Assessment Final Exam Spring 17

Formative Evaluation

A/An __________ would be best for a counselor who wishes to assess a client's progress in order to make any necessary changes?

performance assessment

Building an engine is an example of

Which of the following is not a type of validity?

pearson product moment

It is a duty for professional counselors to

preserve the integrity of assessments.

How would you interpret elevated scores on the hypomania scale of the MMPI?

Difficult to get anything done

Conditions exhibited in the definition of serious emotional disturbance do not have to occur to a marked degree because of the seriousness of this disorder under IDEA.

FALSE--marked degree is a part of the criteria under federal law

A normal curve that is skewed to the left is skewed in the positive direction.

FALSE--skew is showing where score is that is pulling the curve (and the mean)- skew to left is negative skew

A key criterion for the diagnosis Learning Disability is behavioral and/or emotional difficulties that interfere with academic progress.

FALSE--this is key criterion for Emotional Disturbance or Behavior Disorder

A Bender-Gestalt can tell us about aural and oral perception and integration.

FALSE-Bender is visual perception

There are 3 forms of Wechsler's and the one for pre-school children is the WISC-IV.

FALSE-WPPSI

When administering a test, coaching is not only allowed it is encouraged.

FALSE-coaching is never allowed

Which of the following was NOT a criticism of tests during the Era of Discontent?

Most tests lack appropriate reliability and validity data.

Why might multiple-choice exams be preferred over essay exams?

Multiple-choice exams increase the standardization of conditions and item selection.

Assessment that is fair to persons from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds is called ________.

Nondiscriminatory assessment

If one uses the discrepancy model in diagnosis, the focus is on examining the differences between IQ and achievement. This model has historically been used in diagnosis of learning disabilities.

TRUE

In looking at reliability, the correlation coefficient provides a numerical indicator of relationship.

TRUE

In the definition of deafness under IDEA the impairment is in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification.

TRUE

Like K-R 20, Coefficient Alpha checks for internal consistency of an instrument.

TRUE

Reliablity, norms, validity and standard error of measurement are considered psychometric factors.

TRUE

Scoring of Wechsler subscales is somewhat complex because different points are awarded depending on the quality of the response.

TRUE

Spearman says intelligence is a component of not only general ability, but also specific factors which are to some degree correlated with that general intelligence.

TRUE

Terra Novas, National assessment of Educational Programs (NAEP) and subject area tests are all examples of achievement tests.

TRUE

The Mental Measurements Yearbook provides descriptive information about a test, including publisher and population for whom the test is appropriate.

TRUE

The Otis-Lennon School Ability Test is frequently administered to students as a cognitive screening measure and has been used as a screening measure for identifying gifted students.

TRUE

The steady rise of intelligence tests scores in recent years is called the Flynn effect.

TRUE

When a score of 100 is achieved as a standard score, it represents the norm, not a perfect score.

TRUE

The Confidence Interval is the range of scores calculated using the standard error of measurement for the obtained score.

TRUE--That is when we say with 95% confidence I can tell you the obtained score of 90 lies in the confidence band of 82 to 98.

Which of the following would be the most accurate interpretation of a T score=24 on Trust, a scale in the Measures of Psychosocial Development?

The client is likely to have little trust in most situations.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the 1905 Stanford-Binet Scale?

The creators focused item development on assessing sensory processes.

A child in poverty encounters an assessment question about the different parts of a boat (e.g., sail, anchor, etc.), but he has never seen or learned about boats. This is an example of

content bias

____________________ measure specific objectives and skills. They focus on mastery of a given objective or skill.

criterion-referenced tests

A psychological report is:

a formal summary and discussion of assessment results

In which profession would it be least appropriate to evaluate an intern by using a portfolio?

bank teller-in-training

If a licensed professional counselor violates a state regulation she will

be cited or sanctioned.

Communication, cognitive skills, physical development, emotional development are all in what domain?

developmental

Diversity simply means

difference

The HIPAA Privacy Rule has provisions including

giving patients the right to request corrections to be made to their records.

