Autumn's psy 101 Final Exam
Raymond Cattell originally proposed that there are ___ personality source traits
16
___ is an example of a primary reinforcer whereas ___ is an example of a secondary reinforcer
A cupcake a certificate of achievement given to a student
the placenta is
C a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby
MRI technology has demonstrated that women listen with ___ of the brain
C both hemispheres
which theory states that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion
James-Lange theory
when men and women view erotic pictures the ___ are more strongly activated in then and women
MAYBE C /NOT D hippococampus and cingulate gyrus
by the 12 months most infants
NOT A begin to use intonation in their language
which one of the following activities will not reduce cognitive dissonance
NOT A changing the behavior to mach the attitude
in the famous case of H.M.after having part of his brain removed he could ___
NOT A no longer form new explicit memories
seventy percent of the students in the classroom are women and 30 percent are men. one student is described as ambitious athletic and assertive why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student
NOT A they are using the availability heurostic
Why do many reflexes, such as pulling your hand away from a hot iron, happen so quickly?
NOT A they involve the neurotransmitter GABA rather than dopamine
which of the following is the type of conflict that occurs when a person must choose or not choose one goal or event that has both positive and negative aspects
NOT B avoidance- avoidance
according to Robert Sternberg which type of intelligence is least likely to predict success in an environment
NOT B creative intelligence
The question "What is happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?
NOT B explanation
which characteristic is not usually considered part of the male gender stereotype
NOT B logical
researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time by definition using the __ method
NOT B longitudinal design
language is based on basic sound units called
NOT B morphemes
in which of Piaget's stages does the child develop conservation
NOT B preoperational
according to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age, in which the child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world, is the ___ stage
NOT B sensorimotor
Maurice was born with an XY chromosome type, and he has the external genitalia of a male. He has, for the better part of his life, however, felt like he was supposed to be a woman. He has always identified more with feminine clothes, behaviors, and emotions. according to your text, maurice has a male ___
NOT B sexual disorder
the best explanation of the moon illusion is ___
NOT B the angle world hypothesis
which of the following is an example of a situational attribution
NOT C i did a bad job because i'm inept
The concept of "comfort food" suggests that eating ________.
NOT C may release hormones and neurotransmitters that are comforting
which statement about motivation is true
NOT C there is only one type of motivation
the type of research design that compares various participants at several points in time to examine age-related differences and changes is called a
NOT D cross-sectional design
the place in the retina where the axons of all the ganglion cells come together to leave the eye is called ___
NOT D optic nerve
question WHY is it happening? refers to which of following goals in psychology
NOT a description/ maybe b explanation
why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his follower called structuralism
NOT a they wanted to identify the major brain structures/ maybe b primary goal was to understand the psychology of the mind
why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his follower called structuralism
NOT b has a limited number of dependent variables
when pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects they began to salivate the salivation was a __
NOT b unconditioned stimulus
the development of pubic hair though located around the external genitalia which are involved in reproduction is still considered to be a ___ sexual characteristic
NOT c primary
the action potential causes neurotransmitters to be into the ___
NOT d synaptic vesicle / maybe c synapse
____ is a form of therapy in which clients are directed to move their eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory
NOT eye-memory therapy
According to Albert Bandura, a person's belief about his or her skills and ability to perform certain behaviors is known as ________.
NOT reciprocal determinism
what is the primary goal of the therapist in person-centered therapy
NOT to help the client become more aware of his or her own feelings
Puberty is defined as
Not D the time when a child becomes a teenager
If the EEG record reveals evidence of very small and very fast waves in a person that otherwise appears to be sleep, and other data indicates the person's eyes are moving back and forth but the rest of the body is still, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is ________.
a REM
the need for ___ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals
a achievement
the theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way such as volunteering or developing a hobby is called
a activity theory
Greta's child has facial deformities, a smaller than normal head, heart defects, mental retardation, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing?
a alcohol
at the close of the nineteenth century Gerhard exited to find that he has been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt it is likely that Gerhard will be trained to ____
a analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements
which communicator would likely be the most persuasive
a attractive person who is an expert
peripheral nervous system consists of the ____ and ___ nervous system
a autonomic/ somatic
bluma hates making decisions especially about thins she does not like her mom wants her to either mow the lawn or clean her room this weekend this is an example of ___ conflict
a avoidance-avoidance
swelling or knobs at the end of the axon are called
a axon terminals
John B. Watson believed that psychology should involve the study of ________.
a behavior
you overhear psychology students preparing for a test. they note that one of the research methods often fails to generalize which methods id the most likely topic of their discussion
a case study
the major goal of insight therapies is to give people
a clearer understanding of their feelings motivation and actions
researchers have found an association between daily hassles and
a colds and headaches
unlike other types of research a cross-sequential design allows researchers to
a combine longitudinal and cross-sectional research strategies
in contrast to functionalism which modern sociological theory borrows from Marx's belief that competition consensus is the essential cause of social change
a conflict theory
the ability to solve problems by combining behaviors and ideas in new ways is called
a creativity
the type of research design that compares participants points in time to examine age-related differences and changes is called
a cross=sequential design
according to the levels of processing model, we are most likely to remember information that we process at a ____ level
a deeper
__ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied
a double-blind study
Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing ________.
