function or task that accomplishes something defines: an analysis a system a planning method a sub-system
*a system A system is an orderly arrangement of components that are interrelated and that act and interact to perform some task or function. As parts of a system, the components usually interact and complement each other, however, it is essential to recognize that a malfunction of one component can effect others which impacts on the total system
what factor least influences the interchange of heat between man and his environment moisture content of the air air velocity air density air temperature
*air density the density of the air is not one of the major influencing factors in heat exchange between man and the environment
in the application of principles of guarding, what does Zero Mechanical State (ZMS) mean? all energy sources neutralized all electrical energy off guards are not effective all electrical energy locked and tagged out
*all energy sources neutralized ZMS is discussed in ANSI Z241.1-1981
which of the following is an example of a program sponsored by an Employee Assistance Program? smoking cessation occupational counseling substance abuse counseling all of the above
*all of the above Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) have gained popularity as a management system to retain good employees by assisting them with their personal problems that cause occupational problems. For example, in many cases an employee with an alcohol or other substance abuse problem can enroll in the appropriate EAP program for treatment without the risk of termination provided that the employee meets all of the requirements of the program
Process piping must be inspected periodically to determine whether the piping is nearing the end of its useful life. Which of the following items would you expect to be measured during a routine piping inspection? pipe wall thickness presence of fractures within the metal grain presence of visual discoloration all of the above
*all of the above Routine pipe inspections are non-destructive and are primarily visual (inside and outside). Pipe wall thickness is measured using electronic analysis tools, and any fractures/unexpected visual findings are noted for more detailed analysis
Periodic ergonomic surveys of the worksite should be conducted at least: weekly annually bi-annually monthly
*annually According to OSHA Guidelines, periodic surveys of the worksite should be conducted at least annually, or whenever operations change
An example of a non-fail safe device would be: any single point of failure deadman switches circuit breaker GFCI
*any single point of failure
round ducts are better than square ducts because round ducts: can be made air-tight easier use less material for the same size are stronger have less friction
*are stronger in industrial applications, high velocities, and therefore high SP's, are normally used. this condition results in duct collapses. circular ducts are more able to withstand this stress.
a person who is aware of a danger and its extent and knowingly exposes himself, assumes all risks and can not recover damages even through he is injured through no fault of his own. this principle is known as joint tort contributor negligence fright without physical contact assumption of risk
*assumption of risk there is much litigation in this area
The NFPA identifies a combustible liquid as one having a flash point: at or above 140degF at or above 100degF at or above 200degF at or below 70degF
*at or above 100degF Flammable Class 1 - FP below 100degF Class 1A - BP below 100degF; FP below 73degF Class 1B - BP at or above 100degF; FP below 73degF Class 1C - FP at or above 73degF and below 100degF Combustible Class II - FP at or above 100degF and below 140degF Class III - at or above 140degF Class IIIA - at or above 140degF and below 200degF Class IIIB - at or above 200degF
the greatest single contributor to urban air pollution is electric utilities burning oil electric power generating stations who burn coal automobiles process manufacturing plants
*automobiles cars & trucks are major sources of CO, NOxs, & VOCs which interact in the presence of sunlight to produce ground-level ozone pollution commonly referred to at smog. Researchers allege the automobile is responsible for approximately 40% of urban smog nationally and a great deal more in some areas of California
anthropometric data is widely used in epidemiology ergonomics/human factors engineering biomechanics b & c
*b & c anthropometry is concerned with measurement of the human body included in these measurements are body dimensions, range of body member and muscle strength. also considered are dimensions taken statically and dynamically. viewed in physical terms, the body is a complex system of levers and motors attached to a frame. biomechanics deals with the study and function of the body in relation to dynamics of man-machine systems. ergonomics/HFE use anthropometric data to design and construct equipment, tools, etc. that work safely and efficiently with humans
Single cellular organisms that can cause occupational illnesses are called:
*bacteria Viruses do not have the components of ac ell Protozoa are multi-cellular organisms, many of which are parasitic
The "bathtub" curve is a stress related depiction that describes the relationship between component failure and exposure. Failures occurring during early stages of use occur in the debugging period, which is also called: experimental period burn-in period burn-out period grooved period
*burn-in period
"Due Diligence" is commonly used to describe evaluation of: air pollution control equipment business property transactions commercial hazardous waste management facilities prior to waste shipments the integrity of landfill and surface impoundment liners
*business property transactions/transfers as a natural extension of business due diligence with respect to asset values, accounts receivable, etc. Due diligence is often accomplished through the mechanism of an environmental site assessment, also known as a property transfer assessment. Such investigations attempt to discover and estimate the risks, liabilities, and costs of various environmental impacts associated with current conditions and past activities at the site.
chemical protective clothing (CPC) can introduce the following hazards to an emergency responder except heat stress visual limitations physical limitations carbon monoxide
*carbon monoxide CPC can cause discomfort to the wearer, especially heat stress and many physiological stresses during use. An SCBA is worn which supplies uncontaminated breathing air
a common injury to the wrist involving the median nerve that produces tingling and numbness is: wrist drop carpal tunnel syndrome raynaud's syndrome white finger
*carpal tunnel syndrome is an injury/inflammation of the carpal tunnel of the wrist. the median nerve is compressed resulting in numbness and tingling in areas served by the median nerve. other symptoms are also common i.e. pain and sometimes muscle atrophy
Building sprinklers systems often does not pass the inspectors criteria due to broken water pipes closed PIV electronic failure lack of pressure
*closed PIV the most common cause of building sprinkler system failure is that someone has closed the post-indicator valve (PIV) and failed to reopen it
which of the following is located in the inner ear? ear drum ossicles eustachian tube cochlea
*cochlea the cochlea is the auditory part of the inner ear and is shaped like a snail shell. it contains the basilar membrane on which the end organs of the auditory nerve are distributed
An instantaneous exposure excursion to ammonia ranging up to 250 ppm should: be of no concern not be considered when the TWA is calculated considered an unacceptable event be regarded as a measurement artifact
*considered an unacceptable event an excursion of this magnitude for a fast acting irritant would be considered unacceptable. for more info see ACGIH TLV pamphlet
The ratio of a project input cost to an impact measure when the latter is assigned a dollar value, ex. dollars spent compared to dollars saved by preventing a fatal injury is called cost-benefit ratio cost-benefit analysis cost-effectiveness ratio cost-effectiveness analysis
*cost-benefit ratio ratio of dollars spent to dollars saved
disorders that result from repeated exertions or movements of the body are most often described by which of the following terms? regional musculoskeletal disorders cumulative trauma disorders occupational cervicobrachial disorders occasional trauma disorder
*cumulative trauma disorders disorders that are caused, precipitated or aggravated by repeated exertion or movements of the body are most frequently called cumulative trauma disorders (CTD). other less commonly used terms include: repetitive trauma disorders, repetitive strain injuries, overuse syndromes, regional musculoskeletal disorders
If the air temperature is above the skin temperature you should ____ the air velocity to reduce the convective load increase decrease stop not change
*decrease If the air temperature is above the skin temperature, increasing the air velocity will increase the convective load, however it may increase the heat loss by evaporation
Systems safety techniques employ the use of four categories of analysis. Fault tree analysis is an example of which of the following: Deductive analysis Inductive analysis Qualitative hazard analysis Quantitative hazard analysis
*deductive analysis deductive analysis starts with a general topic, or hazardous event, and logically determines its specific causes
which term best describes a subsonic explosion? propagation detonation deflagration auto ignition
*deflagration deflagration is a term describing subsonic combustion propagating through heat transfer; hot burning material heats the next layer of cold material and ignites it. most "fire" found in daily life, from flames to explosions, is deflagration. deflagration is a rapid high energy release combustion event that propogates through a gas or an explosive material at subsonic speeds, driven by the transfer of heat. deflagration is different from detonation, which is supersonic and propagates through shock. deflagration is different from detonation transition refers to a phenomenon in ignitable mixtures of flammable gas and air (or oxygen) when a sudden transition takes place from a deflagration type of combustion to a detonation type of combustion. in its most benign form, a deflagration propagation velocities, perhaps up to 2000 m/s, and substantial overpressures, up to 20 confinement and many obstacles in the flame path that cause turbulent flame eddy currents, a subsonic flame may accelerate to supersonic speed, transitioning from deflagration to detonation
the most prevalent occupational disease is black lung silicosis asbestosis dermatitis
*dermatitis is the most prevalent occupational disease. it occurs in most every industry and occupation, since skin irritants and sensitizers are used throughout the industry. the other answers are restricted to specific exposures to employees in certain industries
To increase the reliability of a process, which of the following methods would least likely be used? design parallel components design complementary components design redundancy into the system design series components
*design complimentary components parallel and series design as well as redundancy are all appropriate methods for increasing the reliability of a system
when attempting to reduce ergonomic injuries, which of the following actions is most proactive? design reviews injury/illness data review medical surveillance audits/assessments
*design reviews allow for ergonomic issues to be identified and eliminated before workers are exposed, which is the most proactive step. reviewing injury/illness data, conducting medical surveillance, and audits find the problem once it has occurred or is occurring
A safety program begins by developing a policy statement assuring compliance with all OSHA standards soliciting support of the facilities department training all employees
*developing a policy statement Management must develop a policy statement that clearly defines managements support and the role each member of the organization must take
Thumb pad and the pads of three of four fingers oppose each other near the tips (object grasped does not touch the palm). this coupling is known as palm grip disc grip tip grip lateral grip
*disc grip The "disc grip" or "thumb-fingertips enclosure" is the coupling that results when the thumb pad is opposed to three-four fingers. arrange your fingers as described and you will see where the coupling grip got its name
What is the most appropriate definition of human factors engineering? discipline dealing with man/machine interface discipline related to industrial psychology discipline seeking to improve worker happiness discipline to increase worker efficiency
*discipline dealing with man/machine interface Factors it considers include sensory inputs, operator response, operator movements, work/rest cycles, and whether the speed and accuracy are required. B & C are marginally related to human factors engineering
All of the following as methods of smoke management are recognized by NFPA except airflow buoyancy compartmentalization dispersion
*dispersion Smoke management refers to methods employed to modify smoke movement to the benefit of evacuating occupants or firefighters, or to reduce property losses and damage. Airflow, buoyancy, compartmentation, dilution and pressurization are mechanisms of smoke management that are utilized individually or in combination to reduce harmful effects of a fire. dispersion is related to the distribution of water from a fire sprinkler head or of the agent from a fire extinguisher
kinematic analyses are based on the relationships of: non-uniaxial motion and uniaxial motion displacement and acceleration displacement, velocity, and acceleration longitudinal motion and latitiudinal motion
*displacement, velocity, and acceleration these are vector quantities
quality of illumination pertains to the Distribution of brightness in the visual environment Desirable number of foot candles that satisfies environmental needs Illumination ratio between surfaces Differences in the ratio between the light source and reflected surface
*distribution of brightness in the visual environment The factors to be considered for good illumination are quantity, the amount of illumination that procedures brightness on the task and its surroundings, and quality, which pertains to the distribution of brightness in a visual environment and includes the color of light, its direction, diffusion and degree of glare. in a positive sense, quality of illumination implies that all brightnesses contribute favorably to visual performance, visual comfort, ease of seeing, safety, and aesthetics for the specific task involved
Special hazard terminology has been developed for cranes and derricks. What is the correct term for an undetected hazard, created as a result of the crane's design or by the crane's use? dormant armed active b or c
*dormant armed and active are other types of crane and derrick hazards
the vestibular nerve is located within: brain eye ear carpals
*ear the vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve comprise the statoacoustic nerve which is found in the ear
One of the problems with the old method of using cotton earplugs is cerumen. Cerumen is also detrimental to some of the modern earplugs. What is cerumen? ear canal hair cells earwax fluids secreted by the cochlea secretions of the hypothalamus
*earwax if cotton plugs were used the earwax would bind the cotton together minimizing the protective effect
The forklift truck primarily recommended for use in an area that contains a flammable vapor is electric diesel LP-gas gasoline
*electric According to 29CFR1910.178, the electric is the only forklift truck authorized in certain flammable atmospheres
What kind of industrial hazard can lead to an accident resulting in either death OR an accident with no severe lasting effects? chemical mechanical electrical ionizing radiation
*electrical depending on a number of conditions (ex. skin thickness, surface moisture, part of body involved, duration of current flow through the victim, etc.), an electric shock can result in either death or no lasting effect except for body burns that generally heal
A material harmful to an organism in the early stages of development before birth, at a concentration that has no adverse effect on the pregnant female is called: embryotoxin mutagin nystagen teratotoxin
*embryotoxin
which of the following statements concerning employee access to exposure and medical records is false? employers must preserve records for duration of employment + 30 years employers may request to see their medical records employees have a right to see MSDSs employers do not have to show employees their exposure records
*employers do not have to show employees their exposure records employees have the right to see all of their exposure data and medical records employers have 48 hrs to provide docs
the method of guarding by fixed physical barriers that are mounted on a machine to prevent access to the moving parts is called: enclosure interlock fixed guard barriers
*enclosure
Good engineering controls for manual materials handling tasks are based on which of the following principles? anthropometry epidemiology ergonomics physiology
*ergonomics Good engineering controls involve designing the workplace to fit the worker is one of the definitions for Ergonomics. The key scientific areas that have been studied for the purpose of developing ergonomic guidelines for workplace design include: anthropometry, biomechanics, epidemiology and physiology
The most critical step in any safety program evaluation is the development of: evaluation protocol checklist time with plant people walk through survey evaluation team leader
*evaluation protocol checklist An evaluation will rise and fall on the quality of the evaluation protocol/checklist. The protocol determines the areas to be examined, the level of detail, in general, the questions to be asked
A technique which defines a primary chain of events that led to the accident can be organized chronologically from left to right across the middle of a bulletin board is known as: time and event plotting event and causal factors charts event tree analysis fault tree analysis
*event and causal factors charts is a technique that organizes (charts) events chronologically to help determine accident causation
which of the following is not a symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome cannot tell hot from cold excessive sweating of hand and wrist lack of strength trouble performing simple manipulative tasks
*excessive sweating of the hand and wrist carpal tunnel syndrome patients often develop autonomic nerve damage which results in loss of the sweat function, leaving dry, shiny skin. the remainder of the answers are common symptoms of CTS
human factors engineering is fitting the worker to the task or the task to the worker. man is better at all of the following except: exerting large forces smoothly handling the unexpected sensitive to a wide variety of stimuli flexibility
*exerting large forces smoothly
A statement by a manufacturer or dealer, either in writing or orally, that a product is suitable for a specific purpose, will perform in a specific way, or contains specific safeguards is known as: warranty implied warranty expressed warranty res ipsa loquitur
*expressed warranty statement that implies that a product will perform in some manner or in a specific way
An over-current device could be defined as a/an: electrical capacitor, with discharge resistor step-up transformer pendant push button control station, with metal messenger expulsion fuse
*expulsion fuse The basic overcurrent devices are the fuse and circuit breaker. They should be installed in every circuit to interrupt the current flow when it exceeds the safe capacity of the conductors. An expulsion fuse is intended for use in central distribution stations, in general plants, or on overhead lines. They are designed such that when they blow, the gases generated aid in quenching the arc.
