ATR 220

What is the function of the quadriceps muscle group?

extend the knee [ rectus femurs is the only muscle that flexes the hip]

movement by which the angle of a joint is increased?

extension

top foot=

extensors

rotation away from the center of the body?

external rotation

Lateral epicondylitis is also known as?

tennis elbow

what are the 4 s/s of a nerve injury?

tingling, burning, decreased strength, loss of function, numbness

Legal wrong committed against another?

tort

what percentage of tension should you use when making an elastic bandage?

50-75%

Restoring ROM

Injury to a joint will always be assoc. with some loss of motion- due to contarcture of CT or resistance to stretch of musclotendinus unit Athlete will need to engage in dynamic static or PNF stretching activities to improve flexibility

Involves falling on flexed wrist (less common)

Smith fx

you have an athlete who suffered a first time shoulder dislocaiton-what should you do and why?

always treat as a possible fx. consult a physician for further evaluation <-- before, properly splint and support to prevent further damage

what is a contusion and how do they occur?

bruise. impact form an external object that causes soft tissues to be compressed against bone underneath

Young children and adolescents are prone to what type of fracture? why?

greenstick fx- bc they are still growing (bones haveint completely ossified)

Two most common bursa ruptures?

knee and elbow

Pertaining to the por away from the midline?

lateral

Injured from a direct varus (medial) force ?

lateral collateral ligament sprain

a sprain is an injury to a ?

ligament

what is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?

ligament connects bone to bone tendon connects muuscle to bone

nearest to the por

proximal

retrocalcaneal bursitis?

pump bump

movement of tilting the wrists from one side to another?

radial/ulnar deviation radial is close to the thumb

When balance is challenged the response is ?

reflexive and automatic

How is impingement managed conservatively?

PRICE, strengthen rotator cuff muscles and those that move scapula , modify activity that caused problem in the first place

List the s/s of shoulder bursitis.

Pain with motion Tenderness during palpation in subacromial space Positive impingement test

How is achilles tendinitis managed?

PRICE, analgesics (e.g. NSAIDs), non-wt bearing cast for 6 weeks, monitoring their activity, **Getting them a heel lift**

HI for the aged and disabled?

Medicare

where is a common location for tenosynovitis?

achilles, patellar tendon

What are the signs and symptoms for chrondomalacia patella?

*Pain in the anterior aspect of the knee while walking, running, ascending/descending stairs, squating swelling, grinding feeling in knee

List 3 differences b/w a personal trainer (strength/conditioning coach) and an athletic trainer.

1) AT must obtain at min. a bachelors in AT, personal trainer may or may not have high education in health sciences 2) AT must pass a comprehensive exam to have ATC credentials; personal trainer may or may not be required to obtain certification 3) AT must continue education while the latter may or may not participate in continuing education

What is the immediate care for an acromioclavicular sprain?

1) application of cold and pressure to control local hemorrhage 2) stabilization of the joint by a shoulder immobilizer 3) referral to physician for definitive dx and tx

Name 3 things sports medicine team can do to minimize athletic injuries.

1) close communication b/w the coach and AT 2) coach and AT should prioritize education the SA about injury prevention and management 3) Athletics should learn about techniques of training and conditioning that will reduce the likelihood of injury 4) pre-participation physicals 5) monitor environmental conditions 6) monitor equipment

Give 3 examples of an acute injury and how each one might occur.

1) fractures-- sudden stress to a bone 2) dislocation--gymnast dislocates toes due to imapct on low bar 3) ligament sprain--soccer player siddenyl turns ankles in wrong direction

phases of healing response

1) inflammatory response 2) fibroblastic repair 3) maturation-remodeling Improtant bc any interference with the healing process during a rehab program will slow return to full activity

Name three domains of AT and give an example of each.

1) injury prevention- enduring appropriate training and conditioning of the athlete 2) evaluating and dx injuries- recognize the nature and extrent of an injury and refer the athlete to the appropraite medical care 3) Providing initial first aid- CPR/AED skills 4) Clinical eduacation- educating students working under AT 5) org and admin- medical notes 6) proessional responsibilities- taking on different roles in the association

Give 2 examples of a chronic injury and how each one might occur.