a drug tolerance
psychological aspects of pain perception can influence the release of the neurotransmitters called ___ the body's natural version of morphine
a endorphins
what would you predict about little albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery
a even after his fear of the rat was extinguished the fear could come back
______ synapses make it more likely that a neuron will send its messgae to other neurons whereas ___ synapses make it less likely that a neuron will send its message
a excitatory/ inhibitory
what is the primary effect as it relates to impression formation more commonly known as
a first impression
the most likely time for a miscarriage is during the __ months
a first three
what advice might John b. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time
a focus on observable behavior
Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people.
a food
How many morphemes are there in the sentence "I wanted it"?
a four
a ___ is a concept about males or females that assigns various characteristics to them on the basis of nothing more than being male or female
a gender stereotype
shaquilla says that all men are insensitive and unemotional she is expressing a
a gender stereotype
the most likely cause for miscarriage during the first three months of pregnancy is
a genetic defect
in problem solving the term rule of thumb refers to
a heuristics
at birth newborns seem most responsive to
a high pitches and low pitches
H.M. a famous amnesiac gave researchers sold information that the __ was important in storing new long-term memories
a hippocampus
____ is the part of the brain responsible for the formational of long-term memories
a hippocampus
which type A personality characteristic is the key trait that is linked to heart diease
a hostility
which of the following statements is correct concerning what hypnosis can do
a hypnosis can create amnesia
a person who is described as intersexed is
a individual who is born with ambiguous sex organs
which of the following is an disadvantage of the cross-sectional design
a individuals of different ages are being compared to one another
If you have been waking up too early for several weeks, you are probably suffering from ________.
a insomina
pavlov's research demonstrated that ___
a involuntary reaction salivation could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus sounds of the bell
which part of the eye is a muscle that regulates the size of the pupil
a iris
which of these individuals has the highest risk of sleep apnea
a john 62 who is overweight
A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ______ technique. A) bait-and-switch B) foot-in-the-door C) primacy D) lowball
a lowball
which of the following focuses its analyses on larger social dynamics at the societal and structural levels
a macrosociology
Padma is extremely confident and feels that lately she needs very little sleep. In addition, she reports that her thoughts seem to be going fast-similar to watching three television shows at once. Padma most likely is experiencing ________.
a manic episode
the hormone released by the pineal gland that reduces body temperature and prepares you for sleep is
a melatonin
the tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called
a mental set
conjoined twins are
a monozygotic twins
the process by which activities are started directed and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called
a motivation
which statement about motivation is true
a motivation energizes and directs behavior
____ refers to heredity and ___ refers to environmental influences
a nature nurture
Larry has been told by his doctor that he is experiencing ________ due to hair cells that were destroyed as a result of loud sounds.
a nerve hearing impairment
countries like the Netherlands Germany Italy and England are more likely to have
a nontraditional views of gender
proactive interference, as used in the study of memory refers to whom
a older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information
which skin receptors respond only to pressure
a pacinian corpuscles
____nervous system returns the body to normal day-to-day functioning after a stressful period
a parasympathetic
if you were to take a sparkler at July 4th picnic and draw your name in the air your ability to see the light after the initial stimulus is facilitated by
a persistence of vision
outermost part of the ear is called ___
a pinna
the specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby is called the
a placenta
which statement is untrue about the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
a pns consists of brain and spinal cord
Thirst, sexual desire, and hunger are examples of ________ drives.
a primary
thirst, sexual desire and hunger are examples of ___ drives
a primary
according to Lazarus our first task when faced with a potential stressor is to estimate its severity and to determine whether it is a challenge or threat. this evaluation is referred to as a
a primary appraisal
extrinsic motivation is defined as
a pursuit of an activity for external reward
what color would you report seeing if a researcher projected the longest wavelength in the visible spectrum onto a screen
a red
according to the opponent-process theory of color vision the correct pairing of opposite colors are ___
a red versus green and blue versus yellow
alice is typing her term paper in the computer lab although a class is going on just a few feet away she does not seem to notice which part of the brain allows alice to focus on her typing and ignore the distractions that surround her
a reticular formation
Isabelle's baby was born blind, deaf, and with heart defects and brain damage. Most likely Isabelle was exposed to _______ during her pregnancy.
a rubella
____is a biological phenomenon while __ is a psychological phenomenon
a sex, gender
a person will often take a barbiturate as a
a sleep aid
Marco accepts a request to play the piano at his church's Sunday services even though he is still learning how to play the piano. He plays a well-learned, simple piece. Happily, he performs very well in front of his congregation. Marco's behavior illustrates ________.