In general, an individual trying to "look good" will have a _____ score on the Lie (L) scale.

higher

Worldview

includes beliefs, values, perspectives, and perceptions.

How would you interpret lower scores on the Depression scale of the MMPI?

indicates little depression

Workers in the helping professions use ________________ to assess client behavior in play therapy, sociodrama, psychodrama, simulated experiences, role playing, test performance, discussion groups, conferences, and interviews.

observational techniques

Good assessment

offers an objective standard.

test-retest

A researcher gives two equivalent forms of the same test in order to determine a coefficient of equivalence.

If asked "which of the following describes you best?" and answers to choose from are a. "I am a good listener" or b. "I am expressive and creative," you are doing an assessment which uses ipsative scoring

TRUE

The _________________ is a test designed to help students who may need specialized help with writing. It has two alternate forms

TOWL-4

A T-score of 70 would be a good thing if one is assessing self-esteem.

TRUE

A key criterion for the diagnosis Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity is the presence of externalizing behaviors.

TRUE

A reliability measure of .79 is stronger than a reliability measure of .49.

TRUE

A sociogram enables one to assess group dynamics and social networks.

TRUE

Baselines are used to establish the frequency, duration, or latency of a behavior before an intervention is determined.

TRUE

Checklists often consist of statements about observed behaviors.

TRUE

Construct validity addresses whether a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

TRUE

Criterion referenced tests can be used to document student mastery of objectives.

TRUE

Gardner would say that any set of adult competencies that is valued in a culture merits consideration as a potential intelligence.

TRUE

Charles Darwin

__________ is credited with spurring the experimental interest in individual differences that characterized the second movement in the history of assessment.

Perception

__________ is not an important part of establishing confidentiality.

Clinical Assessment

__________ refers to the identification of mental disorders and related syndromes.

Intelligence tests

__________ tests measure a person's ability to learn, solve problems, and understand increasingly complex or abstract information?

intelligence tests

__________ tests measure cognitive strengths and deficits.

The counselor must have the knowledge and understanding to select, administer, score, and interpret the instrument. This addresses the ethical issue of:

competence

The Graduate Record Exam (GRE) is available in a __________ assessment format?

computer-adapted

CBTI stands for

computer-based test interpretation

3 specific assessments used in family/marriage/couple therapy

sculpting, genogram, Taylor-Johnson Temperament analysis

Autobiographies, diaries, and journals are examples of:

self-observations

Test-retest reliability is a measure of:

stability over time

What type of interview calls for the interviewer to ask each interviewee the exact same questions in the exact same manner?

structured

The Depression Inventory for the Elderly (DIE), designed for assessment of depressive symptoms in older adults, lacks face validity because:

the acronym for the test is inappropriate

High-stakes testing is a term commonly used to describe suicide assessment.

FALSE--an example of high stakes testing: testing that will determine incentive pay for teachers or trainers of those being tested

Multiple disabilities

"Multiple disabilities" means concomitant impairments (such as mental retardation blindness, mental retardation-orthopedic impairment, etc.), the combination of which causes such severe educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for one of the impairments. The term does not include deaf blindness.

Autism

"Autism" means a developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age 3, that adversely affects a child's educational performance. Other characteristics often associated with autism are engagement in repetitive activities and stereotypic movements, resistance to environmental change or change in daily routines, and unusual responses to sensory experiences.

Deaf Blindness

"Deaf-blindness" means concomitant hearing and visual impairments, the combination of which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness.

Deafness

"Deafness" means a hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification, that adversely affects educational performance.

Emotional Disturbance

"Emotional disturbance" means a condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child's educational performance:

Mental Retardation

"Mental retardation" means significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child's educational performance.

