AUBF: Safety and Quality Assessment

Gloves

Advisable if you're working in a hospital to avoid cross contamination in between patients.

Risk

It is potential that a chosen action will lead to an undesirable outcome.

Chemical Hygiene Plan

OSHA required all facilities that use hazardous chemicals to be written here.

Test Specificity

"True negative rate"

Test Sensitivity

"True positive rate"

Infectious/Causative Agent

A pathogen. It can be bacteria, fungi, parasite, or virus. Can be thrive depending on these three factors which.

Threats

A potential cause of an incident which may result in harm.

Hazard

A situation that we don't have control.

Hazard

A source or a situation with a potential or causing harm.

Pathogenicity

Ability of the infectious agent to produce a disease or infection.

Test Sensitivity

Ability of the test to correctly identify those with the disease.

Test Specificity

Ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disease.

Five Key Portal of Exit

Alimentary, Genitourinary, Respiratory, Skin, Transplacental

Biological Waste Disposal

All biological wastes must be placed in appropriate containers labelled with the biohazard symbol, except urine.

Chemical Labeling

All hazardous chemicals should be labelled with their description. Can be poisonous, corrosive, flammable, explosive, teratogenic, or carcinogenic.

Sharp Object Disposal

All sharp objects should be disposed on a puncture-resistant, leak-proof container with biohazard symbol.

Biological Hazards

Also known infectious hazard.

Tourniquet

An example of a reusable equipment.

Vector

Animate mechanisms or living organisms e.g. flies, ticks, and mosquito causing malaria and dengue.

Zoonosis/Zoonotic Disease

Any infectious disease that is transmitted under natural conditions from animal to human.

Three concentric circles joined together.

Appearance of the biohazard symbol.

Chief MedTech or Head of Clinical Microscopy Section

Appropriate supervisor where all mislabeled specimens are to be reported.

Carrier

Asymptomatic; an individual is colonize by the infectious agent without manifest signs and symptoms.

Hand Hygiene

At least 20 seconds in a downward position.

PPE

Barriers of protection from blood and body fluids.

Pre-examination variables

Before the actual testing of the specimens; Test requests, Patient prep, timing, Specimen Handling Collection, Storage

Biological Waste

Blood specimen, Sputum container

Expired Reagents

Can affect the quality of the performed tests, therefore also affecting the accuracy of the result.

Rubbing of hands with alcohol-based agent

Can be used when hands are not visibly contaminated.

Radiation Badges

Can detect 10 millirems (for X-ray).

Ring Badges

Can detect 20 millirems.

Clostridium tetani

Causative agent of tetanus.

Legionella pneumophila

Causative agent of Legionnaires disease.

Chemical Handling

Chemicals should never be mixed together, unless specified. If specified: must be added in the order. Never add water to acid.

MSDS

Contains much more information about the material in comparison with the label. Has complete details and came from the supplier or manufacturer of the chemical.

Chemical Spill Kit

Contains protective apparel, non-reactive absorbent material, and bags for the disposal of contaminated material.

Urinary Procedure Manual

Contains the procedures performed in the urinalysis or clinical microscopy section.

Chain of infection

Continuously between a source or an infectious agent, mode of transmission or method of transmission, and a susceptible host.

Charles L. Baldwin

Created the biohazard symbol, who is an environmental health engineer.

Unlabeled

Criteria for Urine Specimen Rejection: ________________ containers. Will not be accepted.

Infectious/Causative Agent

Degree of virulence or severity or harmfulness of the infectious agent.

Susceptible Host

Depends on factors such as: = Age - extreme ages (very young and very old patients) = Presence of malnutrition = Underlying chronic disease = Taking any medication that can suppress their immune response or those immunocompromised patients. = General resistance factors e.g. first line of defense or barriers such as the skin, mucous membranes, and cough reflex.

NFPA 704

Developed the Standard System for the Identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials.

CDC

Developed the hand washing guide.