a social faclitation
which of the following is the correct definition of cognitive dissonance
a state of tension that occur when a person's behavior does not correspond to the his and her attitude
Freud believed that dreams
a stem from unconscious conflicts, memories, and desires
most extreme form of escape or withdrawal from frustration is
a suicide
a researcher stops people at the mall and ask them questions about their attitudes toward gun control which research technique is being used
a survey
figure-ground relationships concern ____
a tendency to perceive objects or figures on some back ground
seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men. one student is described as ambitious, athletic, and assertive. why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student
a they are using the availability heuristic
evolutionary psychology ,ight suggest that certain cognitive strategies and goals are built into the brain because
a they help humans adapt to their natural environment
encoding specificity refers to
a using physical surroundings or emotions as retrieval cues for specific memories
a psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be
a valid
psychological test that measures what he intend it to measure is said to be
a valid
Catching fish when fishing in a lake would most likely represent which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
a variable interval
which of the following criteria helps to increase the effectiveness of punishment
a when it immediately follows the undesirable behavior
what was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of little albert
a white rat
As a formal field, sociology is a relatively ____________ discipline, as discussed in Chapter 1.
a young
William is interested in helping his client change his maladaptive behavior. He is most likely to be a(n) ____________.
action therapist
which neo-Freudian viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the feelings of inferiority that all people share
alfred adler
What is the cause of Down Syndrome?
an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
Excessive or unrealistic fearfulness and worry are characteristic of ______.
anxiety disorder
the neo-Freudian, Carl Jung, suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people called
archetypes
An advantage to group therapy is that groups ______.
are a source of social support
the average person's skin is about
b 20 square feet in size
how many pairs of chromosomes are normally in each cell of the human body
b 23
Jamie walks from a bright room into a dark room it will take about ___ minutes for her rods to fully adjust to the dark
b 30
Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?
b a fixed ratio schedule
when Ann went to her doctor he gave her a hearing test, during the test the doctor presented tones to Ann through earphones the tones started at a low intensity and then became louder the doctor asked Ann to raise her hand whenever she started to hear a sound the doctor was testing Ann's ___
b absolute thereshold
drive-reduction theorists would say that getting a haircut to look attractive is
b acquired drive
which of the following is classified as a depressant
b alcohol
An advantage of algorithms over heuristics is that ________.
b algorithms guarantee a correct answer if one is available
according to Lazarus hassles
b arise from major life changes
A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called _____________.
b attitude
The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that consists of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands is called the ________ nervous system.
b autonomic
involuntary muscles are controlled by the ____ nervous system
b autonomic
frank mistakenly believes that there are more words that begin with the letter "k" than there are with the letter k in the third position due to the
b availability heuristic
frank mistakenly believes that three are more words that begin with the letter k than there are with the letter k in the third position due to the
b availability heuristic
which type of attachment style is characterized by babies who do not seem to care very much whether the mother is present or absent and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger
b avoidant
which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities
b behavioralist
Bill has felt isolated and an like "outsider" since coming to college for his freshman year. As a result, he decided to join a fraternity and was very excited when he was selected to pledge. According to Maslow, Bill may be attempting to meet the need of ________.
b belonging
Sasha is experiencing stress in her workplace that is causing her to feel dissatisfied and pessimistic. As a result, she has a desire to quit her job. Sasha is experiencing________. A) poverty-related stress B) road rage C) eustress D) burnout
b burnout
which is the most likely prototype for the concept vehicle
b car
which of the following is the term used to describe unpredictable large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat
b catastrophes
The tendency to complete figures that are incomplete is known as ________.
b closure
what are mental categories representing activities objects qualities or situations that share some common characteristics
b concepts
what are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some some common characteristics
b concepts
which type of hearing problems can be reduced with ordinary hearing aids
b conduction deafness
tendency to perceive things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex broken-up pattern is known as ___
b continuity
according to robert strenberg which type of intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment
b creative intelligence
times when certain internal and external influences have a major impact on development are called
b critical periods
a case study would be the most appropriate method to investigate which of those topics
b development of male baby raised as female after a surgical error destroyed his penis
because of the need to measure the IQ of people of varying ages new IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on
b deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution
because of the need to measure the IQ of people of varying ages newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on
b deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution
masters and johnson reported that unlike men women
b do not have a refractory period and can achieve many orgasms during a sexual encounter
psychoactive drugs are
b drugs capable of influencing thinking, perception, and memory
forming a hypothesis is the second step in a scientific investigation this step is derived from two goals of psychology-description and ___
b explanation
what term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request
b foot-in-the-door
a loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives however he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it when he notices the visor drop again he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. what problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome
b functional fixedness
a loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives however he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. when he notices the visor drop again he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. what problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome?
b functional fixedness
a loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. when he notices the visor drop again he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor what problem-solving difficulty did ben overcome
b functional fixedness
a _____ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines
b gene
The science of heredity is called _______.
b genetics
sociology is the study of
b group-level dynamics and social structures
close friendly groups usually work well together but they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called
b groupthink
Alex is standing in line at Walmart waiting to play for his purchases a man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter alex says to his friend that man is incredibly rude a social psychologist who is within earshot jots down a note so she can use the example in class what does she write concerning alex
b he made a dispositional attribution
stress has been shown to put people at a higher risk for
b heart attack and stroke
Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her. According to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur?
b her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry
you are out of a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat the rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in ___
b iconic memory
Mary is an adolescent who currently has a small pimple on her cheek that is causing her to be overly self-conscious. She is convinced that everyone she meets stares at and talks about her pimple. Mary's behavior exhibits _______.