Orthopedic Impairment

"Orthopedic impairment" means a severe orthopedic impairment that adversely affects a child's educational performance. The term includes impairments caused by congenital anomaly (e.g., clubfoot, absence of some member, etc.), impairments caused by disease (e.g., poliomyelitis, bone tuberculosis, etc.), and impairments from other causes (e.g., cerebral palsy, amputations, and fractures or burns which cause contractures).

Other health impairment

"Other health impairment" means having limited strength, vitality or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment that is due to chronic or acute health problems such as asthma, attention deficit disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever, Tourette's Syndrome, and sickle cell anemia; and adversely affects a child's educational performance.

projective test

"Say the first thing that comes into your mind when I say the word mother" would be an example of an item from a

Specific Learning Disability

"Specific learning disability" means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell or to do mathematical calculations, including conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia and developmental aphasia. The term does not include learning problems that are primarily the result of visual, hearing or motor disabilities, of mental retardation, of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural or economic disadvantage.

Speech or Language Impairment

"Speech or Language Impairment" means a communication disorder, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment, that adversely affects a child's educational performance.

TBI

"Traumatic brain injury" means an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects a child's educational performance. The term applies to open or closed head injuries resulting in impairments in one or more areas, such as cognition; language; memory; attention; reasoning; abstract thinking; judgment; problem-solving; sensory, perceptual, and motor abilities; psychosocial behavior; physical functions; information processing; and speech. The term does not apply to brain injuries that are congenital or degenerative, or brain injuries induced by birth trauma.

Visual Impairment

"Visual impairment including blindness" means an impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a child's educational performance. The term includes both partial sight and blindness. This impairment refers to abnormality of the eyes, the optic nerve or the visual center for the brain resulting in decreased visual acuity.

A Child Behavior Checklist T-score of 70 would have a Z (SD) score of _________.

+2

The subtest score of 4 on a Wechsler correlates to what standard deviation ________.

-2

What should a professional counselor do if a loud ambulance drives by her office while she is administering a test to a student?

1. Document this unusual circumstance. 2. Consider this unusual circumstance when interpreting test scores.

What do professional counselors need to know in order to administer a test?

1. How to administer and score the test. 2. As much as possible about the construct or content under study 3. The test's psychometrics.

How do individually administered tests differ from group-administered tests?

1. Individually administered tests are often used for diagnostic decision making. 2. Individually administered tests require some interaction between the examiner and examinee. 3. Individually administered tests allow the examiner to better establish rapport, reduce anxiety, and observe behaviors.

Why is the question "I drink a quart of whiskey each day" deemed problematic?

1. It assumes that respondents will answer honestly. 2. It is transparent. 3. Clinicians can make inaccurate decisions based on untruthful responses.

Describe the three components that must underlie authentic performance assessments.

1. Multiple evaluative criteria must be used. 2. Each of the evaluative criteria must be clearly articulated and defined prior to judging the performance. 3. Human judgments are necessary to determine the acceptability of performance responses

Which type of accommodations in testing might be appropriate for use in schools?

1. changes in setting 2. changes in timing 3. changes in response format

adaptive behaviors include

1. dressing 2. eating 3. handling money

facets of personality

1. intrinsic 2. adaptive 3. consistent across situations

Labeling can be problematic because

1. labels can be used as an excuse 2. inaccurate labels can have lasting detrimental consequences for clients.

An Individual Education Plan (IEP)

1. outlines the goals for the child. 2. outlines the goals for the services that will be provided. 3. should not be based on one assessment.

Clinical Interviews may be:

1. structured 2. semi-structured 3. unstructured

A Wechsler IQ score of 100 would have a percentile of ______.

50%ile

IDEA, the Individuals with Disability Act of 101 476 is the updated common name for the original Public Law _________.

94 142

histogram

A bar graph used to portray distribution of test data is called ___________________

Which of the following examples is illustrative of environmental assessment?

A counselor examines how Joey's classroom environment could be altered to better accommodate his needs.

performance assessment

A counselor-in-training being observed during an internship experience is participating in a(n)

In norm referenced evaluation:

A student's performance is compared to the performance of other students.

standard deviation

A unit representing the typical amount that a score may vary from the mean in a set of data is called_________.

formative evaluation

A(n) _____________ allows for midcourse modifications to ensure that objectives are met.