Work Practice Controls

Prohibiting eating, drinking, smoking, and applying cosmetics in the work area.

1:5 or 1:10 dilution of sodium hypochlorite

Disinfectant used in laboratory sinks serving as a site of urine disposal.

Documentation

Documenting annual training of employees in safety standards.

Documentation

Documenting evaluations and implementation of safer needle devices.

Airborne

Droplets that transfers into air current that stays in the circulation e.g. tuberculosis.

Work Practice Controls

Establishing a daily work surface disinfection protocol.

Grading

Every category is graded from 0-4 based on the extent of the concern.

Patient Placement

Ex: Dengue patients should not be in the same ward as TB patients.

First Aid for Chemical Spills

Flush the area with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention after.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Function: To save lives and protect people from health safety and security threats.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Goal: To promote safety for healthcare workers in their environment.

Environmental Control

Having proper disposal of garbage; Proper waste segregation.

Potential Hazard

Health, Fire, Reactivity, Environmental

Engineering Controls

Improper sharps disposal may lead to needle-stick injury.

Vehicle

Inanimate mechanisms or non-living things e.g. food, water, and surgical instrument.

Biological Waste

Includes both specimens and the materials with which the specimens come in contact.

Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette

Infection control guideline that includes teaching the patient to cover their mouth/nose when coughing and dispose of tissues in the proper receptacle; Proper way of sneezing, coughing.

Threats

Intentional of causing harm. Usually related to biosafety and biosecurity.

Overloaded Circuit

It can create a fire hazard which can damage the electrical equipment.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

It is a document that contains information on the potential hazard.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Lab gown Facemask Gloves Hair cap Goggles Face Shied

Engineering Controls

Labeling all biohazardous materials and containers.

Quality System

Laboratory policies, processes, procedures and resources needed to achieve quality testing.

Insects Reservoir

Lyme disease, transmitted via pigs.

Patient Care Equipment

Materials used for patients should be sanitized specially if they are reusable.

Radioactivity

May be encountered in the clinical laboratory when procedures using radioisotopes are performed.

Sharp Hazards

May present a serious biological hazard, particularly for the transmission of blood-borne pathogens.

Portal of Entry (Entry Pathway)

Means by which an infection can enter a susceptible host.

Dosimeter

Measure an individual's external occupational exposure

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

Mission: To develop clinical and laboratory practices and to promote their use worldwide; More on standardization of the laboratory examination and clinical practices.

Chemical Hygiene Officer

Monitors and implements the chemical hygiene plan.

Blood Samples

Most commonly received and collected sample in the laboratory.

Hand Hygiene

Must be performed: - before patient contact - after gloves are removed - before leaving the work area - at any time when hands have been knowingly contaminated - before going to designated break areas - before and after using bathroom facilities.

MSDS

Physical and chemical characteristics Fire and explosion potential Reactivity potential Health hazards and emergency first aid procedures Methods for safe handling and disposal Primary routes of entry Exposure limits and carcinogenic potential

Direct Transmission

Physical transfer of infective material (instantaneous).

Plain antimicrobial soap and water

Preferably used in Hand Hygiene.

Fume Hood

Prepare reagents under ___________________ for safety precautions.

Reason to wear gloves

Prevent a health care professional or health care worker from transmitting our normal flora to the patient. Prevent transmission of infectious agent from one patient to another. Protect the health care professional or health care worker from harboring the infectious agent that is infecting the patient.

External Quality Control

Proficiency testing; Conducted by the National Reference Laboratory (NRL). Undergoing External Quality Assurance System (EQAS) as a requirement.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Provided to employees and laundry facilities for non- disposable protective clothing.

Medical

Providing immunization for the hepatitis B virus free of charge. (Hepatitis B vaccine)

Medical

Providing medical follow-up to employees who have been accidentally exposed to blood-borne pathogens.

Engineering Controls

Providing sharps disposal containers and needles with safety devices.

PASS

Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep

PPE

Purpose: To decease the transfer of organisms from a source to a susceptible host.