in coal mining, overexposure to respirable coal mine dust can lead to coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), a lung disease that can be disabling and fatal in its most severe form. the best protective measure to control respirable coal dust during longwall mining shearer operations is face ventilation drum-mounted water sprays cutting drum bit maintenance directional water spray systems
*face ventilation historically, longwall operations have had difficulty in maintaining consistent compliance with the Federal dust standard of 2.0 mg/m3. on most longwall faces, the shearer cutting action is the primary dust source and the largest contributor to respirable dust exposure of face personnel. face ventilation: as with all mining methods, ventilation is the primary means to dilute liberated methane to safe levels. it is also the principle method of controlling respirable dust on the longwall face. providing adequate amounts of air to dilute and carry airborne dust down the face and prevent it from migrating into the walkway has been and continues to be a goal for longwall operators. drum-mounted water sprays: apply water for dust suppression directly at the point of coal fracture and add moisture to the product to minimize dust liberation during coal transport. although very effective at minimizing dust generation at the point of coal fracture, shearer drum water sprays can actually increase airborne respirable dust levels if operated at water pressures that are too high. cutting drum bit maintenance: previous research has sown that bits with large carbide inserts and a smooth transition between the steel shank and the carbide reduce dust levels. the prompt replacement of damaged, worn, or missing bits cannot be overemphasized. a dull bit rubs against the coal, which results in an ineffective use of available cutting force and the inability to penetrate the coal at designed rates. this results in shallow cutting, which greatly increases dust generation. directional water spray systems: water spras can be very efficient air movers and, if applied properly, can be used to augment the primary airflow and reduce the amount of shearer-generated dust that migrates into the walkway near the shearer. water sprays mounted on the shearer body act very much like small fans, moving air and entraining dust in the direction of their orientation. poorly designed shearer-mounted spray systems with nozzles directed upwind as the cutting drums actually force dust away from the face; where it mixes with clean intake air and is carried out into the walkway over shearer operations
Fail-safe designs try to ensure that a failure will leave the product unaffected or will convert it to a state in which no injury or damage will occur. Which design does NOT meet this criteria? fail passive arrangements fail active design fail operational arrangements fail mode design
*fail mode design all of the following designs may be considered fail safe. FAIL PASSIVE ARRANGEMENTS are similar to fuses and circuit breakers; they reduce the system to its first level FAIL ACTIVE DESIGN maintains any condition that will keep the system in a safe mode until corrective or overriding action occurs FAIL OPERATION ARRANGEMENTS allow functions to continue safely until corrective action is possible
A system safety design concept that allows functions to continue safely given a failure is: intrinsically safe fail active fail passive fail operational
*fail operational A fail operational design allows a system that is experiencing a failure to continue to operate safely until corrective action is possible. Limited disruption, if any, is experienced
A design that automatically reduces the system to its lowest energy level is considered: fail safe fail passive fail ceased fail non-operational
*fail passive
the primary office hazard is falls VDTs paper cuts alcoholism
*falls
A formalized deductive technique that works backward from a defined accident to identify and graphically display the condition of failures and operational errors that led to the accident is called: fault tree analysis failure modes and effects analysis fault hazard analysis event tree analysis
*fault tree analysis "top down" analysis FMEA - "bottom up" technique, where failures are identified that can possibly lead to the "top event", the accident
guarding by means of rail enclosure which restricts access to a machine is called: point of operation protection fixed guard enclosure fencing
*fencing
What effect in the lung tissue is caused by asbestos and silica dust?
*fibrosis lung becomes scarred and inflexible
this ailment is characterized by aches, pain, and stiffness of joints and muscles. the pain is felt in the muscles and the points where the muscles are attached to the bones. common tender points are the front of the elbow and hip joint, the rear of the knee or shoulder, the base of the neck, and along the vertebrae. which ailment is indicated? fibrositis tendonitis tenosynovitis carpal tunnel syndrome
*fibrositis
What is the most critical period in crisis management? first 24 hours first week first month first year
*first 24 hours Management's function is to explain problem, control rumors and control panic
What type of guarding should be installed at the approach zone to a fixed robotized workstation? chain link fence pressure sensitive mats fixed barrier with interlock gate kill switch
*fixed barrier with interlock gate a robotized work station is divided into a robot movement zone (work envelope) and the zone of approach to it. The boundaries of the zone can be defined so that the limits within which protection is provided are known. Fixed barriers with interlocked gates permit workzone entry into an area, free from robot movement, which are monitored by the interlock. More detail on safety requirements for industrial robots can be found in ANSI/RIA R 15.06 - 1986 and NIOSH publication number 88-108
in waste parlance the term "rubbish" and "garbage" have different meanings. rubbish is the portion of waste not containing: cloth paper wood food
*food "garbage" refers to food waste while rubbish refers to non-hazardous, non-food waste
the unit used as the unit of illumination equivalent to a lumen per square foot is which of the following? foot candle lumen candela LUX
*foot candle the classic unit of illumination is the footcandle which is equivalent to one lumen/square foot
a form of pulmonary function testing is FVC, which means full volume capacity forced vital capacity full vital capacity forced volume capacity
*forced vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled forcefully after a maximal inspiration, exhaling as fast as possible
Which is not a particulate? fume mist gas smoke
*gas fume - solid particles generated by condensation from the gaseous state, generally after volatilization from melted substance (ex. welding), and often accompanied by a chemical reaction such as oxidation. Gases and vapors are not fumes. Mist - an aerosol consisting of liquid particles generated by condensation of a substance from the gaseous to the liquid state Gas - a substance that is the gaseous state at room temperature and pressure Smoke - a visible suspension of carbon or other particles in air, typically one emitted by a burning substance
Which of the following would be most effective in reducing dermatitis in electroplaters? barrier creams gloves local exhaust ventilation frequent hand washing
*gloves prevent contact with the offending agent
Raynaud's syndrome is caused by repetitive motion stresses improper lifting improper posture hand-arm vibration
*hand-arm vibration AKA vibration white finger disease caused by repeated exposure to hand-arm vibration in the 500-1200 Hz range
The heart of the systems safety approach is: failure analysis hazard analysis charting and modeling structural analysis
*hazard analysis An effective hazard analysis effort over the life cycle of a system is the spine on which all body components of a safety program are attached. Anticipating and controlling hazards at the design stages of an activity is the cornerstone of a system safety effort.
In doing a Risk Assessment for your hazard analysis, what is the most appropriate definition of risk? hazard severity x hazard probability psychometric hazard perception anthropologic perception of hazard hazard fault
*hazard severity x hazard probability psychometric hazard perception & anthropologic perception of hazard are social risk parameters that have little value in system safety
The NFPA 704 diamond has 4 classes of materials by position and color on the diamond. The classes are: Health hazard, flammability, reactivity, and specific hazards Toxicity, ignitability, corrosivity, and reactivity explosivity, health, flammability, and specific hazards health hazards, flammability, reactivity, and corrosivity
*health hazard, flammability, reactivity, and specific hazards health hazard - blue flammability - red reactivity - yellow specific hazards - white
HMIS labels contain which of the following information? health, fire, reactivity, toxicity health, fire, reactivity, PPE toxicity, fire, reactivity, PPE health, fire, reactivity, special precautions
*health, fire, reactivity, PPE HMIS uses a standard label for communicating hazards
in workers' compensation cases involving hearing loss, the term low fence is often heard. low fence also varies by state. what is the meaning of this term? minimum noise level the worker must be able to hear hearing threshold level at which impairment begins minimum acceptable dollar value related to the loss maximum acceptable dollar value related to the loss
*hearing threshold level at which impairment begins
the condition that results when the body's heat regulating mechanism fails to function is: heat cramps heat exhaustion heat stroke heat syncope
*heat stroke with heat syncope, cramps, and exhaustion the body is still capable of producing sweat and is, therefore, able to achieve some cooling
Static electricity is best described as: Low current with low voltage Low voltage with high current High voltage with low current High voltage with high current
*high voltage with low current A static electrical charge may be wither positive or negative and is manifested when some force has separated the positive electrons from the negative protons of an atom. Typical forces include flowing, mixing, pouring, pumping, filtering, or agitating materials where there is the forceful separation of two like or unlike materials. Examples of static generation are common with operations involving the movement of liquid hydrocarbons, gases contaminated with particles (ex. metal scale and rust), liquid particles (ex. paint spray, steam), and dust or fibers (ex. drive belts, conveyors). The static electric charging rate is increased greatly by increasing the speed of separation (ex. flow rate and turbulance), low conductivity materials (ex. hydrocarbon liquids), and surface area of the interface (ex. pipe or hose length, and micropore filters). Protection from effects of static electricity include: identification of potential static buildup areas; measures to reduce the rate of static electricity generation; and provisions to dissipate accumulated static electricity discharges. Control measures include bonding and grounding, inerting, and humidity control. The lower the humidity, the higher the potential for static electricity buildup
(lateral aspect): what is the common name for the point at the tip of the femoral trochanter, 1.0 cm anterior to the most laterally projecting part of the femoral trochanter? knee hip thorax lumbar
*hip the hip is the point at the tip of the femoral trochanter and meets the other two conditions described above
a primary sign of heat stroke on a worker is cherry red skin pale, clammy skin hot, dry skin nausea
*hot, dry skin there is no sweating with heat stroke. other answers are associated with heat exhaustion
All of the following are examples of malfunctions which cause an impact to a system EXCEPT structural mechanical power human
*human The potential malfunctions in any system include - structural failure - mechanical malfunctions - power failures - electrical malfunctions The human component, though critical, is not considered a malfunction
work operations, reach, operator's position and posture are all best analyzed by: civil engineers human factor engineers safety engineers environmental engineers
*human factor engineers would utilize these variables to conduct studies
the optimum locations for "components" would be predicated on which of the following? Anthropometric and biomechanical characteristics Human sensory, anthropometric, and biomechanical characteristics Performance of some operational activity Body dimension and reach
*human sensory, anthropometric, and biomechanical characteristics it is reasonable to hypothesize that any given component has a generally "optimum" location, which would be predicated on the human sensory, anthropometric, and biomechanical characteristics
Which of the following is not an oxidizer? fluorine hydrazine potassium permanganate hydrogen peroxide
*hydrazine Oxidizing agents generally are recognizable by their structures or names. They tend to have a high oxygen ratio in their structures and sometimes release oxygen as a result of thermal decomposition. Oxidizing agents often have per prefixes (perchlorate, peroxides, and permanganate) and end in -ate (chromate, nitrate, chlorate). Strong oxidizers have more potential incompatibilities than perhaps any other chemical group (with the possible exception of water-reactive substances). Oxidizers should not be stored or mixed with any other material except under carefully controlled conditions. Storing oxidizing and reducing agents where they could mix can be a recipe for disaster. Common oxidizing agents listed in decreasing order of oxidizing strength include: fluorine chlorine ozone sulfuric acid (concentrated) hydrogen peroxide oxygen perchloric acid (concentrated) hydrochlorous acid metallic iodates metal chlorates bromine lead dioxide ferric (iron +3) salts metallic permanganates iodine metallic dichromates sulfur nitric acid (concentrated) stannic (tin +4) salts
The main reason for safety inspections is to identify unsafe acts determine compliance with OSHA standards prepare for insurance audits identify and correct workplace hazards
*identify and correct workplace hazards
job safety analysis is a technique to establish safety procedures for each job determine physical demands of each job identify hazards associated with each step of the job improve the workplace environment
*identify hazards associated with each step of the job in addition, developing a solution for each hazard that will eliminate or control the exposure
The primary reason for conducting an accident investigation is to: reduce the cost for workers' compensation find and fix the blame identify the cause and take actions to prevent recurrence prepare reports needed for litigation
*identify the cause and take actions to prevent recurrence
Safety professionals use accident investigations to: prepare for OSHA inspections collect accident performance data identify the hazards that caused the accident prepare defense for litigation
*identify the hazards that caused the accident so that it can be corrected. Although the information obtained during an accident investigation may provide useful data, this is not the primary reason for the investigation
What is a disadvantage of having an external group evaluate the safety program? more objective fresh perspective image as "critics" non-prejudicial
*image as "critics"
NIOSH has conducted over 500 IAQ investigations. The primary factor responsible for complaints is: building furnishings microbial contamination inadequate ventilation unknown cause
*inadequate ventilation responsible for 52% of complaints followed by contamination inside the building (16%), unknown (13%), and contamination from outside the building (10%)
Maintenance ground-keepers often use self-propelled machines to assist them with their work. The most protective type of guard used for this equipment is the: self-adjusting adjustable interlocked fixed
*interlocked self-propelled lawn mowers and snow blowers are interlocked with the source of power so that the machine cannot be operated without all guards in place. The interlocking guard prevents operation of the control that sets that machine in motion until the guard is moved into position, so that the operator cannot reach the point of operation or of the point of danger
a plant manager goes from a quiet office to the plant floor where loud noises are present. what type of occupational noise exposure does the plant manager encounter?
*intermittent 3 classes of occupational noise exposures: - continuous noise (constant ~8hrs/day) - intermittent noise (exposure to a given broadband sound-pressure level several x/day_ - impact-type noise (sharp burst of sound; ex. hammer blows or explosions; generally less than 0.5sec durations; should not exceed 140dB)
Eyes are sometimes affected by extremely small amounts of irritant, causing them to redden and water. An irritant of this type is called lachrymator epiphora dyspnea erythema
*lachrymator can be thought of a material that causes your eyes to produce tears = eye irritants
The least likely reason accidents generally occur is a result of: personality factors environmental factors physical limitations lack of a safety policy or program
*lack of a safety policy or program Accident causation is very diverse, but generally each accident is a result of a combination of factors
When designing a safety program, it is essential that psychological factors like: 1) individual differences 2) motivation 3) emotion 4) attitudes and 5) ______ be considered. reward punishment learning negativism
*learning Learning underlies much of what makes for differences and similarities among people. Through learning, people have developed certain kinds of psychological needs, habitual patterns of behavior, ways of reacting to emotion, and the attitudes which brought them into the workplace. It is essential to consider learning because training is a major consideration in safety programming.
which of the following does not apply when one considers the design of physical space and arrangement of components? frequency-of-use sequence-of-use link principle importance principle
*link principle is not an appropriate term. the other terms all directly apply to the design of the physical space.