__________ is most likely to face a disadvantage when taking a verbal test?

An English-language learner

was a fair and objective system in which most possible systematic bias was eliminated

Ancient Chinese Assessments

The development of the __________ was driven by the need to assign soldiers to appropriate duties in World War I?

Army-Alpha

Which of these statements regarding assessment is NOT true?

Assessment is only used during some stages of the counseling process.

The following disorder exhibits social withdrawal and language deficits with an onset before 30 months of age.

Autism

Which of the following is NOT true about confidentiality?

Confidentiality can be maintained despite any situation

Which of these statements most accurately describes the best course of action when following ethical codes?

Counselors should use an ethical decision-making model when ethical dilemmas arise.

An intelligence assessment that includes a measure of full scale intelligence and index scores on verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning and working memory is a Peabody Assessment (PIAT).

FALSE--PIAT is an achievement test

Which of the following is NOT one of the components that must underlie authentic performance assessments?

Each of the evaluative criteria must be clearly defined after the performance assessment.

fidelity

Establishing an accepting relationship in which the client can trust the counselor is a component of

A bimodal distribution will have three modes.

FALSE

A standard score of 85 is equivalent to a standard deviation of -2.

FALSE

A standard test score of 145 is 3 standard deviations below the mean.

FALSE

According to RUST (Responsibilities of User of Standardized Tests), use of obsolete assessments is certainly allowable if the budget is not large enough to accommodate buying the newer assessments.

FALSE

Differential Ability Scales are designed to assess neurological disorders such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's.

FALSE

Group intelligence tests are often used to place individuals in special education or apply for medicaid disability.

FALSE

There are 3 forms of Wechsler's and the one for pre-school children is the WAIS

FALSE

When the most frequently occurring scores in a distribution are less than the mean of the set of scores the distribution is negatively skewed.

FALSE

performance assessment

If a professor wanted to see a more real-life, comprehensive understanding of a topic, she would give her students a

The scale on the MMPI which concerns whether the individual is faking is the __.

Infrequency (F)

What nonverbal test would be appropriate to test the intelligence of a 7 year old who has both hearing and language difficulties?

Leiter

How is interviewing used in personality assessment?

Interview and in-take processes allow the counselor or observer to observe and identify superficial functionings of personality. Many of the inventories used in personality assessment work well in an interview setting.

The first to use written examinations at the university level were the

Jesuits

__________ involves treating each client according to what is best for the client.

Justice

Equivalent forms reliability

Measuring the consistency of 2 like forms with items matched for difficulty level is called______________.

What is meant by a projective technique in personality assessment? What are pros and cons of this type assessment?

Personality assessment using projective techniques is based on the projective hypothesis, the assumption that essential information about a client's personality characteristics, needs, conflicts, and motivations will be transferred onto ambiguous stimuli. Projective personality assessment is based on the psychoanalytic notion of the unconscious, that portion of one's personality that is beyond awareness and control. Some clinicians find projective techniques to be great icebreakers or builders of rapport with younger clients at the beginning of a therapy relationship. Because clients are not sure of how these types of assessments will be scored, there is less chance for a client to fake an "answer". Projectives have valuable cross-cultural applications largely due to the fact that they do not require every client to be literate. Some limitations include that these assessments must be administered individually by highly educated and trained professionals and are therefore expensive to score and interpret. Interpretation also make these assessments extremely subjective. As a result the level of reliability and validity is generally a concern with these assessments.

Which of the following assessments is widely used to measure self-perceptions in children, and is said to be cost-effective, easy to use and yields reliable and valid scores in the measurement of children's self-concept?

Piers-Harris

__________ was NOT a contributing factor in the vocational guidance movement?

Projective assessments

allow less opportunity for clients to fake responses.