1) stress fx-- marathon runners 2) tendinitis-- overuse in repetitive sport mmovements (gymnastics)

Describe the difference b/w a grade 1,2, and 3 hamstring strain and discuss the care for these injuries.

1- light overstretch; some pain/swelling 2- minor tears- point tenderness, swelling, loss of strength--> PRICE 3 - complete tear- no function, discoloration, non-wt bearing [PRICE and Surgery ]

Describe the signs associated with grade 1, 2,and 3 AC joint sprains.

1- point tenderness and pain with movement; no disruption of joint 2- tear or rupture; partial displacement of lateral clavicle; pain, point tenderness, and decreased ROM 3- rupter ​of AC and CC ligaments w/ dislocation of clavicle; gross deformity, pain, loss of function and instability

Quick screening test

1. Stand in anatomical position- evaluate AC joints, general posture- symmetry 2. look at ceiling, floor and over both shoulders- cervical spine motion 3. shrug shoulders (resist movement)- trapezius strength 4. abduct shoulders to 90 (resist)- deltoid strength 5. shoulder rotation (90/90 field goal position)- shoulder motion 6. elbow flexion/extension (elbow motion) 7. pronation/supination (@90)- elbow and wrist motion 8. spread fingers/ make fist (hand or finger motion and deformities) 9. quad set (knee symmetry) 10. perform a lunge (hip, knee, and ankle motion) 11. perform an overhead squat (hip, knee, back, ankle motion and function) 12. Hamstring weakness (hamstring curl) 13. Heel raise (calf symmetry/strength) 13. stand with back to examiner and foward bend - scoliosis

List 5 important areas that need to be covered in an emergency action plan.

1. emergency equipment (AED, splint kid, spinal board) 2. communication and what needs to be communicated to EMS 3. plan 4. emergency personnell (At, students, strength trainer, EMS, coach) 5. directions to and from the facility 6. phone numbers 7. passcodes to building

It is generally recommended that an athlete with a stress fx stop activity for ~____ days or until pain free. They can then gradually inrease stress in the body part until 100%.

14 days

describe each degree of a sprain and strain.

1= overstitching, no joint instability, sx= min. pain, swelling 2= caused by further but still incomplete tearing of ligament, sx= brusing, med. pain, difficulty wt bearing 3= complete tear or rupture of ligament, sx= pain swelling are severe, unable to bear wt

A rupture of a tendon is a ?

3rd degree strain

For an ankle sprain what degree of elevation is recommended?

90 degrees

List the muscles responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot/ankle.

Anterior Tibialis Extensor Digitorum longus Extensor Hallus Longus (Extends great toe)

Movement of a body part away from the midline?

Abduction

covers accidents on school grounds while students are in attendance?

Accident insurance

Responsible for hiring personnel who will make up the sports medicine team?

Athletic Administrator (A.D.)

Primary assessment of potentially life-threatening conditions?

Activate EMS if any findings present ABCS: Airway, Breathing, Circulation (pulse), Severe bleeding/shock To control bleeding: direct pressure, elevation, pressure joints (upper [brachial artery under biceps] and lower [femoral artery] extremities) To manage shock: S/S= pale, cool, clammy skin weak and rapid pulse, increased and shallow breathing, decreased BP, irritability, restlessness, or anxiety Maintain body temp as close to normal, elevate feet and legs (8-12 in), head injury ( elevate head and shoulders- if neck injury is present, immobilized as found with NO movement!, calm the athlete/client/reassurance, nothing by mouth, keep bystanders away, monotor for changes (vitals if possible)

Splinting Principles

Activate the EMS system Splint the injury in the position it is found Splint one joint above and one joint below the fx site Splint before moving the athlete If compound fx with bleeding/cover wound first before splinting Check signs of circulation and if any neurological sx present

when an individual commits an act that is not legally his or hers to perform?

Acts of commission (malfeasance)

when an individual fails to perform a legal duty?

Acts of omission (nonfeasance)

Movement of a body part toward the midline?

Adduction

Muscle that contracts to cause a specific movement of another body part? ( the quad contracts to extend the knee)

Agonist

Responsible for injury evaluation and immediate care of athletic injuries?