Hep B infects the:
*liver can develop into serious/fatal problems such as - cirrhosis - liver cancer - chronic liver disease some people have no symptoms and can be carriers HBV is more common and is a much hardier virus than HIV; it can exist on a surface for up to 30 days --> greater hazard than HIV
one protective signaling (fire alarm) system that does not notify the local Fire Department in event of alarm condition is: auxiliary remote local proprietary
*local the local fire alarm system is intended to warn local residents and usually only sounds an evacuation alarm. it does not normally ring in the fire protection service. the auxiliary system is a local alarm with the added feature of a circuit to the municipal fire alarm system (usually through a local master alarm box). the remote alarm system sends a signal to a remote location (usually manned 24 hrs/day) that group in turn notifies the local fire protection agency. the proprietary system is widely used in commercial occupancies. the term proprietary indicates that the alarm is recieved by someone with proprietary interest in the property as well as the fire department. this sytem coupled with a central alarm can allow on-site activation of protective devices (ex. closing of doors, vents for smoke control, control of elevators, startup of ventilators, etc.)
In product safety, the safety professional must give consideration to the design parameters involving malfunctions, operator errors, environmental differences and: safety margins ergonomics loss minimization structure failure
*loss minimization The design factors that must be considered include: - minimizing loss - malfunctions - operator error - environmental conditions Minimizing loss is a provision of protective methods which can be applied to product safety for the purpose of containment and damage minimization. Examples include bumpers, seat belts, explosion barriers and other forms of energy absorbing mechanisms or personal protective safety devices
Which of the following ergonomically related orthopedic problems leads to the greatest morbidity and cost? carpal tunnel syndrome low back syndrome ganglion formation trigger finger
*low back syndrome
Flash Point is defined as the ____ temperature that will produce a vapor concentration high enough to propagate a flame when a source of ignition is present. lowest highest normal absolute
*lowest The FP of a liquid corresponds roughly to the lowest temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is just sufficient to produce a flammable mixture at the lower limit of flammability
what color is used to identify ionizing radiation? red magenta green orange
*magenta
One function of management is to set goals and objectives. One way to do this is: performance review management by objectives (MBO) zero-based budgeting objective oriented outlook (OOO)
*management by objectives (MBO) is a well-recognized method to set goals and measure the results
there are similarities and differences between motor-vehicle safety and industrial safety. which similarity or similarities stand out? supervisory control environment control management's policy employee policy
*management's policy a statement of management's intent bears the same importance in motor-vehicle accident control as it is in industrial safety. generally, the policy spells out: Management's statement that safety on the road is important; the company safety program includes the driver; the driver will support the program, and specific safety responsibilities will be assigned to management. Motor-vehicle safety is different from industrial safety in two ways; On the road employees are not under constant supervision as they are in the plant nor can the driving environment be controlled as effectively as it can within an industry setting
The design, development and delivery of a new product can be called: system engineering manufacturing system production cycle designing for manufacturing
*manufacturing system The system incorporates accidental loss consideration involving system integration of Man/Machine/Environment (occupational safety) with subsystems pre-production safety and quality reviews (product safety)
a tank truck has been involved in a fire. by the time you arrive the label ont he truck only indicates that the material has a pH of 12. what does this tell you? material is flammable material is acidic material is basic material is neutral
*material is basic
which of the following occupations has experienced the highest incidence of cumulative trauma disorders? laborers meat cutters assemblers metal finishers
*meat cutters from liberty mutual insurance statistics involving workers compensation claims/100 workers/year for cumulative trauma disorders: meatcutters and butchers - 0.4988 laborers - 0.1670 metal finishers - 0.0782 assemblers - 0.0593
the primary factors that influence thermal regulation of the human body are: metabolism, convection, evaporation, heat load metabolism, radiation, evaporation, convection metabolism, heat balance, and heat load convection and heat load
*metabolism, radiation, evaporation, convection
The term "dry chemical" fire extinguishing agent is associated with flammable liquids. What material is the term "dry powder" associated with? electrical insulation exotic chemicals metals fibers
*metals the designation "dry powder" has been especially chosen to indicate an agent's susceptibility for use on Class D (combustible metal) fires. The term "dry chemical" is reserved for agents effective on A:B:C or B:C fires
Which of the following is NOT an example of protective footwear? safety-toed boots metatarsal guards molders (foundry) shoes conductive footwear
*metatarsal guards Metatarsal guards are not shoes; they typically are strapped to the outside of a shoe to protect the instep area from impact and compression. Metatarsal guards are typically made of aluminum, steel, fiber or plastic Safety shoes have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant soles that protect the feet against hot work surfaces common in roofing, paving and hot metal industries. The metal insoles of some safety shoes protect against puncture wounds. Safety shoes may also be designated to be electrically conductive to prevent the buildup of static electricity in areas with the potential for explosive atmospheres or nonconductive to protect workers from workplace electrical hazards Electrically conductive shoes provide protection against the buildup of static electricity. Employees working in explosive and hazardous locations such as explosives manufacturing facilities or grain elevators must wear conductive shoes to reduce the risk of static electricity buildup on the body that could produce a spark and cause an explosion or fire. Foot powder should not be used in conjunction with protective conductive footwear because it provides insulation, reducing the conductive ability of the shoes. Silk, wool, and nylon socks can produce static electricity and should not be work with conductive footwear. Conductive shoes must be removed when the task requiring their use is completed. Note: Employees exposed to electrical hazards must never wear conductive shoes Electrical hazard, safety-toe shoes are nonconductive and will prevent the wearers' feet from completing an electrical circuit to the ground. These shoes can protect against open circuits of up to 600 volts in dry conditions and should be used in conjunction with other insulating equipment and additional precautions to reduce the risk of a worker becoming a path for hazardous electrical energy. The insulating protection of electrical hazard, safety-toe shoes may be compromised if the shoes become wet, the soles are worn through, metal particles become embedded int he sole or heel, or workers touch conductive, ground items. Note: Nonconductive footwear must not be used in explosive or hazardous locations Foundry shoes, in addition to insulating the feet from the extreme heat or molten metal, keep hot metal from lodging in shoe eyelets, tongues, or other shoe parts. These snug-fitting leather or leather-substitute shoes have leather or rubber soles and rubber heels. All foundry shoes must have built-in safety toes
system safety is defined as: method to detect and eliminate potential hazards an engineering method analysis of major components statistical analysis of the safety system
*method to detect and eliminate potential hazards systems safety is the utilization of systematic scientific engineering and management principles to identify and minimize potential hazards
the ossicles are located in the external ear middle ear inner ear ear drum
*middle ear
The elements of a contract include all of the following except: competent parties subject matter mutuality of agreement monetary duty
*monetary duty The elements of a contract include: - competent parties - subject matter - legal consideration - mutuality of agreement - mutuality of obligation
the term that describes muscle fibrie elements (polymerized protein molecules) capable of sliding along each other, thus shortening the muscle and, if doing so against resistance generating tension is called muscle contraction kinetics free dynamics muscle filaments
*muscle filaments
the best method for monitoring noise exposure of a long haul truck driver is through the use of sound level meter octave band analyzer noise dosimeter annual audiogram
*noise dosimeter sound level meters and octave band analyzers require constant readings. Annual audiograms are a measure of effect. Noise dosimeters measure dose and are easy to use
air line respirators are designed to be used in atmospheres: not immediately dangerous to life or health containing asphyxiants containing explosive vapors such as confined spaces, where an SCBA may be awkward
*not immediately dangerous to life or health ex. explosive atmospheres, asphyxiants, or confined spaces
carpal tunnel syndrome involves an injury to the median nerve. the nerve is compressed due to inflammation in the carpal tunnel. carpal tunnel will not result in which of the following? numbness in little finger pain in the wrist upon exertion pain in the second and third fingers numbness in the thumb
*numbness in the little finger the little finger is not served by the median nerve therefore the little finger is not affected by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel
A process to identify hazards and recommend risk reduction alternatives in procedurally controlled activities during all phases of intended use is called: preliminary hazard analysis risk assessment operating and support hazard analysis fault tree analysis
*operating and support hazard analysis
A standard that specifies an objective to be obtained but does not require a specific method is called a design standard performance standard vertical standard horizontal standard
*performance standard sets the objective to be obtained but leaves the details of how to achieve the objective up to the company or organization
The first consideration when you are the first person approaching an active spill is: stop the spill contain the spill move the drum personnel safety
*personnel safety for themselves and others. They are to determine what needs to be done to protect people.
at high levels of illumination, the rods and cones both function and the eye is most sensitive to light wavelengths around 550nm. this effect is called photopic vision prkinje effect scotopic vision incandescent effect
*photopic vision occurs when the rods and cones are both functioning
the total inner hand surface is grasping the (often cylindrical) handle which runs parallel to the knuckles and generally protrudes on one side or both sides from the hand. this coupling is known as: power grasp enclosure hook grip lateral grip
*power grasp
Concentration of gases and vapors may be given as ppm by weight particles per million by volume ppm by volume particles per million by weight
*ppm by volume gas and vapor concentrations in air are expressed in a volume/volume ratio. Based on toxicity, irritation, and other factors, the volume of gas or vapor is compared to one million parts of air particulates are used for solid contaminants weight/volume ratios are used for particulates
Aging causes a vascular and neural degeneration of the inner ear, resulting in a decrease in hearing ability called:
*presbycusis
As one ages there is a vascular and neural degeneration of the inner ear. this results in a decrease in hearing ability. this condition is called temporary threshold (TTS) permanent threshold (PTS) presbycusis auditory threshold reduction (ATR)
*presbycusis
what is the function of the ear's eustachian tube? pressure equalization transmission of sound waves collect dirt prevent infection
*pressure equalization the eustachian tube serves to equalize pressure in the middle ear with the external atmospheric pressure. it opens during swallowing and yawning
the flexing of the elbow, the biceps and brachialis on the front of the upper arm is the; non-fixation muscles prime movers ergon muscle anti-fixation muscles
*prime movers
the OSHA Process Safety Standard requires employers with applicable processes to implement a Contractor Safety Program. Elements of the Contractor Safety Program include the following EXCEPT: evaluate safety of contractor before hire process safety training explain Emergency Action Plan maintain a contract employee injury and illness log
*process safety training the employer is required to inform the contractor of the hazards associated with the process, but is not required to perform the process hazard training. The training is a requirement of the contract employer. The other answers are elements of the Contractor Safety Program. Additional elements include developing and implementing safe work practices and evaluation of contractors to ensure fulfillment of obligations
during a workplace evaluation for combustible dust, which of the following is of least importance in the prevention of a dust explosion? A documented process hazard analysis and operator training Physical and chemical properties that establish hazardous characteristics of materials used in a facility Housekeeping and predictive/preventative maintenance programs Properly installed and operational sprinkler systems
*properly installed sprinkler systems sprinkler systems and distance to a means of egress are examples of loss reduction not loss prevention. a dust explosion involves determining the actual hazard, as well as the manufacturing process that led to the high dust concentration levels. safety professionals should be thoroughly familiar with physical and chemical properties that establish hazardous characteristics of materials used in a facility. the facility should have a documented process hazard analysis, and SH&E professionals should be familiar with hazards identified int he study. a management of change program should be implemented. also, SH&E professionals should be familiar with requirements of NFPA standards that apply to a facility. one obvious item to assess is housekeeping. poor housekeeping may lead to accumulations of dust on machinery and building structural members. SH&E professionals should also identify hidden areas that may not be obvious while standing at floor level. other areas, such as spaces above drop ceilings and around ductwork junctions and gates, should be inspected. dust can accumulate on elevated building and equipment members. in the event of an initial ignition, the shock wave may shake this accumulation, creating another dust cloud and another potentially greater ignition that can shake even more dust from the elevated members, setting up a chain reaction. process equipment should be designed for the operation in which it is used. typically, initial installation of a process incorporates several features to help mitigate a fire or deflagration. these may include explosion vents on machines and/or buildings. it may be a fast-acting explosion suppression system. gates and dampers may be installed inside of ductwork or equipment. each device should be inspected and tested regularly, with documentation created to record and verify its condition. conductive components should be grounded and bonded. training is another important aspect of a dust hazard mitigation program. operators should be trained on the equipment's operation and maintenance and emergency plans to follow. initial as well as refresher training should be provided, and training records should be maintained.
the basic color used for designating radiation hazards is yellow orange blue purple
*purple examples include: radiation warning signs; containers of radioactive material; signal lights to indicate radiation machines are in operation the safety color code for marking physical hazards and the identification of certain equipment is detailed in ANSI Z53.1, 1967 and OSHA, 29 CFR 1910.144
a phenomenon that results in paleness of the skin from oxygen deficiency due to reduction of flow of blood caused by blood vessel and nerve spasms, and also results in decreased feelings in the hands is called carpal tunnel syndrome dupuytren's contracture raynaud's phenomenon reflex sympathetic
*raynaud's phenomenon (or syndrome) is a disorder of the hand and arm sometimes resulting from excessive vibration exposure, but not as a result of cumulative trauma. raynaud's phenomenon can develop from the single use of a vibrating tool, though it typically comes from long-term use. in addition, it can be caused by exposure to certain chemicals, exposure to cold, and excessive emotional stress. while doctors can diagnose and treat the signs and symptoms of raynaud's phenomenon, they are still not sure what causes it.
light passes through the crystalline lens in the eye and focuses on the cornea iris pupil retina
*retina light enters the eye through the pupil, travels through the crystalline lens, then travels through the vitreous humor (eyeball) and finally focuses on the retina
inflammation of the nasal passages is called asthma rhinitis laryngitis anthrarhinitis
*rhinitis inflammation of the internal nasal tissue
a good safety design to overcome failures or malfunctions is the: safety margin safety factor maximum forseeable failure margin maximum permissible failure factor
*safety factor by definition, a safety factor is the ratio of the ultimate (breaking) strength of a member, or piece of material, to the actual working stress or to the maximum permissible (safe load) stress when in use. the magnitude of the safety factor depends on how great the cost of failure will be in terms of life or damage
A Gantt Chart is used in manufacturing to: show product development schedule indicate competitor's products show management structure
*schedule Gantt Charts show how long each production process should take and when it should take place. It is widely used in project scheduling
occupational fatalities due to workplace violence (homocide) is the _____ leading cause of occupational fatalities in the US highest second highest fifth highest eighth highest
*second highest workplace violence has emerged as an important safety and health issue in today's workplace. its most extreme form, homocide, is the second leading cause of fatal occupational injuries in the US. nearly 1,000 workers are murdered, and 1.5 million are assaulted in the workplace each year. According to the BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), there were 709 workplace homocides in 1998, accounting for 12% of the total 6,026 fatal work injuries in the US. Environmental conditions associated with workplace assaults have been identified and control strategies implemented in a number of work settings. OSHA has developed guidelines and recommendations to reduce worker exposures to this hazard but is not initiating rulemaking at this time
What should SH&E professionals consider when evaluating ignition sources such as lift trucks and information technology equipment? electrical machines dust producing processes class IV forklifts several potential ignition sources
*several potential ignition sources several ignition sources can cause a dust explosion or deflagration. primary sources of ignition include electrical sparking from tramp metals or broken equipment pieces; heat from bearings, belts, and misaligned buckets; improperly prepared maintenance and hot work operations; forklifts and vehicles; and natural causes, such as lightning. first, identify the electrical classification of the area or room volume. NFPA 70, the National Electric Code (NEC), Chapter 5, Special Occupancies, addresses hazardous locations. It defines the classification of several special occupancies, such as flammable liquids, gases and vapors; combustible dusts; and other materials. it is meant to integrate with other NFPA standards that more fully address the particular occupancy. For electrical issues, the NEC defines what electrical devices are permitted in a given area. This section defines terms such as dust ignition-proof, dust tight, purged and pressurized.