Projective tests are advantageous because they

an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior.

Psychological tests

is helpful in keeping test developers and test users focused on best practices.

Public concern about test use

What is a widely used technique in behavioral assessment as client homework that can be used as a therapeutic technique or simply as a data collection device to assess behaviors?

Self-monitoring

What is the importance of client self-observations to the counselor?

Self-monitoring is a method by which clients can observe and record their own behavior. Self-monitoring is an effective way to monitor infrequent behaviors (such as binge-eating or self-injury). Training a client to effectively monitor behavior is critical because the client needs to identify a target behavior precisely and record it appropriately. Second, to increase accuracy, it is effective for a counselor to monitor a client's behavior simultaneously and subsequently compare data with the client's self-monitoring.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of computer-assisted assessments?

Students with communication disorders may find auditory instruction helpful.

Name a completion techniques assessment and describe how it is given.

The Forer Structured Sentence Completion Test is a 100-item test used to determine a client's attitudes and views of the world by finding out information about a client's relationships and dynamics, and the client's use of evasiveness, individual differences, and defense mechanisms. Administration takes about 15 to 20 minutes and requires a level B qualification. A Checklist and Clinical Evaluation Form provides evaluation tools that help the examiner to group clients into one of four categories: 1. Interpersonal Figures 2. Wishes 3. Causes of Own (feelings and behavior) 4. Reactions (to others).

What kind of assessment is the TAT?

The Thematic Apperception Test is a level B test used to measure various aspects of a client's personality. Clients are presented with 31 picture cards and are asked to create stories based on the images. Six elements are considered when examining stories: 1. the hero 2. the needs or motives and feelings 3. presses or environmental factors 4. outcomes 5. recurring themes in the story 6. interests and sentiments.

Rorschach Inkblot test

The __________ purports to measure unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA).

The __________ was created to safeguard school records for assessments around specific topics?

If assessing intellectual functioning I would expect to see which of the following assessment scores given?

Wechsler

Why would you use a Leiter Scale, often used for individuals who are deaf or autistic when assessing a young child?

When assessing a young child, it would be best to use the Leiter Scale because the client will most likely not be completely developed verbally yet. Additionally, the scale would work well for a child who has not yet learned how to read.

What is "observer drift" referring to in behavioral direct assessments?

When the observer may unintentionally change the operational definition or criterion of a behavior due to habituation.

opening the world's first experimental psychology laboratory.

Wilhelm Wundt is famous for

Of the following, the best instrument to understand a student's potential eligibility for services to accommodate for learning problems would be to administer the

Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement

Projective techniques

__________ are based on psychodynamic principles and normally present the client with unstructured stimuli.

Criterion-referenced tests

__________ compare a person's scores to a predetermined standard of performance

Adaptive tests

__________ have made administration and scoring of testing programs more efficient.

Criterion-referenced tests compare an individual's performance to:

a specified level of mastery or achievement

Standardized tests

allow for comparability of scores and interpretations across different examiners.

Race can best be defined as

an anthropological construct based on the classification of physiological characteristics.

Kitchener's Five Moral Principles

autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, fidelity

Why should professional counselors use a combination of behavioral interviews, rating scales, inventories, and direct observations in assessing behavior?

combination yields much more information and has higher probability of accuracy

Factors common within the definitions of learning disability include all except:

labile (internalized and externalized) emotions presumed--auditory processing is the base of many SLDs - that is why we give VADS and look at other perceptual measures

If parents have a negative reaction to their child's assessment results indicating their child has a disability, the counselor should:

monitor the situation so the child does not internalize the parents' reaction.

Examinees were asked to mark 1 if Hispanic and 3 if Asian. What type of scale of measure is being illustrated here?

nominal

According to our textbook, under the law, parents have rights to their children's educational records except when

they are stepparents

Which of the following is not an essential facet of personality?

unstable over time

A Bender-Gestalt test produces which of the scores listed below?

visual-motor

Adaptive behavior self-care skills include all except:

walking