Athletic Trainer

Restoring Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power

Among the most essential factors necessary when restoring function of a body part to pre-injury status Variety of techniques can be utilized- isometric, progressive resistance, isokinetic, plyometrics Emphasize work through a full ROM

Hamstring opposes knee contraction is an example of a ______ muscle?

Antagonist

Before or in front of?

Anterior

What are the four compartments in the lower leg?

Anterior* (most common in compartment syndrome) Lateral Deep Posterior Superficial Posterior

Rupture of extensor tendon dorsal to the middle phalanx and forces DIP joint into extension and PIP into flexion?

Boutonniere Deformity

hallux valgus deformity of the great toe?

Bunion

Form of reimbursement used by managed care providers in which members make a standard payment each month?

Capitation

How can you help your athletes decrease DOMS?

Cool down, flexibility, Good warm-up the next day.

Compression of median nerve due to inflammation of tendons and sheaths of carpal tunnel; result of repeated wrist flexion or direct trauma to anterior aspect of wrist?

Carpal Tunnel syndrome

deal with problems of a lifetime extensive medical and rehab care caused by permanent disability?

Catastrophic insurance

explain how to manage a torn blister

Cleanse with soap and water, rinse with antiseptic If open, drain using sterile gauze pad Apply antibiotic ointment and cover with sterile dressing Cover skin with friction-proof material (e.g. skin lubricant) cover with adhesive bandage Apply a donut pad

Conducts both individual and team training sessions?

Coach

occurs in lower end of radius or ulna MOI is fall on extended wrist , forcing radius and ulna into hyperextension

Colles fx

Blow to the top of the finger from palmar side- forces 1st or 2nd joint dorsally

Dislocation of phalanges

Impairment of blood supply to anterior surface resulting in degeneration of articular cartilage, and bone creating loose bodies within the joint?

Elbow osteochondritis dissecans

Cause= painful muscle spasm; sweating heavily; imbalance between water and electrolytes S/S= occurs in individuals in good shape that overexert themselves. muscle twitching and cramps usually after midday; spasms in arms, legs, abdomen Tx= consuming extra fluids and maintaining electrolyte balance, light stretching and possible ice massage; return to play unlikely due to cramping Prevention= similar to tx but monitor exertion and intake

Exertional Heat Cramps

Cause= prolonged sweating; inadequate replacements of body fluid losses; diarrhea; intestinal infection S/S= profuse sweating, pale skin, mildly elevated Temp, dizziness, hyperventilation, rapid pulse, performance may decrease; excessive thirst and dry tongue and mouth; core temperature 102 Tx= IV fluid replacement, cool environment; increase fluid consumption to 6-8L/d Prevention= monitor wt before and after exercises. give ISU football protocol during 2/days

Exertional Heat Exhaustion (2nd tier of heat illness)

Cause= thermoregulatory failure of sudden onset; LIFE THREATENING CONDITION S/S= abrupt onset, sudden collapse, LOC, flushed hot skin,shallow breaking, strong rapid pulse, core temperature greater than 104, preceded by headache, vertigo, fatigue, sweating stops Tx= drastic measures need to be taken to cool athlete; strip clothing, submerge in ice bath, transport to hospital immediately Prevention= monitor workouts, heat index, hydration, sun exposure, wt loss, body function

Exertional Heatstroke

Cause= fluid/ electrolyte disorder resulting in low concentration of sodium in the blood; caused by ingestion of too much fluid before, during, and after activities; athlete who ingest large amounts of water and sweat over several hours are at risk S/S= progressively worsening headache, N/V, swelling in hands and feet, lethargy or apathy Tx= do not try to rehydrate, transport to medical facility, sodium levels must be increased and fluid levels must be decreased prevention= hydrate with sports drinks, increase sodium intake, and make sure fluid intake equals fluid loss: FOR ALL: monitor heat index humidity percentage (65% slows/75% stops) urine color sports drinks body weight(3-5% loss) gradual acclimation 10-14 days identify susceptible individuals uniform selection

Exertional Hyponatremia

Mechanisms for injury for Posterior cruciate ligament?

Falling on a bent knee

T or F. All stress fx should be casted?