responding to a high pressure fitting leak, you should specify which of the following to make repairs? tighten with wrench shut down and depressurize to ambient wrap with tape and make repairs patch with epoxy
*shut down and depressurize to ambient
the buildup of iron oxide in the lungs, such as could occur in welders, is called siderosis asthma metal monitis anthrasilicosis
*siderosis
a condition which results from exposure to welding fumes that is characterized by accumulation of metal oxides in the lung without apparent physical symptoms is called: pulmonary atresia siderosis idiopathic pulmonary distress byssunosis
*siderosis is a pigmentation of the lung due to iron oxide exposure. the pigmentation can be marked but there seems to be no physical detriment. however, some siderosis patients present with chronic bronchitis and dyspnea. differential diagnosis is difficult
A single item of hardware, the failure of which would lead directly to loss of life, vehicle or mission is called: critical hardware item risk item single failure point failure event
*single failure point
which part of the body is the main one involved in maintaining the body's heat balance? lungs heart skin hair
*skin skin is the site of most thermoregulation activities including sweating, conductive and radiant heat transfer
Heinrich's domino theory of accidents included: worker, perception, physical, social, injury the 5 B's social, fault, unsafe act, accident, injury men, machine, money, capital, accident
*social, fault, unsafe act, accident, injury
hearing loss attributed to listening to Rock music and walkmans is called psychogenic sociocusis sensorineural conductive
*sociocusis hearing loss due to social habits
Which of the following is not a Respirator Qualitative Fit Test? sodium chloride aerosol isoamyl acetate irritant smoke saccharin aerosol
*sodium chloride aerosol is used in Quantitative Fit Testing where the protection factor of the respirator is measured. Qualitative Fit Testing checks for leakage that results in the employee smelling or sensing the presence of the fit test material. The isoamyl acetate has a strong smell like bananas and the irritant smoke causes a sweet taste, if the respirator has a leak
water spray is an acceptable extinguishing method for all of the following EXCEPT alcohol liquid fires sodium fires oil-filled transformer fires corrugated box fire
*sodium fires water with a burning metal will cause an explosion
within the three-dimensional envelope of a work space, more specific considerations of work-area design relate to: Specific features of horizontal, vertical, and sloping work surfaces Specific features of horizontal, flat and/or sloping work surfaces Specific features of horizontal, vertical, and flat work surfaces Features of the work situation are determined on the basis of non-anthropometric considerations
*specific features of horizontal, vertical, and sloping work surfaces
A command post established for managing a hazardous chemical spill should contain at a minimum all of the following EXCEPT: two radios spill clean-up equipment phone facility MSDSs
*spill clean-up equipment A command post is set up away from the spill area, therefore the spill cleanup equipment needs to be at the spill scene, not at the command post
Which of the following allows the engineer to understand the sources of variation in a process, and hence manipulate and control these sources to decrease variations in the product? statistical analysis statistical process control statistical variability analysis process control assessment
*statistical process control can be utilized for any process that is well defined, documented, and stabilized over time. It is extremely versatile in its ability to identify variation and out-of-control situations
the most desirable method of employee protection would be: engineering controls such as ventilation education/training respiratory protection substitution of the process or material
*substitution of the process or material eliminates the hazard
What does a "Bird Cage" in a wire rope usually signify? repeated bending over sheaves jumping a sheave fatigue sudden release of tension and rebound
*sudden release of tension and rebound
The prime necessity for a system safety analysis is system models management cooperation CAD/CAM highly paid consultants
*system models a system safety analysis must have system models of the involved system. Before analysis of safety can be made a model of the system must be constructed
the ancillary structures of the human skeleton are appendicular cartilage, ligaments, and axial tendons, ligaments, and appendicular tendons, cartilage, and ligaments
*tendons, cartilage, and ligaments the ancillary structures consist of: cartilage (gristle) - supporting structures that serve to reduce friction and absorb shock at joints ligaments - fibrous tissue, mainly collagen, that hold joints together tendons - fibrous tissue, mainly collagen, that attach muscles to the bone
in mechanics, the term equilibrium implies that: the body of concern must be at rest the body of concern is in constant motion the body of concern is either at rest or moving with constant velocity all forces acting on the body are not at rest
*the body of concern is either at rest or moving with constant velocity newton's second law of motion sets the relationship between the applied forces and motion: f=ma
A registered (licensed) engineer is required to seal engineering plans before the plans can be released for construction. When a safety professional reviews these plans, to whom should the safety professional direct plan-related safety questions? the engineer who sealed the plans the builder the project manager the CSP's supervisor
*the project manager if necessary, the project manager can require the engineer to consider the safety professional's questions and make changes, if necessary
The skill of prompt hazard recognition is so important because: it allows quick spill clean-up the responder can protect themselves and others it allows plant management to understand the situation communication with the media is most efficient
*the responder can protect themselves and others
The reported concentration of a quality control sample derived from prior characterizations of the sample is called: target value theoretical value maximum value measurement value
*theoretical value AKA theoretical amount quality control sample OR calibration standard
A manager who utilizes an external reward and punishment system to affect performance is a ______ manager theory x theory y theory z theory a
*theory x holds that people must be motivated to work by external reward and punishment
metal fume fever is a delayed type of disease with flu-like symptoms. it has been associated with exposure to all of the following except: magnesium oxide fumes nascent zinc oxide fumes zinc oxide fumes thorium oxide fumes
*thorium oxide fumes metal fume fever has been shown to be caused by exposure to freshly generated (nascent) fumes of zinc and magnesium and their oxides. although zinc and magnesium are the most common causes, copper has been known to cause metal fume fever also
the amount of air breathed in and out during normal respiration is called tidal volume total tidal volume total vital volume total normal volume
*tidal volume
a condition which is caused by a very loud impulsive sound can cause a ringing in the ear and an immediate loss of hearing is called anacuses mastoidectomy lateral semnisci tinnitus
*tinnitus
large companies institute fleet safety programs: to prevent accidents to control insurance costs for public relations purposes because it's the right thing to do
*to prevent accidents additional benefits quick to follow the control of accidents is meeting its moral obligation to the employee and to the public. control of accidents has a direct affect upon insurance premiums which fluctuate with accident frequency and dollar losses sustained by the fleet
A metatarsal guard provides the following protection: toe toe to inseam toe to ankle toe to knee
*toe to ankle metatarsal guards are commonly used in foundries to protect employees from crushing injuries to the foot
the least important consideration in evaluating the length of time an air-purifying respirator can be used is the: concentration of the contaminant duration of exposure type of cartridge used toxicity of the contaminant
*toxicity of the contaminant
Biological exposure indices's data is important because they include type(s) of exposure in addition to inhalation. which of the following exposures are least likely to be assessed by a BEI? skin absorption injection ingestion transplacental
*transplacental BEIs measure certain biological functions to determine the "total" exposure from all routes. BEIs do not measure transplacental exposures. they may provide some useful information however on exposure of the fetus to workplace chemicals
based on tons of material emitted annually, which of the following sources accounts for the most air pollution in the US? industry electric power generation refuse disposal transportation
*transportation transportation, including private automobiles, accounts for approximately 60% of the air pollution int he US
A graphical presentation showing changes in frequencies, percentages, or proportions over time is called? trend chart model PERT chart frequency chart
*trend chart
Evaluate the following to predict which set of circumstances will produce severe injuries if they are not identified and controlled: routine work tasks unusual and/or non routine work tasks supervised assembly operations mass-producing machine shop
*unusual and/or non routine work tasks A number of recent studies have shown that severe injuries are fairly predictable in certain situations. One of these involve unusual, non routine work. This includes the job that happens occasionally, a one-of-a-kind situation. Non routine work may arise in factory operations but, normal controls that apply to routine work have little effect in the non routine situation
the image formed by a convex mirror compared to the object appear: upright and smaller upright and larger inverted and smaller inverted and larger
*upright and smaller the convex mirror is commonly used as a rear-view mirror for motor vehicles because the objects always appear upright and smaller. they are able to provide a wider view of the roadway behind a driver than could be obtained from a plane mirror
blood is carried to the heart by the arteries capillaries spleen veins
*veins
A standard applying to a particular industry with specifications that relate to individual operations is termed a: design standard performance standard vertical standard horizontal standard
*vertical standard pertains only to a particular industry (ex. OSHA requirements for pulp, paper and paperboard mills)
What does a "3" in the health section of a HMIS label mean? poison moderate health hazard-use reasonable precautions non-hazardous very hazardous to health-avoid all routes of exposure
*very hazardous to health-avoid all routes of exposure HMIS is commonly used to identify chemicals. The rating scale is 0-4, 0 being the least hazardous and 4 being the most hazardous. Materials are rated for reactivity, flammability, and health hazards
the term which defines the torque that a given muscle (or group of muscles) that develop voluntarily around a skeletal articulation which is spanned by the muscle(s) is called muscle span muscle torque voluntary muscle strength involuntary muscle strength
*voluntary muscle strength
If an SCBA is worn in an atmosphere that is immediately dangerous to life and health, the employee must: wear a safety harness and lifeline have a standby worker with a canister respirator have an escape pack not go into the area
*wear a safety harness and lifeline
what was one of the first incentives for management to ensure working conditions for employees? The Occupational Safety and Health Act Worker's compensation legislation Reduction in insurance premiums Increased productivity
*workers compensation legislation in 1911, the Wisconsin Workers' Compensation law was the first law of its kind that required compensation for injuries which occurred on the job, without regard to fault.
safety spectacles would be least effective in protecting an employee's eyes in which of the following situations? chipping rock pouring molten metals working in a high concentration of NH3 sparpening tools at a stand grinder
*working in a high conc of NH3 (ammonia gas)
the thumb and two fingers (often forefinger and index finger) oppose each other at or near the tips. this coupling is known as: writing grip tip grip side pinch pinch grip
*writing grip when the forefinger and index finger oppose each other at or near the tips, it is called the writing grip. arrange your fingers like this and you will see why.
ANSI Z-35.1 provides the specifications for industrial accident prevention signs. What is appropriate to indicate caution against lesser hazards? yellow background color; black lettering black lettering on white background light blue background color; black lettering black lettering on orange background
*yellow background color; black lettering
Environmental management guidelines are generally composed of a series of interlinking and supporting components, including:
- a set of principles to help understand environmental management - a series of tools that can be used to achieve environmental objectives - a series of management programs traditionally used to solve environmental issues - a management framework to integrate environmental issues into the core business processes and decision making
how does alcohol ingestion increase the likeliness of hypothermia?
- alcohol is a vasodilator resulting in more rapid heat loss from the surface of your skin natural shivering response is diminished
naphthalene is:
- an organic compound with the formula C10H8 - simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon - white crystalline solid - characteristic odor that is detectable at concentrations as low as 0.08 ppm by mass - has a structure of a fused pair of benzene rings - main ingredient in traditional mothballs
Liver damaging substances (Hepatoxins) include:
- carbon tetrachloride - chloroform - tannic acid - trichloroethylene
Shipper of haz mat must:
- determine product's proper shipping name, hazard class, identification #, correct packaging, correct placard, and correct tables and markings - package materials, label and mark the packages, prepare shipping paper and supply the placards - certify on shipping paper that there is proper compliance with shipment rules
PIT training is required:
- every 3 years - if the operator has been observed operating the vehicle in an unsafe manner - if the operator has been involved in an accident or near-miss - if the operator has been assigned a different type of truck - a condition in the workplace changes in a manner that could affect safe operation of the truck
programmed learning:
- expensive in both time & money - good for learning just about anything - (newer) involve interactive computer products that combine the features of video and small computers to produce a product that leads to the student step-by-step through the learning process - (older) use the textbook approach that is presented in a series of numbered pages called frames, each frame consisting of 3 parts 1. explanation of a concept 2. questions based on the concept 3. a "book" answer to the concept - extremely useful to persons who must study for short periods of time due to hectic schedules - effective studying is possible even when students feel fired or preoccupied because it provides a lot of repetition and forces readers to stay focused - excellent for studying when a spare moment presents itself - short periods of learning as as effective as longer sessions
carbon disulfide is:
- extrememly flammable liquid - FP of 22F - autoignition temp of 212F - CS2 - major fire & explosion hazard - widely used solvent for waxes, resins, and rubbers - used in desorbing contaminants from sorbent tubes in the manufacture of rayon, cellphane and carbon tetrachloride - health hazards widely known - NIOSH exposure limit is 1 ppm - STEL of 10 ppm - IDLH of 500 ppm
communication barriers consist of:
- knowledge - prejudice - attitude - nonverbal actions
communication barriers consist of:
- knowledge: trainees believe that they already know all that is needed - bias: people's pre-existing attitudes may cause them to tune out the information - mood: individual frame of mine/disposition may prevent hearing information - nonverbal actions: inconsistent body language confuses transfer of information
methods of standard instructional strategies include:
- lecture - demonstration - guided discussion - individualized instruction - role play - learner discovery method
the pH scale is:
- logarithmic - an indicator of the concentration of hydrogen ion dissociation in a solution the more ionization, the stronger the corrosive
For protection against chlorinated solvents and jobs requiring dexterity and sensitivity, which type of chemical-resistant gloves are preferred?
- nitrile butyl gloves: - high resistance protection from gas or water vapors - resistant to common acids and alcohols neoprene latex: - protects against detergents, salts, acids and caustic solutions nitrile/natural rubber: - protects against chlorinated solvents - intended for jobs requiring dexterity/sensitivity - resists abrasions, cuts, tears, and punctures polyvinyl alcohol (PVA): - resistance to strong solvents such as chlorinated and aromatic solvents - water soluble material and cannot be used in water or water-based solutions
pollution prevention pros:
- reduces regulatory burden - increases public confidence - reduces long-term risk - cuts costs
Responsibility of NIOSH include:
- research on occupation health & safety hazards - criteria development in dealing with toxic materials - identify hazards and recommend regulation changes - perform testing and certification of workers' PPE, mainly respirators - supports university training throughout the country - conducts courses at regional centers - conducts workplace investigations NIOSH is administratively located within the CDC & reports to the Dept of Health & Human Services (HHS)
common EHS similarities:
- serving common underlying objectives, such as performance assurance or risk management - using a common approach to achieve objectives, such as activity-specific evaluation or planning and oversight - sharing common success and failure measures, such as cost, schedule, violations, or liabilities - the first step in establishing a good corporate quality plan is to determine customer requirements
slot hoods are commonly used to provide uniform exhaust airflow, such as over the surface of a tank. points to remember:
- the function of the slot is solely to obtain proper air distribution - slot velocity does not contribute to capture velocity - the calculation of capture velocity involves exhaust volume and slot length, not slot velocity
the advantages to building and maintaining group cohesiveness are:
- the group develops a "we" concept - each person feels a part of the group - cohesiveness acts as a bonding agent does not start with or maintain a standardized structure in team training, consensus is reached when everyone agrees to support the conclusion or outcome
centrifugal fans:
- used against low to moderate static pressures such as encountered in heating and air conditioning work - low space requirements - quiet - paddle wheel or long shaving wheel is used with a medium tip speed for buffing exhaust, woodworking exhaust or when a heavy dust must pass through the fan
According to the NSC, the valuable attributes of interactive computer-assisted training, sometimes called computer-based training (CBT) or distance learning are:
- workers can work at their own pace - records of all training can be automatically kept - correct answers are required before a student can proceed - workers receive training as time is available - instructors can guide workers step by step through the entire lesson plan - this method works extremely well for organizations with a small workforce or that cannot remove large groups from their jobs at any one time
An engineering firm has performed a quantitative analysis on the reliability of your company's product. You are reviewing the analysis and see that the engineering company has determined that there are two key components contributing to failures of the product. The product fails when either Component A or Component B fails. Component A has a failure probability of 0.105 and Component B has a failure probability of 0.080. What is the overall probability of failure of your company's product?
