AVIT 309 Block 1 Test
What is the critical risk value above which evolved gases are prevalent?
1.5
Physiologically, supplemental oxygen should be used above what altitude?
10,000 feet
To what altitude can humans fully physiologically acclimatize to?
10,000 feet
What altitudes apply to the Physiological Deficient Zone?
10,000 to 50,000 feet
What is the first step one should take in treating hypoxia of any type?
100% oxygen
What is the number one step in treatment of DCS?
100% oxygen
How many breaths per minute does the average human maintain?
12-20
What is the partial pressure of oxygen at Sea Level?
159mm HG
How long does a human take to fully physiologically acclimatize to a given altitude?
18.4 days per 1 mile of altitude
What is the percentage of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere?
21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen
Carbon Monoxide has a greater affinity for hemoglobin over oxygen by how many times?
250 times
How much does temperature decrease per 1,000 feet as we ascend into the atmosphere?
3.5 degrees
According to NASA's studies on loss of control inflight (LOC-I) accidents, what percentage occurred from the aircrew's 'inappropriate response or interaction with aircraft equipment?
46%
Where does the Space Equivalent Zone begin?
50,000 feet
According to FAA experts, what percentage of aviation accidents are caused by human influence?
60 - 80%
When the U.S. military first invested time and resources into aviation training, what number of pilots died from 'pilot error' out of the first 100 fatalities?
90
According to the FAA, what is the time frame that an aircraft should be evacuated following an aircraft crash?
90 seconds
What are the tiny air sacs where oxygen diffuses into the blood stream called?
Alevioli
What medical professional should be standing by to receive DCS patients?
An AME
What is the basic definition of respiration?
An exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment
Where is atmospheric pressure the densest?
Below 10,000 feet
Below what oxygen saturation level does collapse normally occur at?
Below 60%
What are the four presentations of DCS?
Bends, skin, chokes, CNS
For Part 92 Flight Operations, above what altitude should a pilot be using supplemental oxygen?
Between 12,500 feet and 14,000 feet for more than 30 minutes. Above 14,000 feet.
Which gas law applies to trapped gas issues in aviators?
Boyle's law
Proper oxygenation of what cell(s) in the respiration process are most important for aviators?
Brain cells/neurons
The primary control for respiration in humans is regulated by what gas?
Carbon dioxide
What is the primary gas chemically controlling the human breathing rate?
Carbon dioxide
What is the most common chemical product of incomplete combustion?
Carbon monoxide
What on the aircraft is designed to filter out ozone in the atmosphere?
Catalytic ozone converter
What is the first human function lost to hypoxia?
Cognition
What type of pilot response is best used in extreme-stress events?
Conditioned or muscle memory
What are the three types of aircraft oxygen delivery systems?
Continuous-flow, pressure-demand, diluter-demand
What is the most dangerous gas aviators could potentially be exposed to?
Cyanide
What is the best way to avoid sinus and ear blocks in flight?
Do not fly with a cold
What two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur in descent?
Ears, sinus
What are the common areas of trapped gas in humans?
Ears, sinuses, GI tract, teeth, lungs
What typically causes hyperventilation in pilots?
Emotional
What pathway connects the middle ear with throat?
Eustachian tube
What physiological issue does Henry's Law apply to?
Evolved gas
What three mechanisms contribute to contaminants in the aircraft?
External, internal, aircraft systems
For someone equilibrated to sea level, what altitude represents the threshold for evolved gas problems?
FL180
True or False: A pilot may be comfortable knowing maintenance checked their oxygen mask prior to flight
False
True or False: An oxygen hood should always be used before a pilot dons and oxygen mask
False
True or False: Ear blocks are always accompanied by pain
False
True or False: Effective Performance Times are times a pilot can depend on to maintain consciousness at a given altitude.
False
What two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur in ascent?
GI tract, teeth
Which type of oxygen is typically found on commercial aircraft?
Gaseous
Which two forms of oxygen storage systems are found on civilian aircraft?
Gaseous and chemical
What do oxygen molecules bind to in the transport process?
Hemoglobin
What law dictates the mechanism behind evolved gas disorders?
Henry's law
Alcohol is an example of which type of hypoxia?
Histotoxic
Which type of hypoxia is caused by carbon monoxide poisoning?
Hypemic
What physiological issue does Dalton's Law apply to?
Hypoxia
What type of hypoxia relates to altitude?
Hypoxic
What are the four types of hypoxia?
Hypoxic Hypemic Histotoxic Stagnant
What is the most dangerous characteristic of hypoxia?
Insidious onset
What three steps should be taken during a lithium ion battery thermal runaway event?
Isolate, estinguish, cool
Which atmospheric gas evolves into bubbles to create evolved gas disorders?
Nitrogen
Is it always possible to descend to 10,000 feet in emergencies?
No
Is it safe to use petroleum based products around 100% oxygen?
No
Should vasoconstrictor sprays be used to clear normal ear blocks?
No-emergency use only
Hypercapnia is caused by low amount of what gas in the bloodstream?
Oxygen
The secondary control for respiration in humans is regulated by what gas?
Oxygen
What is the secondary gas chemically controlling the human breathing rate?
Oxygen
What four elements need to be maintained for homeostasis with your environment?
Oxygen, Nutrition, Rest, Hydration
What is the best way to clear GI gas?
Pass flatus or belch on ascent
What is the SCREAM check?
Preflight and inflight check of the aircraft oxygen system S: Supply C: Connections R: Regulator E: Emergency Equipment A: Adjustments for mask M: Mask Condition
What physiological issue does Charles' Law apply to?
Pressure gauge fluctuation
What aircraft system provides the best prevention measure against DCS?
Pressurized
What cell is responsible for transporting oxygen in the cardiovascular system?
Red blood cell
What is a critical first step for aviators to take when dealing with toxic fumes events?
Respecting the emergency and protecting your lungs
What physiological issue does Graham's Law apply to?
Respiration
What civilian aviation safety organization was the first, and when were they established?
Royal Aeronautical Society in 1866
Doing what before flight increases the risk of DCS exponentially?
Scuba diving
What altitudes apply to the Zone of Physiologic Efficiency?
Sea level to 10,000 feet
Hyperventilation may cause what type of hypoxia?
Stagnant
What form of hypoxia is produced by hyperventilation?
Stagnant
Which presentation of DCS is most likely to occur in aviators?
The bends
Which presentation of DCS is the least likely to occur and also the most dangerous?
The chokes
Where does temperature stabilize in the atmosphere?
The top of the troposphere
What is the gas expansion ratio at FL250?
Three times that of sea level
What is the purpose of pressure-demand regulators?
To raise oxygen partial pressure at the lung level
What physiological issue does Boyles' Law apply to?
Trapped gas
True or False: A lack of nutrition may affect an individual's effective performance time
True
True or False: Ground Crews, Flight Crews, and passengers may be a source of toxic fumes
True
True or False: Human respiration can be voluntarily controlled.
True
True or False: Hypoxia may affect higher cognitive functions at altitudes as low as 5,000 feet
True
True or False: The effects of medications may exacerbate the effects of hypoxia at altitude
True
True or False: The subjective symptoms of hyperventilation are similar to hypoxia
True
What type of DCS (Type I or Type II) is most likely to occur in aviators?
Type 1
What type of DCS (Type I or Type II) is most likely to be life threatening?
Type 2
What is the most effective method of clearing an ear or sinus block?
Valsalva
What are the four phases of respiration?
Ventilation Respiration Transportation Utilization
True or False: The loss of oxygen from breathing too fast causes hyperventilation.
false-it is the loss of carbon dioxide