False

common in youth due to falls and direct blows fracturing ulna or radius singularly is rarer than simultaneous fx to both

Forearm fx (pic on final)

Athletic Injury Management Checklist

General HI Accident Insurance Product Liability Insurance Catastrophic Injury Insurance Personal Liability Insurance

Sprain of UCL of MCP joint of the thumb; mechanism is a forceful abduction of proximal phalanx occasionally combined with hyperextension?

Gamekeeper's thumb

Provides limited protection to someone wo voluntarily chooses to provide first aid?

Good samaritan law

What are s/s of Legg-perthes disease?

Groin pain, limited hip movement and pain, limping, chronic onset*

Occurs as a result of a fall or more commonly contact while athlete is holding an implement?

Hamate fx

List the 3 primary muscles that flex the knee.

Hamstring muscles: Biceps Femoris (lateral) Semitendinosus (medial) Semimembranosus (medial)

Insurance plan that is pre approved except in emergency and at HMO facilities?

Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)

Cause= Rapid physical fatigue in heat and blood pooling in extremities S/S= dizziness, nausea, fainting Tx= lay athlete in cool area, elevate extremities, and consume fluids Prevention= plenty of breaks and monitor work load

Heat Syncope (Fainting)

Slipping of the femoral head?

Hip Dislocation

Caused by a blow to the iliac crest?

Hip Pointer

Which of the injuries discussed in this chapter are life-threatening emergencies and why? [hip chapter]

Hip dislocation- lack of circulation increasing risk of necrosis Femur Fx- blood flow rushes to area increasing risk of shock Pelvic Fx- dt all the pertinent nerves/organs/muscles to the area

Which 3 bones comprise the shoulder joint?

Humerus, clavicle, and scapula

How would you manage myositis ossificans traumatica?

If painful and restricts motion, remove after 1 year; NSAIDs; light massages to work out fluid

What is the treatment for a dislocated patella?

Immobilize in position found Ice Refer to physician as physician may reduce knee (Not AT) Muscle strengthening of thigh, hip, and knee

Also known as runners knee?

Iliotibial band syndrome

Most traditional form of billing for health care?

Indemnity Plan

Providing Correct First Aid and Controlling Swelling

Initial first aid is critical Should be directed towards swelling control Utilize the PRICE principle Coach should be capable of providing first aid regardless of whether an ATC is present

What are the 3 types of ankle sprains?

Inversion (most common) Eversion High ankle (syndysmosis)

Functional Progressions

Involves a series of progressive activities designed to prepare the individual to return to a specific sport/acitivity should be incorporated into tx as early as possible monitor athletes tolerance to advance or not will gradually assist injured athlete in achieving normal, pain-free ORM, strength, and neuromuscular control

Rupture of flexor digitorum profundus tendon from insertion on distal phalanx; often occurs with ring finger when athlete tries to grab a jersey?

Jersey Finger

Often associated with avascular necrosis?

Legg-Perthes disease

For the following stress tests, indicate what structures are tested: Valgus Stress test Varus Stress test Lachman's test Apley's compression test

MCL LCL Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Meniscus

Caused by a blow that contacts tip of finder avulsing extensor tendon from insertion; Pain at DIP

Mallet finger

Injured form a direct valgus (lateral) force?

Medial Collateral Ligament Sprain

HI for people with low incomes and limited resources?

Medicaid

Direct axial force or compressive force; fx of the 5th metacarpal are associated w/ boxing or martial arts (boxer's fx)?

Metacarpal fx

failure to use ordinary or reasonable care?

Negligence

Bone formation in muscle?

Myositis Ossificans

what organization is responsible for the minimum standard on equipment?

NOCSAE- National Operational Committee for Standards on Athletic Equipment

Specialized in brain and nerve function injuries?

Neurologist

Mind attempt to teach the body conscious control of a specific movement Relies on CNS Requires repetition of same movement Functional exercises are critical

Neuromuscular control

NSAID

Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Secondary assessment: Head To Toe

On the field need to decide the seriousness of the injury and how the athlere should be transported from the field HOP: History [what happened, what athlete heard or felt, check for any neurological sx (numbness, tingling, loss of function) Observation- obvious deformity, swelling ,skin discoloration Palpatation- gentle starting away from injury and gradually move toward injured area, look for point of tenderness or deformities If neurological sx, deformity or extreme points of tenderness splinting/ EMS is necessary

Physician responsible for treating musculoskeletal injuryies and surgery?