b imaginary audience
The social group viewed as the one with which a person identifies is called a(n) ________.
b in-group
social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on
b influences of the social world in which we exist
what do we call biologically determined innate patterns of behavior
b instincts
what do we call biological determined innate patterns of behavior
b instinicts
the pursuit of an activity for its own sake is propelled by
b intrinsic motivation
which of the following statements is true about naturalistic observation
b it involves observing behavior in its natural context
which of these is an example of what has been called infantile amnesia
b johnny 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2
The main task of the Solomon Asch studies was ____________________.
b judging line sizes
the ___ control one has the ___ the degree of stress
b less greater
in the little albert study the fear producing stimulus used as a UCS was the
b loud noise
what are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked cigarettes while pregnant
b lower birth weight and lethargy
Maslow's work has had an impact on the field of ______________.
b management
an auto accident rendered chris's nervous system unable to send messages for him to breathe so he is on a respirator which brain structure was damaged in the accident
b medulla
Binet and Simon considered children relatively slow if their ________.
b mental age is lower than their chronological age
which of the following focuses its analyses on face-to-face encounters and interactions
b miscrosociology
drinking orange juice is negatively correlate with the risk of cancer. based on this information which of the following statements is true
b more orange juice you drink, the lower your risk of cancer
language is based on basic sound units called
b morphemes
You are telling a joke to your friend who is laughing uproariously and then suddenly collapses to the floor. You are not surprised to later learn that he has a sleep disorder known as ________.
b narcolepsy
nAch is an abbreviation for ________.
b need for achievement
fraternal twins are ___ similar genetically than are other brothers and sisters
b no more
Roger want to McDonald's to observe people eating in fast-food restaurants. he brought a camera crew and bright lights and they all wore yellow jump suits roger said he wanted to do a naturalistic observation but may have had some problems because of ___
b observer effects
a child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert this type of learning is best explained by
b operant conditioning
the sounds t th and sh are
b phonemes
how are proximity to others and attraction correlated
b positively correlated
obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of
b preconventional moralty
evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the
b prefrontal lobes of the cortex
which type of long-term memory is most difficult to bring into conscious awareness
b procedural memories
A child is punished and temporarily stops his or her well-established bad behavior. However, the child soon goes back to acting badly. This is probably because ________.
b punishment is known only to temporarily suppress or inhibit a behavior
when asked to recall the data of john kennedys assassination peter draws a blank however when asked whether it was october 24 1962 november 22 1963 or february 1 1965 he correctly answers with the second of the choices this example most clearly demonstrates the value of
b retrieval cues
recalling the definition of long-term memory is an example of __
b semantic memory
The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called ________.
b semantics
the system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called
b semantics
As defined by C. Wright Mills, which of the following "enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society"?
b sociological imagination
which of the following cognitive abilities declines during adulthood
b speed of processing
the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) may be involved in
b stopping the eating response
___ is the retention of memory for some period of time
b storage
fluid filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and dendrites of the next cell is called
b synapse
what part of the brain acts as a relay station for incoming sensory information
b thalamus
if you took the WAIS-IV when you were 18 and again when you were 25 and scores were the same what could you conclude
b that the WAIS-IV is reliable
If you took the WAIS-IV when you were 18 and again when you were 25, and the scores were the same, what could you conclude?
b that was WAIS-IV is reliable
lateral hypothalamus (LH) may be involved in
b the onset of eating
the lateral hypothalamus (LH) may be involved in
b the onset of esting
The reckless risk taking found among many adolescents is most likely due to the effects of _______.
b the personal fable
which of the following is true about cones
b they are found mainly in the center of the eye
closure is the tendency _____
b to complete figures that are incomplete
your attitudes are most likely to influence specific behaviors when the attitudes are
b very specific
The state we are in when we are awake and reasonably alert is called ________.
b waking consciousness
Linda is afraid of cats because, when she was a little girl, a cat scared her by jumping out of her closet and onto her face. As a result of this experience, Linda learned to be afraid of cats. Which model of abnormality offers the best explanation of Linda's fear?
behavioral
The ___theory of personality has its basis in the theories of learning and focuses on the effects of environment on one's personal characteristics and action
behaviorist
the ___ model of mental illness explains that disorders such as anxiety depression and schizophrenia are caused by chemical imbalances genetic probe's brain damage or dysfunction or some combination of those causes
biological
an eating disorder characterized by eating binges binges followed by self-induced vomiting is called
bulimia
human olfactory system contains about ___ olfactory receptors
c 10,000,000
difference threshold is the degree of change that is required in order for a person to detect a change __ percent of the time
c 50
which of the following lists the individuals known as the founding fathers of the sociological discipline
c Durkhiem marx and weber
Olivia is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Olivia kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?
c Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her
Sleep spindles appear during ________ sleep.
c Stage 2 (N2)
which of the following is defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that together perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time
c a social institution
Drives that are learned through experience are called ________ drives.
c acquired
in a ___ conflict a person must choose between two desirable goals
c approach- approach
what percentage of the population is described as gifted according to IQ standards
c around 2 percent
in both social facilitation and social impairment the key factor is
c arousal
Which two different terms best describe Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion?