QNS

Quality not sufficient

Animal Reservoir

Rabies from dogs, cats or bats. Salmonella from cattle, sheep or poultry.

Examination variables

Reagent, Test performance, Instrument calibration and maintenance, Personal requirements, Technical competence

Quality Control

Refers to the materials, procedures, and techniques that monitor the accuracy, precision, and reliability.

Quality Assessment

Refers to the overall process of guaranteeing quality patient care and is regulated throughout the total testing system.

Post-examination variables

Reporting and interpretation of results.

Join Commission (JC)

Requires that all health-care institutions post evacuation routes and detailed plans to follow in the event of a fire.

Engineering Controls

Requiring discarding of needles with the safety device activated and the holder attached.

Soil

Reservoir for Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus.

Water

Reservoir for Legionella pneumophila, which is the causative agent of Legionnaires disease.

Risk

Result of acting or doing something with the hazard improperly.

Pre-examination variables

Specimen collection, handling and storage

Radioactive Hazard Symbol

Symbol must be displayed on the doors of all areas where radioactive material is present.

Acute clinical cases

Symptomatic; an individual is infected and manifest signs and symptoms of a disease.

Droplets

Short distance only that travel 1 meter or less from the infected individual.

Explosion-proof refrigerators, and cylinders of compressed gas

Should be located away from heat and securely fastened to a stationary device to prevent accidental capsizing.

Chemical Spill Kit

Should be prepared in case of spills.

Flammable chemicals

Should be stored in safety cabinets.

Requisition Forms and Computerized Entry Forms

Should designate the type of urine specimens to be collected, as well as the date and time of collection.

1 month

Sodium hypochlorite dilutions stored in plastic bottles are effective for __________________ if protected from light after preparation.

Reservoir

Source of infectious agent or place wherein the pathogen grow, survive and multiply.

Reservoir

Specific environment in which the infectious agent naturally lives and reproduce.

Time, Distance, Shielding

The amount of radiation exposure is related to a combination of the following:

Documentation

The employers should have guidelines and protocols to avoid accidents from happening again.

Hand Hygiene

The most important and effective means of preventing the spread of an infection and antibiotic resistant microorganisms.

Documentation

The patient's sex, age, date of birth, source of specimen and the time it was collected should be _____________________.

Hand Contact

The primary method of infection transmission.

Examination Variables

The processes that directly affect the testing of instruments/specimens.

Correct interpretation of results

The specificity and the sensitivity for each test should be included in the procedure manual for ____________________________________.

Invasiveness

The tendency to spread or to transmit.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

The terms pre-analytical, analytical and post- analytical are not used up to this day and is replaced by the terms pre- examination, examination and post-examination.

PPE

To protect the person from infectious materials that may come in contact with their clothes, skin, and mucous membrane.

Indirect Transmission

Transfer of infective material via an object.

Mouth Pipetting

Unacceptable and practiced because of the possibility of over-pipetting specimens such as blood and urine, which may harm the medical technologist.

Hazard

Unintentional of causing harm.

2 hours

Urine samples should be tested within this time limit.

Internal Quality Control

Use of controls to test the reagent and the equipment. Checks if results to be released are correct and accurate.

Reagent Strip

Used in chemical analysis and must never be refrigerated. Must be recapped immediately after removing each strip. Should be held at the end (white part).

Radioisotopes

Used to label the antigen and antibody we want to detect.

Universal precaution

We should treat blood body fluids and unfixed tissue as infectious.

Mouth, nose and eye protection

Wearing of mask, goggles, and face shield.

Laboratory Sink

Where to discard urine

Alimentary

digestive tract via vomiting and diarrhea

Transplacental

mother to the fetus/vertical transmission

RACE

rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish

Respiratory

via coughing, sneezing, and talking

Genitourinary

via sexual transmission

Skin

via skin lesions

Work Practice Controls

→Requiring all employees to practice Standard Precautions and documenting training on an annual basis.