Orthopedist

Apophysitis of the tibial tubercle?

Osgood-Schlatter disease

Caused by repetitive stress to the pubic symphysis?

Osteitis Pubis

Stretching techniques that involve combos of alternating contraction and stretches?

PNF (Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation)

what is the tx for a contusion?

PRICE

Also known as Jumper's knee?

Patellar tendinitis

Allows athlete to train year-round with less risk of injury and staleness- transition peroid, preparatory period, competitiion period

Periodization

In meniscal tears, what area has the greatest chance of healing and why?

Peripheral meniscus tears; more blood flow

covers claims of negligence on the part of the individuals?

Personal liability insurance

Caused by compression of the sciatic nerve?

Piriformis Syndrome

Toward the rear or back?

Posterior

Insurance from an approved provider list?

Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)

Can be performed using a variety of equipment utilizes isotonic contractions to generate force while muscle changes length concentric and eccentric strengthening exercises should be utilized

Progressive Resistance Exercise (PRE)

Uses exercises that strengthen muscles through a contraction that overcomes some fixed resistance produced by equipment such as dumbbells, barbells, various wt machines or exercise tubing (therabands)

Progressive Resistance Exercise (PRE)

Describe the care for a lateral ankle sprain.

Protection Rest Ice Compression Elevation **horse shoe should be placed n lateral aspect of ankle in ace wrap**

List the 4 primary muscles that extend the knee.

Quadricep muscles: Vastus medalis Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Rectus Femoris

Criteria for Full Return to Activity

Rehab plan must determine what is meant by complete recovery -athlete is fully reconditioned, achieved full ROM, strength, neuromuscular control, CV fitness and sports specific functional skills -athlete is mentally prepared decision to return to play should be a group decision (sports med team)- team physician is ultimately responsible **

How would you treat osteitis pubis?

Rest, NSAIDs, Ice, gradual return to activity (w/ protection to area)

The body will gradually adapt to specific demands imposed on it?

SAID- Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands

Caused by force on outstretched hand, compressing scaphoid b/w radius and second row of carpal bones?

Scaphoid fx

Once the On the Field assessment is completed you must determne the following?

Seriousness of the injury Type of first aid and immobilization necessary How to transport athlete to sideline/training room, etc Whether to activate EMS or refer immediately to a physician

Which condition can progress into a stress fx if not properly treated?

Shin splints (medial tibial stress syndrome)-- inflammation of the medial section of the tibia tugs on periosteum of the bone

What usually accompanies a fx of the femur as a result of the pathology and pain?

Shock

Basic Components and Goals of a Rehab Program** (KNOW THESE IN ORDER)

Short term goals: Provide correct and immediate first aid to control swelling Control pain Restore full ROM Restore core stability Restore and increase strength, endurance, and power Re-est. neuromuscular control and balance Maintain levels of cardioresp. fitness functional testing mental readiness

Controlling Pain

Some degree of pain will be experienced- pain will be dependent on the severity of the injury, athlete's response, perception of pain and circumstance PRICE and additional modalities (electrical stimulation, heat, etc) can be used to help modulate pain Pain can interfere with rehab and therefore must be addressed throughout the rehab process

Responsible for teaching proper lifting techniques and conditioning athletes?

Strength/Conditioning Coach

Name 5 ways to prevent injuries to the lower leg and ankle.

Stretch (achilles) Proper Foot wear Adequate strength Preventative bracing and taping Neuromuscular control and balance

List the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff and their functions.

Supraspinatus [abductor] Infraspinatus [external rotator] Subscapularis [internal rotator] Teres minor [external rotator]

List 5 characteristics signs of a compartment syndrome.

Swelling and tightness from increased pressure Deep sensation of pain and aching Numbness Stretching exacerbates the pain Poor circulation --decreased circulatory in sensory (pressure readings done by physician)

When making elastic bandages, all start ____ and work up ____ to the joint?

distally; proximally

individual through expressed or implied agreement, assumes some risk or danger will be involved in a particular undertaking?

assumption of risk

bending toward the dorsum or rear

dorsal flexion

Exercise used as part of a rehab program?