0.177 When the failures are additive (as in this OR logic), the formula to determine the failure probability is (PA + PB) - (PA*PB)
MSD Risk Factors:
1. Excessive Force - Ex. heavy lifting, pushing or pulling heavy loads, manually pouring materials, or maintaining control of equipment or tools 2. Repetition 3. Awkward postures - Ex. Using positions that place stress on the body, such as prolonged or repetitive reaching above shoulder height, kneeling, squatting, leaning over a counter, using a knife with wrists bent, or twisting the torso while lifting. 4. Static postures 5. Quick motions 6. Compression or contact stress - Ex. Pressing the body or part of the body (such as the hand) against hard or sharp edges, or using the hand as a hammer 7. Vibration - Ex. Both whole body and hand-arm, can cause a number of health effects. Hand-arm vibrations can damage small capillaries that supply nutrients and can make hand tools more difficult to control. Hand-arm vibration may cause a worker to lose feeling in the hands and arms resulting in increased force exertion to control hand-powered tools (ex. hammer drills, portable grinders, chainsaws) in much the same way gloves limit feeling in the hands. The effects of vibration can damage the body and greatly increase the force which must be exerted for a task. 8. Cold temperatures - Ex. In combination with any one of the other risk factors, may also increase the potential for MSDs to develop. For example, many of the operations in meatpacking and poultry processing occur with a chilled product or in a cold environment. 9. Combined exposure to several risk factors - Ex. May place workers at a higher risk for MDSs than does exposure to any one risk factor
elements of a contract include:
1. competent parties 2. subject matter 3. legal consideration 4. mutuality of agreement 5. mutuality of obligation
OSHA's publication training guidelines follow a model that consists of:
1. determining if training is needed 2. identifying training needs 3. identifying goals and objectives 4. developing learning activities 5. conducting the training 6. evaluating program effectiveness 7. improving the program
4 interlocking dimensions of sustainable development:
1. economic 2. human 3. environmental 4. technological
most common classification of errors are broken down into 4 distinct actions:
1. errors of omission - failure to perform a specific act 2. errors of commission - failure to perform some specific action correctly 3. errors of sequence - failure to perform some specific act in the proper sequence 4. errors of timing hint: errors COST money
standard pulmonary function tests include:
1. forced expiration and inspiration 2. maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) 3. forced vital capacity (FVC) 4. FEV1 - forced vital capcity during the first second
SDSs must have:
1. identification - product identifier - manufacturer/distributor name, address, phone # - emergency phone # - recommended use - restrictions on use 2. hazard(s) identification - all hazards regarding the chemical - required label elements 3. composition/information on ingredients - info on chemical ingredients - trade secret claims 4. first air measures - symptoms/effects - acute or delayed - required treatment 5. fire-fighting measures - suitable extinguishing techniques & equipment - chemical hazards from fire 6. accidental release measures - emergency procedures - PPE - proper methods of containment and cleanup 7. handling & storage - incompatibilities 8. exposure controls/personal protection - PELs - TLVs - appropriate engineering controls - PPE 9. physical & chemical properties - characteristics 10. stability & reactivity - chemical stability & possible reactions 11. toxicological info - routes of exposure - related symptoms - acute & chronic effects - numerical measures of toxicity 12. ecological info 13. disposal considerations 14. transport info 15. regulatory info 16. other info - date of preparation or last revision
the best earth ground for an electrical installation as required by the national electric code is:
1. metal underground water pipes - requires the pipe system to be in contact with the earth for 10 ft or more - must be supplemented by an additional system, usually a driven electrode, to ensure that the path to the ground is continuous in case the pipe is removed or replaced with plastic pipe followed by: 2. building steel 3. concrete encased electrodes (Ufer grounds) 4. ground rings
overlapping systems required for sustainability involve
1. people 2. the environment 3. profits
Before renovating, you should _____ pertaining to ACM.
1. review asbestos inspection and assessment records to determine where ACM may be located 2. visually reinspect the area 3. evaluate the likelihood that ACM will be disturbed 4. any ACM that could be disturbed should be sampled and analyzed
a new industrial fire pump must be capable of performing to three test criteria:
1. the pump cannot develop more than 140% of its rated pressure at shutoff or churn (working against a closed system) 2. The pump must deliver rated flow at rated pressure 3. The pump must deliver 150% of rated flow at 65% of rated pressure NFPA requires annual flow tests
5 categories of OSHA violations
1. willful 2. serious 3. repeat 4. other than serious 5. de minimus - no immediate threat to safety and health
3 things that keep a person from listening:
1. word barriers - death, liar, layoff, IRS, etc. 2. emotional barriers - bias, boredom, envy, fatigue, etc. 3. distractions
the retention scale, in increasing order:
1. words, spoken or written 2. auditory aids 3. still pictures 4. motion pictures 5. live television 6. displays 7. familiarization 8. demonstration 9. simulations 10. actual experience
Given the fact that the probabilities of "heat", "fuel", and "oxygen" are each 1x10^-2, what is the overall probability of a fire?
1x10^-6 multiply because AND
when using AWG #12 jacketed wire for a branch circuit, the maximum allowable current is:
20 amps
DOT requires drug testing of ___% of a company's entire fleet annually
25% for controlled substances 10% minimum annual percentage rate for random alcohol testing
the suggested maximum angle for a ramp is ____deg
30
NRC limits ionizing radiation to ___ rem / year
5
In assessing risk, the hazard possibility of occurrence is assigned ____ categories.
5 5 - frequency (likely to occur frequently) 4 - probable (will occur several times in life of item) 3 - occasional (likely to occur during life of item) 2 - remote (unlikely, but possible to occur during lifetime of item) 1 - improbable (so unlikely it can be assumed a hazard will not be experienced)
safety lanyards and lifelines are required to have a minimum breaking strength of _____ lbs
5,000 lbs
A two piece block and tackle with 5 parts of rope to lift a weight of 3000 lbs requires how much force for lift (no friction)?
600
safe distance for dual operating control if the total press cycle is 1 sec?
63 inches = 5.25 ft/sec for point of operation devices
Hazard:
A condition, set of circumstances, or inherent property that can cause injury, illness, or death
Sensitizers are:
AKA allergens cause an allergic type reaction due to sensitivity from prior exposure an acute response may be swelling of the breaking tubes, which causes breaking difficult can cause chronic lung disease common examples: epoxies, aromatic amines, formaldehyde, nickel metal, and maleic anhydride
Risk:
An estimate of the combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event or exposure(s) and the severity of injury or illness that may be caused by the event or exposures.
Incident:
An event in which a work-related injury or illness (regardless of severity) or fatality occurred or could have occurred. This includes close calls and near misses.
in a poorly ventilated office space, the best way to check air quality is to measure:
CO2 CO is another common contaminant usually found in work environments with combustion engines and poor air exchange stachybotrys chartarum is a species of mold, which is also called black mold
CWD:
Chronic Wasting Disease a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, and moose. As of 2016, CWD had only been found in members of the deer family. CWD is typified by chronic weight loss leading to death. No relationship is known between CWD and any other TSE of animals or people. Although reports in the popular press have been made of humans being affected by CWD, a study by the CDC suggests "more epidemiologic and laboratory studies are needed to monitor the possibility of such transmissions." The epidemiological study further concluded, "as a precaution, hunters should avoid eating deer and elk tissues known to harbor the CWD agent (ex. brain, spinal cord, eyes, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes) from areas where CWD has been identified.
Administrative and Work Practice Controls:
Establish efficient processes or procedures Examples: - Require that heavy loads are only lifted by 2 people to limit force exertion - Establish systems so workers are rotated away from tasks to minimize the duration of continual exertion, repetitive motions, and awkward postures. - Design a job rotation system in which employees rotate between jobs that use different muscle groups - Staff "floaters" to provide periodic breaks between scheduled tasks - Properly use and maintain pneumatic and power tools
LI:
Lifting Index = Load Weight/Recommended Weight Limit = L/RWL
Shortly following a gas manifold cleaning operation in which alcohol was used, an explosion, followed by fire occurred. The cause was traced to which of the following? Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Chlorine
Oxygen is the oxidizer and it participates in the combustion with the alcohol
Hazard Identification:
Process of recognizing that a hazard exists and defining its characteristics.
Risk Assessment:
Process(es) used to evaluate the level or risk associated with hazards and system issues. Considering the adequacy of any existing controls and deciding whether or not the risk is acceptable.
THERP:
Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction detailed procedure for analyzing a task and applying tables of human reliability estimates. THERP provides human reliability data for probabilistic risk assessment studies; namely, to predict human error probabilities and to evaluate the degradation of human-computer systems likely to be caused by human errors alone or in connection with equipment malfunctioning, operational procedures, or other system and human characteristics that influence complex system (ex. joint human-machine) behavior. The basic assumption of THERP is that the operator's actions can be regarded in the same way as the success or failure of a piece of equipment. The theory is that the reliability of the operator can be assessed in essentially the same way as an equipment item. The operator's activities are broken down into task elements and estimates of the probability of an error for each task element is made, based on data or expert judgment
Behavior sampling:
The behavior sampling or activity sampling technique involves observation of worker behaviors at random intervals and classifying these behaviors as to whether they are safe or unsafe
MIL-STD is
US Military Standard
Non-haz materials & waste management hierarchy:
[most desirable] 1. source reduction 2. recycling 3. energy recovery 4. treatment 5. disposal or other releases [least desirable]
An environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) is best described as:
a systematic set of procedures for compiling and examining the inputs and outputs of materials and energy and the associated environmental impacts directly attributable to the functioning of a product or service system throughout its life cycle a means of relieving government of costly enforcement-based environmental regs, some countries are establishing product-oriented incentives that are intended to yield environmental benefits basis for evaluating such incentives is the province of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Hierarchy of controls:
a systematic way of thinking and acting, considering steps in a ranked and sequential order, to choose the most effective means of eliminating or reducing hazards and risks that derive from them. An example is the requirement of suppliers of services to attest that processes have been applied to identify and analyze hazards and to reduce risks deriving from those hazards to an acceptable level. There is precedent for having suppliers attest that risk analyses have been completed. Manufacturers of equipment to be used in the European Union are required by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards to certify that they have met applicable standards, including ISO 12100-1 and ISO 14121
best field instrument to measure air velocity in the opening of a paint spray booth is
a thermal anemometer best when exhaust opening is large and the air velocities are low as in spray booths or chemical hoods fairly recent addition to air measuring instruments has a heated probe (usually to 150F) and senses velocity by the amount of heat removed from the probe. It's reading is direct, very accurate and can be used in low airflow conditions mildly resistant to OM in the air stream
the term synonymous with oncogenesis is:
carcinogenesis the creation of cancer characterized by a progression of changes on cellular and genetic levels that ultimately reprogram a cell to undergo uncontrolled cell division, thus forming a malignant mass
firefighting standpipe systems that are to be used only by trained fire departments are called
class I systems utilize 2.5 inch hoses with 65 psi residual pressure (at the hydraulically most remote connection) are designed to be used by trained fire departments
Many of the terms have specific meanings in the P2 context, which term best describes the storage and distillation of a spent solvent?
closed loop recycling a system in which a process waste is conveyed through closed systems to tank storage and then recycled in tanks before returning the reprocessed material to the production system
cluster samples are:
confined to a particular location and assume the location will be representative
Raynaud's syndrome:
constriction of the blood vessels in the hand; usually due to vibrations AKA White Finger MSD Body Part Effected: Fingers, hands Symptoms: Numbness, tingling; ashen skin; loss of feeling and control Possible Causes: Exposure to vibration Workers Affected: Chain saw, pneumatic hammer, and gasoline powered tool operators
Hematoxins (substances capable of producing blood disorders) include:
effect bone marrow: - arsenic - bromine - methyl chloride - benzene effect platelets: - aspirin - benzene - tetrachloroethane effect white blood cells: - naphthalene - tetrachloroethane
disposal means
either the destruction of waste (ex. incineration, energy recovery, or chemical reaction) or putting it in the ground (ex. landfilling or land application)
light spectrum order:
gamma (10^-14 to 10^-12) x-rays (10^-12 to 10^-9) UV (10^-9 to 10^-7) visible (Purp --> Red) (10^-7 to 10^-5) infrared (10^-5 to 10^-3.5) radar (10^-3) FM (1) TV shortwave AM
hazardous waste operations and emergency response (HAZWOPER) requires training for waste site workers, occasional workers, and site supervisors. What does this training require?
general workers be provided 40 hrs hands-on instruction off-site, combined with at least 3 days filed experience under the supervision of a trained supervisor. additionally, must complete an 8hr refresher annually
A workplace with highly variable noise levels, should use a ____ to understand noise exposure:
integrating meter the simplest measuring device is the handheld sound level meter if noise levels are fairly constant throughout the day; acceptable for assessing a workshop where employees spend most of their time in a fixed location next to a changing noise source(s) mobile workers should use personal noise dosimeters if the noise is too variable to follow with a sound level meter, an integrating meter may be used. this meter can integrate, on avg, the changing noise levels over a period of time to produce a time average noise level
lagging indicators:
measures of a system that are taken after events and assess outcomes and occurrences measure outcomes which includes the history and overall performance. it is untrue that lagging indicators are poor measures of safety performance, but they are poor predictive measures of safety performance
sustainable development definition (UN):
meeting the needs of the world's current population without making it impossible for the world's future citizens to meet their needs
Rodger's Muscle Fatigue Assessment provides a
method of evaluating the physiological demands of a task against published criteria of acceptable levels of oxygen consumption for whole body or upper bodywork. A strain index to provide a relatively simple risk assessment method designed to evaluate a job's level of risk for developing a disorder of the distal upper extremities such as hands, wrists, forearms, and elbows
Abduction:
movement away from the central axis of the body - away from the median plane Away from the Body
Flexion:
movement that decreases the angle between two adjacent bones
Extension:
movement that increases the angle between two adjacent bones
Adduction:
movement toward the central axis or midline; the opposite of abduction ADDing arms to the body
NPW:
net present worth the difference between the present worth of all cash inflows and outflows of a project since all cash flows are discounted to the present the NPW method is also known as the discounted cash flow technique
light hazard occupancies are:
occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and/or combustibility of contents is low and fires with relatively low rates of heat release are expected. light hazard occupancies include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following 1. animal shelters 2. churches 3. clubs 4. eaves and overhangs, if of combustible construction with no combustibles beneath 5. educational 6. hospitals, including animal hospitals and veterinary facilities 7. institutional 8. kennels 9. libraries, except large stack rooms 10. museums 11. nursing or covalescent homes 12. offices, including data processing 13. residential 14. restaurant eating areas 15. theaters and auditoriums, excluding stages and prosceniums 16. unused attics
speech requires what kind of instrumentation for noise measurement?