c arousal and context
what do we call judgments about people situations objects or thoughts
c attitudes
when you see someone you have a crush on and your heart pounds your hands get sweaty and your cheeks feel hot your ___ is are active
c autonomic nervous system
women may pay more attention to the tone and emotion of statements than men because they listen with __ of the brain
c both hemispheres
an important example of conditioned taste aversions might be
c both of the these are examples of taste aversions
which theory of emotion emphasizes the role of the thalamus
c cannon-bard
rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as
c chromosomes
Which theory maintains that emotion is caused by the interaction of physiological changes and the cognitive labeling of the reason for the physical reaction?
c cognitive arousal theory
clear transparent protective coating over the front part of the eye is the
c cornea
The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called ________.
c dendrites
Which of the following statements is true?
c different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories
_____develop when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time
c dizygotic twins
the state of tension created by biological needs is called
c drive
people with gender ___ feel that they were born into the body of the wrong sex and have a strong identification with the opposite gender
c dysphoria
which of the following activities is inconsistent with drive-reduction theory
c eating when you are not hungry
what term is used to describe a child's inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes except his or her own
c egocentrism
placebo effect means
c expectations of the participants their behavior
the prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the ___ period
c fetal
studies have found that the best way to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue effect is to
c forget about it and let the item just come to you
how our minds help us adapt to the world around us was a primary question addressed by which early movement of psychology
c functionalism
which of the following modern sociological theories states that the best way to analyze society is to indenifity the purpose that different aspects or phenomena play in the overall structure of society
c functionalism
culture's expectation of masculine and feminine behaviors can be defined as
c gender roles
Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of
c general intelligence and specific abilities
How can a coach get his football team to perform better if he suspects they are exhibiting social loafing?
c grade their individual performances
___psychology is the field of study devoted to understanding the relationship between physical psychological traits and social relationship and overall health and rates of illness
c health
___ appears to be responsible for the storage of the new long-term memories.if it is removed the ability to store anything new is completely lost
c hippocampus
the tendency of the body to maintain a steady of functioning is called
c homeostasis
school of behaviorism attempted to explain behavior by studying
c how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response
which part of the brain is very small but extremely powerful and controls the pituitary gland
c hypothalams
Erikson's theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 5 his third stage as characterized by the major challenge of
c initiative versus guilt
A seemingly arbitrary flash "out of the blue," through which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes apparent to you, but you do not consciously know how you "figured it out," is called ________.
c insight
a seemingly arbitrary flash out of the blue through which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes apparent to you but you do not consciously know how you figured it out is called
c insight
salmon swimming upstream to spawn are an example of
c instinct
all of the following are true about color blindness expect
c it seems to be more common in women than men
which of the following founders of sociology is known in part for his writings providing the theoretical foundation of Communism
c karl marx
social ___theory emphasizes the role of cognition in motivation and the importance of expectations in shaping behavior
c leaving
light is focused on the retina by the ___
c lens
the internet with its series of links from one site to many others is a good analogy for the organization of
c long-term memory
the trail-and-error method of solving problems is also known as
c mechanical solution
Joe is very anxious over an upcoming exam. Consequently, his adrenal glands will probably produce ________.
c more contisol
Luc said, "I don't care what I do as long as I am in control!" What need is this?
c need for power
function of the ___ is to carry information to from all parts of the body
c nervous system
in arousal theory people are said to have ___ level of tension
c optimal
according to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy which needs must be met first
c physiologial
according to abraham maslow's hierarchy which needs must be met first
c physiological
which of the following is a brain imaging method in which radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain
c position emission tomography (PET)
Elijah is a 3-year boy who likes to spread his peas and carrots all over his plate. After spreading out his food, he asks for more. His mom pushes all the food together and Elijah continues to eat. Which period of cognitive development is Elijah in?
c preoperational
Miranda is questioning whether her upcoming business trip, where she must travel through an area with many mountains, will pose a danger for her. As such, this example illustrates ________.
c primary appraisal
the field of ___ studies the effects of psychological factors such as stress emotions thinking and behavior on the immune system
c psychoneuroinmmunology
when a cell is at rest it is in a state called
c resting potential
Sitting in a very noisy restaurant, you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing. This is an example of _________.
c selective attention
the person most closely associated with research on learned helplessness is
c seligman
masters and johnson recommended a technique called __ for the treatment of premature ejaculation
c sensate focus
in the process known as ___ sensory receptors become less sensitive to repeated presentations of the same stimulus
c sensory adaptation
The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the _________.
c serial position effect
what is the term for an improvement in performance caused by the perception that others are watching
c social facilitation
an assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life resulting from major life changes over one year is called
c social readjustment rating scale
Robert's mother is usually meticulous in her presentation. When picking her up for a family dinner, he noticed that her make-up was only applied to the right side of her face. Her hair was also brushed on the right side, but on the left it was matted and uncombed. He immediately took her to the hospital after she was unaware of any problems. She was diagnosed with ______, which is evidenced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere.