Therapeutic exercise

Functional Testing

Uses functional progression drills for the purpose of assessing the athletes ability to perform a specific activity entails a single max effort to gauge how close the athlete is to full return preseason baseline testing is used to compare to post injury tests could be: shuttle runs, agility runs, figure 8s, cariocca tests, vertical jumps etc

Mechanisms for injury for Lateral Collateral Ligament?

Various force (wrestling)

Mechanisms for injury for Medial Collateral Ligament?

Valgus force (outside tackle)

What activities must be included in a functional examination of the ankle?

Walk on toes, walk on heels, hop on injured ankle with heel touching surface, start or stopping movements (running), multidirectional movements (figure 8s), rapid change in direction

How can you prevent shoulder injuries?

Warm up specific to activity Physical conditioning Strength through full ROM- focus on RC muscles Protective equipment Proper instruction on falling for contact and collision sport athletes Mechanics** -- overuse injuries can come from this or when an athlete gets tired, they can lose thier technique

What are the phases of throwing?

Windup Cocking Acceleration Deceleration Follow-through

Repetitive wrist accelerations and decelerations; Primary cause is overuse of the wrist?

Wrist Tendinitis

Most common wrist injury?

Wrist sprain

Regaining Balance

ability to balance and maintain postural stability is essential to reacquiring athletic skills Program should incorporate functional exercises that involve balance training failure to include this may predispose the athlete to re-injury

What mechanism of injury is associated with rotator cuff strain?

acute trauma (high velocity rotation); occurs near insertion on greater tuberosity

Why do you want to add a horseshoe to the ankle compression?

adds focal pressure point to remove fluid (edema)

continuous long duration sustained activities?

aerobic

Explosive, short-duration burst-type activities?

anaerobic

erect position of body with face directed forward arms at side palms rotated inward?

anatomical position

What direction do more shoulders dislocate?

anterior

What is the most common glenohumeral joint dislocation? How does this occur?

anterior; anterior force on shoulder caused forced abduction, extension and external rotation

Which test is used for glenohumeral joint instability?

apprehension test (crank test)

Appearance of a shoulder dislocation in real life.

assemtry of the shoulder where joint is lower than normal and blade ismore anterior that the other shoudler joint

A rehab plan must incorporate functional activities that incorporate ?

balance and proprioceptive training

Stretches that use repetitive movements (contracting a muscle to stretch antagonist)?

ballistic stretching

results from shearing forces on the skin?

blister

Warm-Up

body warming specific areas for the demands of the sport 10-15 minutes increase elasticitiy of tendons and ligaments

Subluxaton

bone is forced out but goes back into place

Dislocation

bone is forced out of alignment and stays out until placed back

what are 3 common areas where you might see nerve injuries in athletes?

brachia plexus, sciatica nerve, nerves of hand (median, ulnar, radial)

what is myositis ossificans and how it is classified?

calcium deposits that result from repeated trauma

What is an acute injury?

caused by trauma

What are the causes of medial tibial stress syndrome?

changes in running surface shoes-- consider arch supports muscle imbalances Proper foot mechanics (pes planus or pes clavus?

may be due to abnormal patellar tracking?

chrondomalacia

moving limb (shoulder) in circular motion?

circumduction

what are the s/s of a fx clavicle?

clavicle appears lower, supporting arm, head tilted towards injured side to decrease pressure

the foot or hand is wt bearing?

closed chain

What are the 4 sensations of icing?

cold, burning, aching , numbness

Muscle shortens against resistance

concentric

activities that are used to minimize injury and maximize performance

conditioning exercise

What does ice do?

control pain and vasoconstricts (slows blood flow)

List three things that can aggravate or cause myositis ossificans in the thigh.

contusion adding heat hard massage

how would you manage a bruised heel?

decrease wt bearing for 24h, RICE, NSAIDs - resume activity with heel cup or doughnut pad after pain ahs subsided ( wear shock abs shoes)

farthest away from por

distal

Sport specific stretching- ex. leg swings for runners- circumduction of shoulders for throwers?