octave band analyzer 500-2000 Hz range
Pliers are
often misused as general-purpose tools. Their use should be limited to operations for which they were designed: gripping and cutting (never for loosening or tightening nuts). Always use wrenches on nuts and bolt heads, never use a pliers. There are many types of pliers. The most commonly used are the 6-inch combination slip-joint pliers. The slip-joint permits the jaws to be opened wider at the hinge pin for gripping large diameter objects. Some combination pliers are made with a side-cutter arrangement for cutting wire.
systemic samples are:
patterned response (third car accident, person, etc.)
law of recency:
people tend to recall and use that which they learned last or more recently. it is easier to remember a subject after a recent seminar, or how to solve a complex technical problem on the job, than to recall a simple trigonometry problem from high school
inhalation of iron oxide causes pneumoconios is called
siderosis
caution:
signal word intended for minor personal injury or property damage
danger/warning:
signal words intended for immediate hazards that will result in severe personal injury or death
particles largest to smallest
silica dust fiberglass/or asbestos fibers zinc fumes
Mutagens are:
substances that cause alterations of the genes of an exposed person result may be malfunction of a specific organ or tissue, depending on the type of cell in which the mutation took place gene damage can be passed on to children if the mutation occurred in either parent's sperm or egg exs: ethylene oxide, benzene, hydrazine
Teratogens are:
substances that cause damage or death to a developing fetus cannot be passed onto further generations, as it does not effect the genetic code exs: thalidomide, dioxins, lead, cadmium
who is in the best position to provide effective safety training of industrial work groups?
supervisors realistic and effective training; detailed knowledge of work processes and control workflow; attached to the group and loyal to the members, including the leader; high degree of confidence and trust
Tenosynovitis:
swelling of the sheath surrounding a tendon MSD Body Part Effected: Hands, wrists Symptoms: Pain, swelling Possible Causes: Repetitive or forceful hand and wrist motions Workers Affected: Core making, poultry processing, meat packing
De Quervain's Disease:
swelling of the tendon sheath of the thumb MSD Body Part Affected: Thumb Symptoms: Pain at the base of the thumb Possible Causes: Twisting & gripping Workers Affected: Butchers, housekeepers, packers, seamstresses, cutters
THERP:
technique for human error rate prediction
dilution ventilation is preferred when:
the contaminant is relatively non-toxic when the source is mainly gases or vapors (not heavy particulates) when employees do not work in the immediate vicinity or direct path of emission source
critical pressure is defined as:
the pressure at which no liquid-vapor phase transition occurs at any temperature
vapor pressure is:
the pressure exerted by the vapor that is in equilibrium with the liquid at a given temperature. it is the ability of the liquid to evaporate or give off vapors
Physiology:
the scientific study of the normal function in living systems. A sub-discipline of biology, its focus is in how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system
the secondary transformer side features
the step-down voltages the secondary side is of lower voltage this is generally true in distribution transformers, however many step-up transformers exist in equipment where the secondary side will contain very high voltage potential
TLV:
threshold limit value "airborne concentrations of substances and represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse health effects" mainly concern health effects and are not indicators of flammability
pareto chart:
used to graphically summarize and display relative importance of differences between groups of data left-side vertical axis of the Pareto chart is labelled Frequency (# of counts/category) right-side vertical axis is the cumulative percentage horizontal axis is labelled with group names of response variables answers the questions: - what are the largest issues facing our team or business? - what 20% of sources are causing 80% of the problems (80/20 rule)? - where efforts should be focused to achieve the greatest improvements
VDT:
video display terminal = monitor
what is the least appropriate question in a training survey
was the content accurate
the use of source reduction and/or environmentally sound recycling methods prior to treating or disposing of hazardous wastes is called
waste minimization
Knobs:
without click stops are suitable for fine and precise regulation over a wide range
If A = {5,6} and B = {1,2,3,5}, then A + B =
{1,2,3,5,6} The union of A & B is the set whose numbers are members of either A or B. Note that 4 does not appear in either set and is therefore not a member. "Union" is denoted by a plus sign "Intersection" is denoted by multiplication "OR" is also used to denote "union" "AND" is also used to denote "intersection"
The ISO standard that covers environmental management is? 9000 10000 12000 14000
*14000 ISO 9000 "quality management" and ISO14000 "environmental management" families are among ISO's most widely known standards ever. ISO 9000 has become an international reference for quality requirements in business to business dealings, and ISO 14000 looks set to achieve at least as much, if not more, in helping organizations to meet their environmental challenges, There are similarities between environmental, health and safety programs and quality assurance programs. They serve common underlying objectives, share common success and failure measures and use common approaches to achieve objectives. The ISO 9000 family addresses "quality management". This means what the organization does to fulfill: - Customer's quality requirements - Applicability regulatory requirements, while aiming to enhance customer satisfaction Continual improvement of its performance in pursuit of these objectives The ISO 14000 family addresses "environmental management" meaning what the organization does to: minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities, and to achieve continual improvement of its environmental performance.
What is primary function of a loss control system? Assess risk, establish effective risk control measures, and elimination of risk Establish effective risk control measures for hazardous conditions, establish effective control measures, elimination of risk. Identify hazardous conditions, assess their risks, and establish effective risk control measures. Assure compliance with applicable regulatory requirements and eliminate residual risk
*Identify hazardous conditions, assess their risks, and establish effective risk control measures. Cannot ever eliminate risk! As described in Assurance Technologies, a loss control system must be able to identify the hazardous conditions as well as understand the real risks associated with those hazardous conditions. A loss control system is incomplete if it solely identifies hazardous conditions and does not take action to understand the risks. Therefore, the actions taken are relative to the risks associated with the hazardous conditions.
Under which category do the following activities belong? A major construction project management team implemented a series of toolbox safety meetings held at the beginning of each shift; housekeeping initiatives; barricade performance for elevated areas; and management walk-through audits to demonstrate leadership and commitment. Union organizing inhibitors Leading indicators Lagging indicators Cost indicators
*Leading indicators According to authors Marlowe and Skrabak (2007), the selection of leading indicators is largely judgmental and only time will tell whether the indicators selected are the right ones. It seems logical to suggest that the leading indicators selected should relate directly to opportunities to reduce risk by improving those safety management processes that analysis indicates need improvement, on a prioritized basis. In safety-related literature, the most commonly identified lagging indicators are accidents and cost trends, and sometimes near misses. Toolbox safety meetings held at the beginning of each shift; housekeeping; barricade performance for elevated areas; and management walking around to show leadership and commitment are generally considered examples of leading indicators.
Which system has as its primary functions to identify hazardous conditions, assess their risk, and establish effective risk control measures? Risk Control Risk Management Loss Control Loss Management
*Loss Control
Potential disadvantage of matrix management include all the following except: Power struggles Increased costs Groupitis Meeting attendance
*Meeting attendance Matrix management has the potential to include power struggles, which may result from the two-boss system. Team members may become too focused on themselves and develop "groupitis", losing sight of important program goals. The matrix often creates increased cost as overhead rises.
According to Federick Herzberg's work, which of the following factors is a hygiene factor, as opposed to a motivational factor? Money Recognition Responsibility Achievement
*Money Frederick Herzberg in his book "Work and the Nature of Man" develops a motivation-hygiene theory. The theory attempts to explain how persons are satisfied by certain intrinsic job factors while being motivated by other extrinsic factors that are quite peripheral to the job being performed. Satisfaction is influenced by: - Money - Status - Relationships with Boss - Company policies - Work rules - Working Conditions Motivation is influenced by: - Achievement - Recognition - Enjoyment of work - Possibility of promotion - Responsibility - Chance for growth Hygiene = satisfaction factor (physical) Motivation factor (non-physical)
Which of the following factors does not affect how individuals behave pertaining to workplace safety? Attitudes toward safety Views regarding team effort Recognition for personal efforts Moral standards
*Moral standards The safety culture is a group's attitude that everyone in the group will try to behave in a way that protects the safety of each other. Recognition will reinforce their trust in the culture. An important factor in developing a safety program is to incorporate concepts of job enrichment, participation and employee-centered leadership. Management will most likely support a proactive safety effort when prevention of losses relates to achievement of company objectives.
The closed loop system known as The Behavioral Based Safety Process includes identifying critical behaviors, problem solving to develop an Action Plan, measuring performance and evaluating for acceptable progress. Identify the final step required to finish the loop. Nothing more is required; the loop is complete Management must become involved in the process Employee committees are formed to define penalties for non-improvement Accident and injury data is collected for inclusion into performance reports
*Nothing more is required; the loop is complete According to "The Behavior-Based Safety Process" by Krause, Hidley and Hodson, the process is as shown below. If improvement progresses at an acceptable rate, then the process is working. If the improvement rate is unacceptable, the existing Action Plan must be modified. The behavioral approach uses operational definitions, measurements and feedback on safety-related issues, along with goal setting as key components to improve safety.
The Z10 is a management system standard compatible and harmonized with quality (ISO 9000 series) and environmental management systems (ISO 14000 series). Which of the following best describes these standards? Specification Standards Compliance Standards Performance Standards Regulatory Standards
*Performance Standards The drafters of these standards set out to ensure that it could be easily integrated into any management systems an organization has in place. This flexibility is characteristic of a Performance Oriented Standard. Z10 adopts from and is in harmony with the International Labor Organization's Guidelines on Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, ILO-OSH 2001
The factors which makes the greatest impact on whether an employee will or will not work safely are Strength and endurance Recognition, attitude and team spirit Emotional, moral and physical factors Experience and workplace design
*Recognition, attitude and team spirit Many behavior-based safety experts agree that the most critical factors are team spirit, recognition and attitude. The major factors in work discontent are company policy, interpersonal relationships and supervision. The best way to reduce injuries and property damage in the future is to systematically reinforce positive employee actions and behavior. The safety culture is a group's attitude that everyone in the group will try to behave in a way that protects the safety of each other. Recognition will reinforce their trust in the culture. An important factor in developing a safety program is to incorporate concepts of job enrichment, participation and employee-centered leadership. Management will most likely support a proactive safety effort when prevention of losses relates to achievement of company objectives.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of integrated performance assurance, safety and health, and quality assurance programs? Require common intangible asset control Serve common underlying objectives Share common success and failure measures Use common approach to achieve objectives
*Require common intangible asset control Although industry generally separates, the compliance, SH&E and quality programs, these functions have many similarities, including: - Serving common underlying objectives, such as performance assurance or risk management - Using a common approach to achieve objectives, such as activity-specific evaluation or planning and oversight - Sharing common success and failure measures, such as cost, schedule, violations or liabilities - The first step in establishing a good corporate quality plan is to determine customer requirements.
ILO-OSH 2001:
International Labor Organization Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems The ILO, a UN agency that brings together governments, employers, and workers of its member states, has developed voluntary guidelines on safety and health management systems. The guidelines are designed as an "instrument for the development of a sustainable safety culture within the enterprise and beyond." The key elements of the guidelines are built on the concept of continuous improvement. For more info: ilo.org
OSHA's VVP:
OSHA's Voluntary Protection Program (VVP) The OSHA VVP recognizes and partners with businesses and worksites that demonstrate excellence in occupatonal safety and health. To qualify for one of the VVPs, applicants must have in place an effective SHMS that meets rigorous performance-based criteria. OSHA verifies qualifications through a comprehensive onsite review process. Using one set of flexible, performance-based criteria, the VVP process emphasizes: Management accountability for worker safety and health; continual identification and elimination of hazards, and active involvement of employees in their own protection. For more info: osha.gov
What is ISO 14000 series?
is a series of environmental management standards developed and published by the ISO for organizations. The ISO 14000 standards provide a guideline or framework for organizations that need to systematize and improve their environmental management efforts
Acceptable Risk is
that part of identified mishap risk that is allowed to persist without taking further engineering or management action to eliminate or reduce the risk, based on knowledge and decision making. The system user is consciously exposed to this risk. A risk level achieved after risk reduction measures have been applied. It is a risk level that is accepted for a given task (hazardous situation) or hazard. For the purpose of this standard, the terms "acceptable risk" and "tolerable risk" are considered to be synonymous.
Risk is
the effect of uncertainty on objectives
A successful management system, according to OHSAS 18001, should be based on all the following except: A generic occupational health and safety policy Identification of occupational health and safety risks, along with legal requirements Objectives, targets, and programs that ensure continual improvements Management activities that control occupational health and safety risks
*A generic occupational health and safety policy OHSAS 18001 is an Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series for health and safety management systems. It is intended to help an organization to control occupational health and safety risks. It was developed in response to widespread demand for a recognized standard against which to be certified and assessed. OHSAS 18001 will measure managements systems with regards to several dimensions. The extent of application will depend on such factors as the organization's occupational health and safety policy, the nature of its activities, and conditions under which it operates. A successful management system should be based on these factors: - An occupational health and safety policy is appropriate for the company - Identification of occupational health and safety risks is documented, along with legal requirements - Objectives, targets, and programs ensure continual improvements - Management activities control occupational health and safety risks - Monitoring of occupational health and safety system performance is constant - Continual reviews, evaluation, and system improvement are conducted
Which of the following defines the attributes of employee coaching? Achievement-oriented, reactive, fault-finding process Achievement-oriented, proactive, fact-finding process Achievement-oriented, reactive, fact-finding process Achievement-oriented, proactive, fault-finding process
*Achievement-oriented, proactive, fact-finding process Always proactive, not reactive A behavior based approach treats safety as an achievement oriented process not outcome based. It also uses fact-finding versus fault-finding and is proactive not reactive.
An accident including a company vehicle that impacted an overpass support structure involved a company's driver. All company vehicle records are requested by the NTSB. According to 49CFR, what must be provided? Only the records deem necessary by safety supervisor Records not required All information requested by NTSB Only records insurance company deems necessary
*All information requested by NTSB According to 49CFR831, "The Safety Board may issue a subpoena, enforceable in Federal district court, to obtain testimony or other evidence. Authorized representatives of the Board may question any person having knowledge relevant to an accident/incident, study, or special investigation. Authorized representatives of the Board also have exclusive authority, on behalf of the Board, to decide the way in which any testing will be conducted, including decisions on the person that will conduct the test, the type of test that will be conducted, and any individual who will witness the test."