c spatial neglect
primary drives are caused by
c stimuli within the body
which part of the nervous system reacts when the human body is subjected to stress
c sympathetic
researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is
c the ability to adapt to new situations
which of the following describes the way in which monozygotic twins occur
c the egg is fertilized by a single sperm and then splits completely into two separate zygotes
trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as
c the mechanical solution
According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming the source of a dream is neuronal firing in
c the pons
Gardner and his associates are known for proposing
c the theory of multiple intelligences
Gardner and his associates are known for proposing ________.
c the theory of multiple intelligences
Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!). Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Janie is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembers the fifth point, but it is too late. Janie had a problem with _________.
c the tip of the tongue phenomenon
what did Charles Darwin believe about the origin of emotions
c they are a product of evolution
which of the following statements has research found to be accurate with regard to androgynous people
c they are highly functioning and effective because they do not limit themselves to one set of gender rules
which of the following statements about gifted people is true
c they are often skilled leaders
How do retrieval cues relate to spreading activation?
c they direct you to relevant information stored in long-term memory
what is the main function of the reticular formation
c to control levels of alertness and arousal
what is the function of myelin
c to speed up to the neural impulse
the two most important symptoms of substance dependence are
c tolerance and withdrawel
Sleep research supports three "helpful hints" to avoid insomnia. Which of the following statements is NOT a helpful hint?
c try to nap as much as possible
what did Sigmund freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorder he observed
c unconscious mind
which female sex organ or process is present at birth
c vagina
Which of these physical skills typically develops LAST?
c walking
which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion
c we see a monster our hearts race we feel fear
which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion
c we see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear
after weeks of being taunted by the so called friends at school and asking them to stop taunting her Alyssa a beings to actively avoid them whenever possible her reaction to this frustration is best described as
c withdrawal
After taking a drug for several years, Bruce decides to quit taking it. He begins to experience a variety of physical symptoms, psychological symptoms such as irritability, and a strong craving for the substance. What term is used to describe what Bruce is experiencing?
c withdrawel
Skinner and Watson believed that personality is the result of
classical and operant conditioning and observational learning
there are several subfields of psychology according to the present research the three largest subfields of psychology are ___. ___. and ___
clinical, counseling, and development
rational emotive therapy is a type of __ therapy
cognitive-behavioral
The average threshold for human vision is a candle flame seen from ________ on a dark, clear night.
d 30 miles
Jane is experiencing loss of equilibrium, decreased sensory and motor capabilities, and double vision. How many drinks is Jane likely to have had?
d 8-10
actions meant to harm or destroy are referred to as
d aggression
what is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaption syndrome
d alarm resistance exhuastion
Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of ________.
d altered state of consciousness
what do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol drugs or hypnosis
d altered state of consciousness
Benzedrine, methedrine, and dexedrine are all ________.
d ampetamines
sam is a father of two children and has a career as a professor at a university he is nurturing and sensitive to his children's needs able to express emotions outwardly independent and assertive and thinks problems through calmly and logically sam is a good example of a person who is
d androgynous
People with Alzheimer's disease typically have a memory problem known as ________.
d anterograde amnesia
Prejudice is a(n) _________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________.
d attitude behavior
a school issues token to the children for good behavior this issue of a token is an example of
d behavior modification
which is the best explanation of the Cannon-Band theory
d bodily arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously
which of the following best explanation of the Cannon-Bard theory
d bodily arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously
researchers have found that ___ influenced by culture
d both language and thought are
the learning of phobias is very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning
d conditioned emotional response
receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision and fine acuity are ___
d cones
_____ thinking works well for routine problem solving but may be of little use when a more creative solution is needed
d convergent
___thinking works well for routine problem solving but may be of little use when a more creative solution is needed
d convergent
___ thinking works well for routine problem solving but may be of little use when a more creative solution is needed
d covergent
your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory. if you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep what brain waves will be detected?
d delta
a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on the point the person is engaging in
d divergent thinking
person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. the person is engaging in
d divergent thinking
Small metal disks are pasted onto Miranda's scalp and they are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. From this description, it is evident that Miranda's brain is being studied through the use of ________.
d electroencephalogram
Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?
d electroencephalograph EEG
Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus.
d fish food
After agreeing to Nat's request to share her lecture notes from one class, Maria now agrees to Nat's request to share her notes from three classes. This example illustrates the ________technique.
d foot-in-the-door
Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down to her uterus, and the placenta and umbilical cord are beginning to form. Which period of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?
d germinal
whole is greater than the sum of its parts is a statement associated with the perspective of ____
d gestalt psychologists
during the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome all of the following except ___ are reactions that can be seen
d hemorrhaging
you are listening to a person who keeps telling you to relax attempting to create a situation in which you are likely to follow suggestions. what treatment are you undergoing
d hypnosis
a person's sense of being a boy or girl or man or woman is their gender
d identity
You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated ________.
d insight learning
a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is
d insomnia
Alfred Binet designed the first ________ test.