dynamic stretching

muscle lengthens against resistance

eccentric

High incidence in sports caused by fall on outstretched hand w/elbow extended or severe twist while flexed?

elbow dislocation

Name two other joints that are commonly dislocated in sport.

elbows and fingers

what is the cause of the hallux valgus deformity?

exostosis of 1st metatarsal head; assoc with forefoot , shoes that are too narrow pointed or short bursa becomes inflamed and thickens, enlargin joint, and causing lateral malalignment of great toe

What is the common mechanism for an acute injury to the upper extremity?

falling on outstretched arm

T or F. All stress fx are easily seen on initial X-rays?

false

Which bone in the body is the longest and strongest?

femur

Why do most fx occur at the middle third of the femur instead of at the ends?

femur has anatomical curve that predisposes it to weakness at that area

What s/s will be present in an anterior glenohumeral dislocation?

flattened deltoid contour* proximal humeral head in axilla arm carried in slight abduction and external rotation moderate pain and disability

movement by which the angle of a joint is decreased?

flexion

The two principle movements of the knee are?

flexion and extension

bottom foot=

flexors

what is a bursa and why do we have them?

fluid-filled sac on top of the knee cap

What are 3 common areas stress fx occur?

foot ankle leg

Flash to Bang Method

from the time lightening is sighted: Count the number of seconds until the bang occurs Divide by 5 to calculate the number of miles away that the lightening is occurring **Lightening sighted + Bang / 5 = distance away **When counted to 30(6 miles) you are in inherent danger and need to evacuate. At least 30 minutes should pass before play resumes!*

Medial epicondylitis is also known as?

golf elbow

Why is it true that the greater degree of elevation the more effective the decrease in swelling will be?

heart will slow blood flow to the area

Mechanisms for injury for Anterior Cruciate Ligament?

hyperextension ; planted and twisted - common for women!

explain how you would manage a longitudinal arch strain.

immediate care, RICE, reduction of wt bearing wt bearing must be pain free archtaping may be used to allow pain free walking

Using Therapeutic Modalities

incorporated into rehab program as adjuncts to exercise cryotherapy and thermotherapy ultrasound and electrical stimulation massage and traction require special instruction and specific clinical experience in absence of ATC coach may opt for simple modalities within scope of expertise

Why is flexibility important? what factors affect it?

injury prevention factors: bone structure, fat , skin, scar tissue, injuries

rotation towards the center of the body?

internal rotation

Restore Core Stability

involves strengthening the lumbopelvic region and is critical for dynamic functional strength and movement without prox. core stability, distal extremity function become compromised- core strength and power must be emphasized early in the strength training program

How is a shoulder separation different from a shoulder dislocation?

involves the AC joint where the clavicle meets the acromion

resistance given at a fixed velocity of movement with accomodating resistance?

isokinetic

Muscle contract statically without changing length?

isometric

Muscle shortens and lengthens through complete ROM? e.g. dumbbell exercises via bicep curl

isotonic

What complication can occur with a jones fx?

jog nonunion rate and course of healing is unpredictable (lack of blood flow to area)

where does the most common acute fx of the foot occur?

jones fx- 5th metatarsal

Primary mechanism for controlling balance occurs in?

lower extremity joints

stress fx to the second metatarsal?

march fracture

What is the cause of shoulder impingement syndrome?

mechanical compression of supraspinatus tendon, subacromial bursa, and long head of biceps tendon dt decreased space under coracoacromial arch

pertaining to the por closes to the midline of the body?

medial

list the 4 arches of the foot

metatarsal arch transverse arch medial longitudinal lateral longitudinal

characterized by a short-first metatarsal?

mortons toe

What should you always ice soft tissue on and why?

on a stretch; lengthen tissues

when the foot or hand is not in contact with the ground or some other surface?

open chain

ability to turn and rotate thumbs that it can touch each fingertip of same hand?

opposition (Thumb)

can cause both psychosocial and physiological breakdown?

overtraining

what s/s are present with plantar fasciitis?

pain in ant. medial heel along medial long arch increase pain in morning that loosens after first few steps, pain with forfoot dorsiflexion