A manufacturer must keep records relating to product safety for what period of time? As long as possible Life of product guarantee Well beyond life of the product Term of employment plus 30 years
*As long as possible Due to product liability claims, a manufacturer should keep product safety records as long as possible. Some states may have limits on time period, while other states do not and that is where lawsuits often originate. Term of employment + 30 years applies to medical & exposure records and SDSs
Once a chemical has been classified, the hazard(s) must be communicated to target audiences. The exploding chest pictogram represents which hazard class? Carcinogen Irritant Acute Toxicity Environmental Toxicity
*Carcinogen The GHS symbols have been incorporated into pictograms for use on the GHS label. Pictograms include the harmonized hazard symbols plus other graphic elements, such as borders, background patterns or colors which are intended to convey specific information. For transport, pictograms will have the background, symbol and colors currently used in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations. For other sectors, pictograms will have a black symbol on a white background with a red diamond frame. A black frame may be used for shipments within one country. The GHS pictogram for the same hazard should not be located where a transport pictogram appears.
What is the most effective method to fix accountability for environmental, safety and health losses? Charge associated cost to work center Compare incident rates with like companies Require supervisor to make weekly presentations on their status Compare each work center and make an example out of the bottom 10%
*Charge associated cost to work center According to Dr. Roger Brauer in Safety and Health for Engineers, "Making safety part of a supervisor's appraisal is one means of achieving in an organization. Companies that use cost accounting to encourage safety have the lower accident rates."
Based on the OHSAS 18001 guidelines that all management systems should be suitable, adequate and effective, which of the following situations indicate that a management evaluation should be performed? Profits are down from preceding year ES&H director has been held by three individuals during previous 18 months Company's environmental performance has been questioned by local "green" group Company's safety performance is 40% lower than previous year
*Company's safety performance is 40% lower than previous year The purpose of adopting OHSAS 18001 Health and Safety Management System is to maintain continuous improvement. IF the management system finds a significant reduction in company safety performance, it should indicate that a comprehensive management review of the items is warranted.
Should an inspector wish to acquire some structural details for the comprehensive survey, including floor loading at a building site, he/she should Ask the plant superintendent to relay information from posted floor loading signs in the facility Have OHST evaluate conditions during upcoming plant visit Consult published building plans or have a structural engineer conduct a structural analysis Obtain a floor load handbook and evaluate any suspicious conditions during plant visit
*Consult published building plans or have a structural engineer conduct a structural analysis Accurate data is a must when evaluating floor loading in an industrial environment. If data is not readily available from reliable sources, the best choice is to have a competent engineer perform a structural analysis. OSHA at 1910.22 states "In every building or other structure, or part thereof, used for mercantile, business, industrial, or storage purposes, the loads approved by the building official shall be marked on the plates of approved design which shall be supplied and securely affixed by the owner of the building, or his duly authorized agent, in a conspicuous place in each space to which they relate." "It shall be unlawful to place, or cause, or permit to be placed, on any floor or roof of a building or other structure a load greater than that for which such floor or roof is approved by the building official."
Which of the following are GHS signal words that indicate the relative degree of severity of a hazard? Warning, Caution Danger, Warning Caution, Danger Hazardous, Dangerous
*Danger, Warning The signal word indicates the relative degree of severity a hazard. The signal words used in GHS are: "Danger" for the more severe hazards, and "Warning" for the less severe hazards. Signal words are standardized and assigned to the hazard categories within endpoints. Some lower level hazard categories do not use signal words. Only one signal word corresponding to the class of the most severe hazard should be used on each label. The GHS hazard pictograms, signal word and hazard statements should be located together on the label. The actual label format or layout is not specified in GHS. National authorities may choose to specify where information should appear on the label or allow supplier discretion.
Using the Management Grid by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton, illustrating management styles by drawing a grid with a Y axis Concern for People and an X axis Concern for Production, a 9,1 supervisor could be called a Country Club Manager Dictator Workaholic Company Man
*Dictator The 1,1 supervisor is indifferent. The 9,1 supervisor is the one who is interested more in production than the interests of their employees and thus would be labeled a Dictator or Authority-Obedience manager. A 9,9 would be considered a Team Manager, a 1,9 would be a country club manager and a 5,5 would be considered a middle-of-road manager.
Which of the following would be considered the primary talent of a Safety Professional? Out-sources as many responsibilities as possible Recognized as the boss' "right hand man" Displays continuous and flexible learning Strictly adheres to company policy guidelines
*Displays continuous and flexible learning Managers that deliver under high performance expectations of current dynamic times must be well educated and continue that education during their career. They must be unrelenting in their efforts to develop, refine and maintain their skills and competencies, which may not agree with their previous training.
The first action to be considered in the hierarchy of control is: Training Elimination of the hazard Personal Protective Equipment Substitution with something less hazardous
*Elimination of the hazard Risks are reduced to an acceptable level through the application of the hierarchy of controls. A hierarchy of controls provides a systematic way of thinking, considering steps in a ranked and sequential order, to choose the most effective means of eliminating or reducing hazards and their associated risks. Acknowledging that premise that risk reduction measures should be considered and taken in a prescribed order represents an important step in the evolution of the practice of safety. These methods are to be applied when new facilities, equipment and processes are acquired; when existing facilities, equipment and processes are altered; and when incidents are investigated. In applying a hierarchy of controls, the desired outcome of actions taken is to achieve an acceptable risk level. Acceptable risk is that risk for which the probability of a hazards-related incident or exposure occurring and the severity of harm or damage that could result are as low as reasonably practical and tolerable in the situation being considered. That definition requires several factors be taken into consideration: - avoiding, eliminating or reducing the probability of a hazards-related incident or exposure occurring - reducing the severity of harm or damage that may result of an incident or exposure occurs - the feasibility and effectiveness of risk-reduction measures to be taken, and their costs in relation to the amount of risk reduction to be achieved.
What is a warning sign's primary purpose? Information for supervisor Information for employees Employees' hazard recognition and comprehension Company protection from OSHA citations and lawsuits
*Employees' hazard recognition and comprehension 1910.145 (extracted) The word "sign" refers to a surface on prepared for the warning of, or safety instructions of, industrial workers or members of the public who may be exposed to hazards. Excluded from this definition, however, are new releases, displays commonly known as safety posters, and bulletins used for employee education. The wording of any sign should be easily read and concise. The sign should contain sufficient information to be easily understood. The wording should make a positive, rather than negative suggestion and should be accurate in fact. "Major message" means that portion of a tag's inscription that is more specific than the signal word and that indicates the specific hazardous condition or the instruction to be communicated to the employee. Examples include: "High Voltage" "Close Clearance" "Do Not Start" "Do Not Use" or a corresponding pictograph used with a written text or alone. "Signal Word" means that portion of a tag's inscription that contains the word or words that are intended to capture employee's immediate attention.
Which principle involves the "Fellow Servant Rule"? Employer must establish a "two-man" rule Employees will not be responsible for each other Rules will be established for more than one worker Employer will not be responsible for injuries caused by another worker
*Employer will not be responsible for injuries caused by another worker The Fellow Servant Rule was a defense which, prior to the enactment of workers' compensation laws, could be used by an employer to protect him/herself when sued by an employee for damages from injury caused by one or more fellow employees Assumption of Risk worker knew he/she was involved in a risky or hazardous occupation Contributory Negligence worker contributed to his/her injury. These were two other pre-workers' compensation defenses for employers The principle of foresee ability deals with liability for actions that result in injury or damage when hazards were foreseeable. Foresee ability is a fundamental legal principle used in product liability cases. Note: Current disgruntled employees cause the most workplace violence
When attempting to change safety-related workplace behaviors, the following are all basic steps in the process except: Identify critical behaviors Establish a behavior-based safety program Conduct measurement through observation Give performance feedback
*Establish a behavior-based safety program According to the NSC, the 3 basic steps of the behavior based safety process are: 1. Identify Critical Behaviors Employers write, in observable terms, what employees should do to properly perform their jobs. The safety and health professional can list a few critical behaviors or a complete inventory, depending on the scope and results desired. 2. Conduct Measurement Through Observation Trained observers watch the workplace to determine if listed behaviors are performed safely or unsafely. The total number of observed behaviors is divided into the number of safe behaviors to obtain a percentage figure for safe behaviors. 3. Give Performance Feedback The percentage figure for safe behaviors is shown on a graph displayed in the workplace. At regular intervals, behaviors are again observed and new safe behavior figures are added to the graph. Studies show this critical feedback will improve safety behaviors. Praise and recognition from managers or peer pressure can be effective ways to encourage and reinforce safe behaviors. Once data is collected the data analysis includes: - closing the improvement loop - identifying and correcting equipment and design barriers - establishing procedures and solutions instead of temporary corrections
To adjust Worker's Compensation Insurance Rates, a company must use: Experience Modification Rate Incident Rate Worker's Compensation Mod Rate Accident Rate
*Experience Modification Rate The insurance industry uses EMR for workers' compensation insurance as a means of determining equitable premiums. These rating systems consider the average incident losses for a given firm's type of work and amount of payroll and predict the dollar amount of expected losses due to work-related injuries and illnesses. Modification rates charged by private carriers are usually affected by risks beyond the insured's control, products produced or services provided and potential for catastrophic accidents.
In a parallel component arrangement, the failure of one, two, or three components would not result in output failure (all four components must fail to produce output failure). Assuming the failure rate is the same for all components, which of the following formulas should be used for computing the probability of failure for this system? (C^2)-(F^4) C1+C2+C3+C4 F(e^(-t/m)) F1xF2xF3xF4
*F1xF2xF3xF4 All must fail for system to fail, means x not + Since the components are in parallel, the configuration indicates an "AND" gate situation, that is C1 and C2 and C3 and C4 must fail before the output fails. The symbol for an "AND" gate is "*" which indicates multiplication, this leads to the correct answer. Multiply the failure rates of each component. F1xF2xF3xF4, or since the failure rates are all the same, F^4 Note: When dealing in probability of failure the general rules are: - Parallel construction indicates "AND" = multiply - Series construction indicates "OR" = addition
The most correct statement concerning the Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) is FMECA is an extension of FMEA FMECA is a tool of the nuclear industry FMECA is a quality tool, not a system safety tool FMECA is reliability, not hazard based
*FMECA is an extension of FMEA The FMECA is generally considered to be a reliability-based analysis. The process provides an exhaustive search for component failure that will affect system operations. The search may uncover failures that will cause hazards or damage, but its main objective is to determine the system reliability. The method enlargement to include the "Criticality" or critical ranking of components results in the FMECA. The FMECA searches for parts or components that will contribute to the system failure and ranks them by their probability to cause a hazard or ability to affect the system safety. The nuclear industry discourages use of the term FMECA in favor of FMEA because of the nuclear specific use of the term "Criticality", which refers to the amount of radioactive material necessary to sustain a chain reaction (Critical Mass). Quality generally means the same thing as Safety
Which of the following defines a system safety technique that selects an undesired event whose possibility or probability is to be determined and then reviews system requirements, functions, and designs to determine how the top or initial event could occur? Fault Tree Analysis Boolean algebra Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
*Fault Tree Analysis = top down analysis This is a description of Fault Tree Analysis, which uses deductive analysis involving reasoning from the general to the specific. Most other safety analysis use inductive reasoning and progress from a specific item to the general overall failure.
A company's CEO and general manager ask the safety director where in the organizational structure is the best place for the safety function. The preferred placement of the safety function is Personnel Support Operations General Manager staff
*General Manager staff Several different answers could be acceptable. According to the NSC, the safety professional advises and guides management, supervisors, foreman employees and such departments as purchasing, engineering and personnel on all matters pertaining to safety. Formulating, administering, monitoring, evaluating and improving the incident prevention program are additional responsibilities. The general safety and health professional belief is that the safety and health effort should report to a function with power and ability control and correct problems, specifically, the General Manager. Root causes of mishaps can exist in any of the elements in a company, as can the interrelated causes of accidents. The best place for safety expertise, however, is in a staff function reporting to the senior executive.
Employee motivation or change, a primary behavior model, does not include which of the following? Specifying objectives and goals Having the ES&H department write procedures Giving reinforcement and feedback Gaining commitment from employees and management
*Having the ES&H department write procedures The Organization Behavior Model (OBM) approach to employee motivation or change includes specifying objectives and goals, giving reinforcement and feedback and gaining commitment from employees and management. Goals are frequently incorrectly developed, which makes them likely to fail. They must be attainable and employees must believe they are relevant and worthwhile.
What is a neutral or irrelevant event effect in an experiment that is intended to produce the same reaction in a participant as if the event were of importance called? Simple effect Placebo effect Hawthorne effect Theory of negative reward
*Hawthorne effect An unplanned change in persons taking part in an experiment who know this is called the Hawthorne Effect. It was first recognized in a study of worker productivity in the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company. A physical change was made to the work area, however the factor that caused the change, was the perception that management was trying to improve the work area. Example: Experiment - Adjusted lighting and production increased. Later, they adjusted lighting the other way and production also increased. Lighting adjustments didn't increase production, the thought that someone was attempting to increase production increased production
Which of the following key label elements are standardized under the GHS? Product identifier, supplier identifier, chemical identity Hazard pictograms, signal words, hazard statements Precautionary information, product identifier, hazard statements Signal words, chemical identity, hazard pictogram
*Hazard pictograms, signal words, hazard statements The GHS Working Group identified about 35 different types of information currently required on labels by different systems. To harmonize, key information elements needed to be identified. Additional harmonization may occur on other elements in time, in particular for precautionary statements. The elements are identified below (*STANDARDIZED): Product Identifier Supplier Identifier Chemical Identity *Hazard Pictograms *Signal Words *Hazard Statements Precautionary Information
Only a small percentage of car accidents are the result of mechanical failure. How can a company best control the major cause of driver error? Conducting monthly safety meetings Requiring substance abuse testing of all drivers Hiring only drivers under 40 years of age Implementing a program of driver selection, training, and supervision
*Implementing a program of driver selection, training, and supervision According to the NSC, "Companies can control driver error by introducing a program of driver selection, training and supervision, while vehicle failure can be reduced by implementing a PM program."
A company's health and safety management program's audit reveals that the program has failed to accomplish the stated objective of accident prevention. Accident rates are very poor, as are morale and discipline. Varying standards exist through the company and supervisors openly defy management authority. What is the best explanation for the safety program management failure? Safety director neglects to establish an effective program Top management fails to support the accident prevention effort Management at all levels fails to manage, lead and direct the workforce Procedures to identify correct and safe methods for job accomplishment are ignored
*Management at all levels fails to manage, lead and direct the workforce Safety and the responsibility for achieving it rest with management, primarily with the organization's CEO, but in a shared manner with all other managers. There has always been disagreement in management circles about just how to accomplish safety, but there has always been agreement that management of safety, like all other functions, has to start at the top, and be supported by subordinate executives and managers. Supervisors, foreman and workers develop their attitudes about the importance of safety and health from both formal and informal clues. Management of the safety and health effort is both an art and a science; the director of Health & Safety is merely the functional steward. When safety is effective, the entire management team deserves credit. Likewise, when it fails the entire team shares the blame. Good leadership characteristics include building responsibility, educating, setting expectations and encouraging choices.