d intelligence
ability to learn from one's experiences and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is the psychologist's working definition of
d intelligence
the ability o learn from one's experiences and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is the psychologist's working definition of ___
d intelligence
the ability to learn from one's experiences and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is the psychologist's working definition of
d intelligence
Bettina is 6 feet tall and desires to become a ballerina. Unfortunately, she is having difficulty being accepted into a ballet troupe because of her height. Bettina is experiencing __________.
d internal frustration
Scapegoats are usually the group of people with _________.
d least power
Car salespersons are notorious for using the ________ technique, which involves changing terms after an agreement has been made.
d lowball
according to the fraternal birth-order effect which of the following individuals is most likely to be gay
d marquis who has two older brothers
Based on the Loftus, et al. (1978) study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident, and some of the subjects were asked a question about a blue car, when the actual slides contained pictures of a green car. When these same subjects were asked about the color of the car at the accident, they were found to be confused. This is an example of the _________.
d misinformation effect
which of these is one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences
d naturalistic
which of these is one of howard gardner's multiple intelligences
d naturalistic
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is being ________.
d negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down
a person is connected to an electroencephalograph a machine that records the brain's electrical activity the person is reinforced when his or her pattern of brain waves changes in order to treat a disorder such as epilepsy this technique is best called
d neurofeedback
Dr. Keller has individuals run on a treatment for o0.15 or 30 minutes and then measures their self-reported mood. in than hypothetical study the independent variable is
d number of minutes individuals run on the treadmill
A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl's learning to share is an example of ________.
d observational learning
Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?
d observational learning
___is a disorder in which the person either prefers to, or most achieve sexual arousal and fulfillment through sexual behavior that is unusual or not socially acceptable
d paraphillia
____ lobs are located at the top and back cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch body position and temperature
d parietal
a child from which of the following parenting types would be most likely to lack social skills later in life
d permissive
frustration that occurs when a goal or needed cannot be attained due to personal characteristic is called
d personal frustration
when given a list of items to remember people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list this is known as
d primacy effect
maintenance rehearsal is defined as
d repeating some bit of information over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory
the final phase of the sexual response cycle is
d resolution
Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of _________.
d selective attention
according to abraham maslow, developing one's potential to its fullest extent result in
d self-actualization
abbreviation STI stands for
d sexually transmitted infection
According to Ekman, which of the following is NOT one of the universal facial expressions?
d shame
when children observe their same-sex parents behaving in certain ways and imitate that behavior a psychologist uses which theory to explain the situation
d social learning theory
what is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory
d stimulus emotion and physiological changes (simultaneous)
Events that cause a stress reaction are referred to as ________.
d stressors
Which modern sociological theory explains social behavior by examining the meanings that social signals and signs represent to individuals?
d symbolic imteractionism
Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course, Gary's idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by talk shows. He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows. What an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on Gary's idea of psychological disorders?
d the course altered Gary's concept of psychological disorders
before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course, Gary's idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by talk shows he expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows what an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be. how would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on gary's idea of psychological disorders
d the course altered gary's concept of psychological disorders
which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries
d the dogs stated to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food
Criticisms of Gardner's theory multiple intelligences include
d the idea that these skills are not necessarily the same thing as what is meant by itelligence
criticisms of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences include
d the idea that these skills are not necessarily the same thing s what is meant by intelligence
the abbreviation UCS stands for
d unconditional stimulus
Shreen is diagnosed with schizophrenia. She believes that she is a powerful person who can save the world. Shreen is experiencing __________.
delusion of grandeur
gestalt therapy is considered ___ because the therapist leads the client through a number of planned exercises as well as confronts the client's statements
directive
after being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son a man disappears. he shows up two weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. he appears to be suffering from
dissociative disorder
Eve seeks treatment to learn how to relax. When her therapist hypnotizes her, her voice changes and someone claiming her name is "Joan" begins to speak. During therapy, 23 separate entities, each with its own name, personal style, and memories emerge. Eve appears to be suffering from ______ disorder.
dissociative identity
a cognitive therapist is working with a depressed client. which of the following causes is the likely focus of this therapist's intervention
distorted interpretations of life events
the __controls the satisfaction of the id's drives in a socially acceptable manner
ego
what is Freud's term for the executive of his personality that has a realistic plan for obtaining gratification of the an individualist's desires
ego
the job of the ___is to find practical ways for the ___to get its pleasure needs met without offending the morality of the ____
ego, id, superego
a treatment for sever depression in which an electric shock is delivered to the patient resulting in a seizure of the body and the release of a flood of neurotransmitters in the brain is called
electrocovulsive therapy
the person-centered therapist has to the able to acknowledge and understand what the client is feeling and experiencing this person is referred to an
empathy
Sigmund Freud psychosexual stages focus on several parts of the body, identified as
erogenous zones
attributions are
explanations that account for one's own behaviors and/or the behaviors of others.