Responsible for designing exercises or fitness program for individual clients?

personal trainer

Provide an example of malfeasance.

personal trainer creating a rehab plan (not in their scope of practice)

characterized by pain over the medial heel?

plantar fascitis

movement that decreases the angle b/w the sole of the foot and the back of the leg

plantar flexion

uses a quick eccentric stretch of muscle to facilitate a concentric contraction

plyometrics

List the 5 classic signs of a fx femur.

point tenderness pain deformity loss of function swelling thigh-shortening

The two bursae of the knee that have the highest incidence of irritation in sports are the?

pre patellar and deep infra patellar

liability of any or all parties along the chain of manufacture or any product for damage caused by a product?

product liability

inward rotation

pronation

List the signs of morton's neuroma.

sever intermittent pain from distal metatarsal heads to tips of toes pain is relieved when foot is not bearing wt burningn numbness in forefoot hyperextension of toes on wt beaing increase sx

Maintaining Cardiorespiratory Fitness

single most neglected component of rehab** Alternative activities must be substituted that allow athlete to maintain fitness

What is the avg healing time for small bones vs large boes>

small- 3 wks large- 6 wks

How would you manage an ingrown toenail?

soak in hot water (110-120F) for ~20 min 2-3x/d when nail is soft; use forcepts to insert a wisp of cotton under nail edge and lift from the soft tissue ( pack the nail) contonie this until nail has frown out to be trimmed straight across *proper shoe attire*

usually forms bw the fourth and fifth toes?

soft-corn

Responsible for injury dx and is the supervisor/advisor to the certified athletic trainer and coach?

team physician

passively stretching an antagonist muscle by placing it in a stretch and holding is (20 -30s)?

static stretching

specific length of time to sue for damages from negligence (iowa - 7yrs)?

statue of limitations

List the four main articulations of the shoulder complex.

sternclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, scapulothoracic joint, and glenohumeral joint

what position should a muscle be ice in? why?

stretch; lengthen it

What are the steps that can be taken to prevent knee injuries?

stretching *stengthening the quad, hamstrings, and hips-- multidirectional strength *Technique *Balance *Bracing

contusion of distal finger causing blood accumulation in the nail bed?

sublingual hematoma

outward rotation

supination

What are the functions of the pelvis?

support the spine and trunk and to transfer their wt to the lower limbs; serve as a place of attachment for the trunk and thigh muscles and protect pelvic organs (i.e. pelvic floor)

Massage

systematic manipulation of soft tissues of the body involves gliding, compressing, stretching, percussing, and vibrating causes mechanical, physiological, and psychological responses uses: lymph drainage, stretch scar tissue and CT, increase circulation (due to increased metabolism), relaxation

a strain is an injury to a ?

tendon and muscle

Sprain of the metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe

turf-toe

Pronounced cubital valgus may cause deep friction problem; ulnar nerve dislocation; traction injury from valgus force, irregularities w/ tunnel, subluxation of ulnar nerve due to lax impingement or progressive compression?

ulnar nerve injury

Hot Packs

used post-acutely (after swelling stops)-- increases blood flow and facilities reads of injury by-products useful analgesic and for relaxation effects be careful not to use too soon- 72 hours 160F

Ice Packs

uses for min. swelling and analgesia following injury flaked or crushed in wet towel or plastic bag- mold to body elastic wrap 20 minutes compression and elevation

Basic Principles of Conditioning

warm-up/cool down, motivation, overload, consistency, progression, intesity, specificity, individuality, stress, safety

Philosophy of Athletic injury rehab

while the majority of injuries do not involve long-term rehab programs those that do require supervision of highly trained professionals coach should rely on AT to design, implement, and supervise rehab coach is limited in the extent to which he/she can legally be involved in supervising or designing program Swelling and pain control should be provided immediately-coach can be involved initially in application of first aid goal of athlete- return to activity as quickly and as safely as possible must be prudent in decisions regarding aggressiveness of tx/ rehab- a mistake in judgement by the individual in-charge of the rehab could hinder the athlete's return

Mechanisms for injury for meniscus injuries?

wt bearing with rotational force while extending or flexing the knee or loaded pivot