Convincing someone to perform desired behaviors or actions is a part of psychology known as Attitude Motivation Judgement Discipline
*Motivation According to Dr. Roger Brauer in Safety and Health for Engineers, this is the definition of motivation. This includes such areas as overcoming personal deficiencies, increasing safety awareness.
To identify the "vital few", whether customers, customer needs, product features, or inputs, this principle helps assure that resources and attention are concentrated where they will do the most good. Hystograph Principle Juran Principle Pareto Principle KISS Principle
*Pareto Principle The Pareto Principle, sometimes referred to as the 80-20 rule, indicates that 80% of the problems come from 20% of the operations. It is also true that 20% of corrective actions and risk reduction actions can mitigate 80% of the risk, when the risk is understood.
Which of the following is the highest safety priority for the typical employee? Dictated safety standards Generic safety statement - "BE SAFE" Perceived control over the risk Individual examples that violate safety standards
*Perceived control over the risk Motivation in safety is highly situation-specific, which means that situational or behavior-specific campaigns (ex. "don't drive and drive") are more likely to have an impact than general campaigns (ex. "BE SAFE"). However, behavior change is likely to be short lived if it is unsupported or sustained by intrinsic beliefs. People are motivated to take risks, as well as to avoid risks, provided they perceive they have personal control over the risk.
The basic approach, according to many management systems, includes 4 sequential steps Plan, organize, develop, evaluate Plan, organize, implement, control Analyze, design, develop, implement Analyze, design, implement, evaluate
*Plan, organize, implement, control Many management experts use such terms as "planning, organizing, leading and controlling the use of resources" or "Planning, organizing, activating, and controlling".
Management and Safety Systems built on the principles and process developed by quality pioneer Edward Deming are known as Act-Do-Plan-Check Plan-Do-Check-Act Plan-Act-Do-Check Check-Plan-Do-Act
*Plan-Do-Check-Act Both Quality and EHS management systems are built on the well-known Plan-Do-Check-Act process. Briefly stated, the purpose of standards is to provide organizations with an effective tool for continuous improvement in their occupational health and safety management systems to reduce risk of occupational injuries, illnesses and fatalities.
Risk is a combination of: Frequency of episodes of an adverse event and probability of occurrence of the adverse event. Probability that an adverse event will occur and consequences of the adverse event. Probability that a hazardous condition exists and consequences of the hazard. Exposure and consequences to a hazard.
*Probability that an adverse event will occur and consequences of the adverse event. Risk is defined as the probability that a substance or situation will produce harm under specified conditions. Risk is a combination of 2 factors: 1. the probability that an adverse vent will occur and 2. the consequences of the adverse event. Risk encompasses impacts on public health and the environment, and arises from exposure and hazard. Risk does not exist if exposure to a harmful substance or situation does not or will not occur. Hazard is determined by whether a particular substance or situation hast he potential to cause harmful effects. Risk is the probability of a specific outcome, generally adverse, given a particular set of conditions. (ANSI Z10-2012)
Which of the following is not one of the major provisions of the consensus standard incorporating best practices in OHSMS? Application of a prescribed hierarchy of controls to achieve acceptable risk levels Design reviews Regulatory compliance Management of change systems
*Regulatory compliance The ASSE/ANSI Z10-2012, OHSMS consensus standard applicable to organizations of all sizes. The standard provides safety professionals and senior management with a well-conceived, state of the art concept and action outline to improve safety & health management systems. In crafting Z10, the intent was not only to achieve significant safety and health benefits through its application, but also to impact favorably on productivity, financial performance, quality and other business goals. There is no provision specifically dedicated to regulatory compliance. The key provisions pertain to risk assessment and prioritization, applying a prescribed hierarchy of controls to achieve acceptable levels of risk by designing reviews, managing change systems; having safety specifications in procurement systems; and conducting safety audits.
The risk remaining after preventative measures have been taken is called: Acceptable risk Tolerable risk Unacceptable risk Residual risk
*Residual risk In ANSI Z10, risk is defined as an estimate of the combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event or exposure(s), and the severity of injury or illness that may be caused by the event or exposures. According to ANSI/ASSE/ISO Guide 73 (Z690.1-2011) Vocabulary for Risk Management, risk is simply the effect of uncertainty on objectives. Risk tolerance is an organization's readiness to bear the risk after risk treatment in order to achieve its objectives. Risk acceptance is an informed decision to take a particular risk. Acceptable risk is a residual risk level achieved after risk reduction measures have been applied. It is a risk level that is accepted for a given task (hazardous situation) or hazard. The terms "acceptable risk" and "tolerable risk" are considered to the synonymous. Residual risk is defined as the risk remaining after preventative measures have been taken. No matter how effective the preventive actions, residual risk will always be present if a facility of operation continues to exist.
Which of these terms refers to someone identified with a group or category with oversimplified attributes associated with that person/group? Selective perception Stereotype Halo Effect Projection
*Stereotype According to "Management" by John R. Schermerhorn, Jr., this is the definition of stereotype.
In order to select a system from among three potential safety design candidates, a Safety & Health consultant must recognize system failure will result in a loss, regardless of choice. An elementary design for each system showing probability of failure is shown below using standard "fault tree" symbols. Which system has the lowest overall failure probability? System "A" Failure: 2x10^-3 AND 5x10^-4 System "B" Failure: 7x10^-7 OR 3x10^-7 System "C" Failure: 1x10^-6 System A has a lower probability, and offers redundancy System B has a lower probability, but has 2 potential single point failures System C is the simplest and has lowest probability The probability is the same for all 3 systems
*The probability is the same for all 3 systems round/arched top = multiply = AND = all systems must fail for system to fail = parallel system pointed top = add = OR = if one system fails, the whole system fails = series system Since the severity and probability for each system is the same, the loss risk is also the same. Given this situation, the selection process would consider overall system cost, deliverability, quality, longevity, human factors, etc.
What type of manager utilizes an external reward and punishment system to affect performance? Theory X Theory Y MBO TQM
*Theory X The Theory X manager (according to Douglas McGregor's Theory) holds that people must be motivated to work by external reward and punishment because they are unmotivated toward work. A Theory Y manager assumes all workers are basically interested and motivated to work and therefore have a reduced need for an external reward system. Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process of joint objective setting between a superior and subordinate. It is also known as Management by Results. The managers meet the following performance objectives: - Target a key result to be accomplished - Identify a date for achieving results - Offer a realistic (measurable) and attainable challenge - Are as specific and quantitative as possible A Total Quality Management (TQM) manager functions and directs operations with an organization-wide commitment to continuous work improvement, product quality and totally meeting customer needs, by applying them to all operation aspect. Under TQM an employee's initiative to work safely is achieved by instilling a commitment to quality teamwork and continual improvement. These managers include the line manager who is responsible for activities making direct contributions to the production of the organizations product, the staff manager who has special technical expertise to advise and support the line manager and function managers that are responsible for a support area such as finance, marketing, personnel, etc. Safety Professionals can have line authority if they work under the plant manager in an operational extension (extended) capacity.
If a potential toxic hazard release is identified during a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) of a new process, what is the best procedure to determine how to protect against the hazard in case of a release or to determine if the hazard is present in work area? Conduct a site analysis and take air samples Determine effects of local meteorological conditions Review design with engineering department Use a computerized Process Flow Sheet for initial evaluation of hazard releases
*Use a computerized Process Flow Sheet for initial evaluation of hazard releases According to the NSC "Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene", a simple Process Flow Sheet should be drawn to show how and where each toxic material is introduced and how it can be introduced into the work area. This could include evaluating the meteorological conditions and reviewing the process with the engineering staff. After the process is online, safety managers should sample the area to identify any actual releases.
(Under OSHA's VVP) The major elements of an effective management system include:
1. Management Leadership - Establish clear safety and health goals for the program and define the actions needed to achieve those goals. - Designate one or more individuals with overall responsibility for implementing and maintaining the program. - Provide sufficient resources to ensure effective program implementation. 2. Worker Participation - Consult with workers in developing and implementing the program and involve them in updating and evaluating the program. - Include workers in workplace inspections and incident investigations. - Encourage workers to report concerns such as hazards, injuries, illnesses and near misses. - Protect the rights of workers who participate in the program. 3. Hazard Identification and Assessment - Identify, assess and document workplace hazards by soliciting input from workers, inspecting the workplace and reviewing available information on hazards. - Investigate injuries and illnesses to identify hazards that may have caused them. - Inform workers of hazards in their workplace.
ANSI/ASSE Z10-2012
American National Standard for Occupational Health & Safety Management Systems This voluntary consensus standard was published by the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) following American National Standards Institute (ANSI) requirements. It provides management systems requirements and guidelines for improving occupational health and safety. Experts from labor, government, professional organizations, and industry formulated the standard after extensive examination of current national and international standards, guidelines, and practices. For more info: asse.org
SMART "M" - Measurable - means
Establish concrete criteria to measure progress on attaining each objective to help you stay the course, reason target dates, and experience achievement that spurs continued effort required to reach objectives. To determine if an object is measurable, ask questions such as: how much? How many? How will I know it is accomplished?
SMART "T" - Time-oriented - means
Establish realistic timeframes, including start and end dates, deliverables, audit points and milestones to mobilize stakeholders to achieve objectives.
FMECA:
Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis
NTSB:
National Transportation Safety Board
OHSMS:
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems A set of interrelated elements that establish and support occupational safety and health objectives
Accepted Risk is
accepted risk has 2 parts: 1. risk that is knowingly understood and accepted by the system developer or user and 2. risk that is not known or understood and is accepted by default.
Mitigation is
an action taken to reduce the risk presented by a hazard, by modifying the hazard in order to decrease the mishap probability and/or the mishap severity. Mitigation is generally accomplished through design measures, use of safety devices, warning devices, training, or procedures. It is also referred to as hazard mitigation and risk mitigation.
Risk Acceptance is
an informed decision to take a particular risk
Risk Tolerance is
an organization's readiness to bear the risk after risk treatment in order to achieve its objectives
Mishap is
an unplanned event or series of events resulting in death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment.
Safety is
freedom from those conditions that can cause death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment. The ability of a system to exclude certain undesired events (ex. mishaps) during stated operation under stated conditions for a stated time. The ability of a system or product to operate with a known and accepted level of mishap risk. A built-in system characteristic.
Risk is defined as
the combination of the severity of a defined exposure with its frequency of occurrence. The technique that effectively decreases a project's schedule risk without increasing the overall risk is to incorporate slack time into the project's critical path schedule early in project planning.
Severity is
the extent of harm or damage that could result from a hazard related incident or exposures
Loss Control is
the proactive measures taken to prevent or reduce loss evolving from accident, injury, illness and property damage. The aim of the loss control is to reduce the frequency and severity of losses. Loss control is directly related to human resource management, engineering and risk management practices.
Risk Management is
the process by which assessed risks are mitigated, minimized, or controlled through engineering, management, or operational means. This involves the optimal allocation of available resources in support of safety, performance, cost, and schedule.
Risk analysis is
the process of identifying safety risk. This involves identifying hazards that present mishap risk with an assessment of the risk.
Unnacceptable Risk is
the risk that cannot be tolerated
SMART "A" - Actionable - means
Create related objectives and actions you can achieve. The objective should be transferable into actionable tasks people can accomplish. Set challenging and purposeful objectives that are realistic.
FMEA:
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
OHSAS 18001:2007:
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Specification - British Standard This standard specifies requirements for an occupational health and safety management system, to enable an organization to control its risks and improve its performance. The Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) Project Group, an international association of government agencies, private industries, and consulting organizations first published the standard in 1999. Since then, there have been 16,000 certifications to the standard in over 80 countries. The 2007 edition reflects lessons learned from users and increases its compatibility with other international SHMS standards and guidelines. A companion document, OHSAS 18002:2000, serves as a guide to implmeneting OHSAS 18001. For more info: bsi-global.com
SMART "R" - Realistic - means
Operationally define objectives and actions you can achieve. The objective should be transferable into actionable tasks people can accomplish. Set challenging and purposeful objectives that are realistic.
Residual Risk is
Overall risk remaining after system safety mitigation efforts have been fully implemented. It is, according to MIL-STD-992D, "the remaining mishap risk that exists after all mitigation techniques have been implemented or exhausted, in accordance with the system safety design order of precedence." Residual risk is the sum of all risk after mishap risk management has been applied. This is the total risk passed on to the user.
The management term "span of control" refers to:
The breadth of a manager's expertise *The number of subordinates a manager can supervise The number of projects a manager can supervise The number of organizations a manager can supervise The well-known principle of "span of control" is defined as recognizing that a manager cannot effectively supervise more than a half dozen subordinate managers.
Six Levels of Action
The following are prioritized from most effective to least effective (adapted from ANSI-Z10,2012): 1. Elimination - Design to eliminate hazards: falls, HAZMAT, confined spaces, materials handling, tools and machinery, etc. 2. Substitution - Substitute for less hazardous materials and equipment, reduce energy, etc. 3. Engineering Controls - Incorporate safety through design such as: Ventilation systems, enclosures, guarding, interlocks, lift tables, conveyors, etc. 4. Warnings - Strategically place signs, alarms, enunciators, labels, etc. 5. Administrative Controls - Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) such as: Conduct JSAs, job rotation, inspections, training, mentoring, etc. 6. PPE - PPE assessments may result in the use of: safety glasses, goggles, face shields, fall protection, protective footwear, gloves, respirators, chemical suits, etc. Decision makers should understand that with respect to the six levels of action shown in the following hierarchy of controls the methods described in the first, second and third action levels are more effective because they: - are preventative actions that eliminate/reduce risk by design, substitution and engineering measures; - rely the least on the performance of personnel; - are less defeatable by supervisors or workers Actions described in the 4th, 5th, and 6th levels are contingent actions and rely greatly on the performance of personnel for their effectiveness.
Risk assessment is
The process of determining risks to health attributable to environmental or other hazards. This involves evaluating the identified hazard causal factors and then characterizing the risk as the product of the hazard severity times the hazard probability. Processes used to evaluate the level of risk associated with hazards and system issues. - Assure Management commitment, involvement and direction (an absolute) - Select a risk assessment team, including employees with knowledge of jobs and tasks - Establish the analysis parameters - Select a risk assessment technique - Identify the hazards - Consider failure modes - Assess the severity of consequences determine the occurrence probability, prominently taking into consideration the exposures - Define the initial risk - Make risk acceptance or non-acceptant decisions with employee involvement - If needed, select and implement hazard avoidance, elimination, reduction and control measures - Address the residual risk - Document the results - Follow-up on the actions taken
MBO:
management by objectives