Due to new computer technology that involves having the client wear a headset that can project realistic anxiety-provoking images, therapists can now conduct ________ therapies in their offices.
exposure
which behavior therapy techniques is commonly used to treat anxieties or tears
exposure
psychoanalytic patient who lets her thoughts flow without interruption or fear of negative criticism from her therapist is using
fear association
in which psychosexual stage do sexual interests reawaken and become stronger
genital
the television talks to heidi. it tells her the police are out to get her, because Heidi has schizophrenia she is mostly experiencing a _____
hallucination
false sensory perceptions that often take the form of hearing voices are called
hallucinations
primary purpose of the DSM is to
help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders
Derrick is an executive with a large financial firm. Any time his investments do poorly, he throws temper tantrums and breaks things. Then he starts barking orders at his secretary. Which personality structure would Freud say is exerting control?
id
for Freud the only personality structure present at birth is the
id
in Sigmund Freud's theory the ____operates according to the pleasure principle
id
according to the cognitive perspective disordered behavior is the result of
illogical thinking patterns
Mary, who has a great fear of flying, has been instructed by her behavior therapist to take a brief ride in an actual airplane. If Mary follows her therapist's instructions, then she'll be engaged in ________
in vivo exposure
according to Erickson it an elementary school child fails to succeed in learning new skills and knowledge the result may be the development of a sense of
inferiority
person-centered therapy is type of __ therapy
insight
which of the following is an advantage of behavior therapy
it is a relatively quick and efficient way to reduce symptoms
seasonal affective disorder (SAD) seems to be related to be related to
low levels of sunlight
your friend has applied to several medical schools after receiving several rejection letters she concludes that she is never going to amount to anything in life your friend is engaging in
magnification
severe depression that comes on suddenly or seems to have no external cause is called
major depressive disorder
which of the following pairs belong together
marijuana tetrahydrocannabinal
_____ has been used successfully in helping children who have a fear of going to the dentist social withdrawal obsessive-compulsive behaviors and phobias
modeling
Disorders characterized by disturbances in emotion are known as ______ disorders.
mood
according to Freud, a boy's sexual attachment to his mother and jealousy of his father is called
oedipus complex
what is the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages
oral, anal, phailic, latency, genital
which of the following statements concerning using animals in research is correct
pain and suffering of animals are allowed but only when necessary and must be minimized as much as possible
which of the following is the term used to describe a sudden onset of extreme panic, with various symptoms including racing heart, rapid breathing, and sweating
panic attack
For Freud, material that we are not currently aware of but that can be easily recalled is in the ______ mind.
perconscious
the Yerkes-Dodson Law says
performance is affected by levels of arousal
Jonas was filling out a job application and was required to disclose his home address social security number and email address. According to Freud this kind of general information in our memory that can be easily recalled is stored in the ___ mind
preconsious
Jeromy has been having an affair with another woman. One afternoon, his wife came home later than usual and Jeromy became angry— accusing his wife of infidelity. Which defense mechanism is behind Jeromy's accusation?
projection
___ is a type of insight oriented therapy
psychoanalysis
Dave's wife suggests that he talk to a doctor because of his inability to cope with criticism. The doctor suggests that Dave's problem represents the expression of a repressed, unresolved, internal conflict buried in his unconscious mind that has its roots in Dave's childhood. This view is typical of the __________ model of abnormality.
psychodynamic
any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress cause harm to others or harms their ability to function in daily life is called
psychological disorder
the kind of therapy that involves taking things out with a professional is called
psychotherapy
When anxiety provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious awareness, such as not remembering lying to parents, it is called ________.
repression
After many sessions of psychodynamic therapy, Dan at some point experiences reluctance to cooperate with his therapist and tends to forget to do what his therapist had suggested to him. Dan is experiencing ________.
resistance
During free association, a patient may become unwilling to talk about certain topics. What term would a psychoanalyst use to describe this change in the patient's willingness to verbalize?
resistance
Some Asian cultures view mental illness as ____________.
s shameful thing that hurts the marriage chances of other family members
Sigmund Freud proposed that his patients' disorder resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to
sex
the social or environmental setting of a person's behavior is referred to as
situational context
people who have a ___ are afraid of being evaluated in some negative way by others so they tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing
social anxiety disorder
which term refers to a way to define abnormality by comparing an individual's behavior to the norms or standards of the society in which an individual lives
social norm deviance
Fears of snakes, thunderstorms, darkness, and water are classified as ______ phobias.
specific
donita is angry with her boss so she left work a little early in order to run an extra mile before it gets dark. which defense mechanism is donita employing
sublimation
Carolyn took home some printer from the office. Later she felt guilty for stealing it so she brought some paper to work to replace what she took. Freud would suggest that Carolyn's __was influencing her motives and behavior
superego
which element in Freud's personality theory contains the conscience
superego
Which method of treating phobias involves progressive relaxation and exposure to the feared object?
systematic desensitization
which of the following is a disadvantage of group therapy
the client must share the therapist's time
according to Carl Rogers anxiety and neurotic behaviors occur when
there is a discrepancy between the real self and ideal self
which of the following is an advantage of self-help groups
they are free
Every time Alice cleans her room properly and makes the bed she receives a marble. When she accumulates 100 marbles, she can get the new video game she wants. What type of behavioral program are Alice's parents using?
token economy
archaeologists have found shulls from as long ago as 3000 B.C. that bear evidence of an ancient surgical technique in which holes were cut into the shulls of live individuals is an attempt to release demons from the possessed victim. the process is called
trephining