AVIT309 Exam 1
What altitudes apply to the zone of physiologic efficiency?
0 - 10,000ft
What is the critical risk value above which evolved gas issues are present?
1.5
What altitudes apply to the physiological deficient zone?
10,000 - 50,000
Physiologically, supplemental oxygen should be used above what altitude?
10,000 Feet
Highest altitude humans can acclimate too?
10,000ft
What is the first step in treating hypoxia?
100% Oxygen
What is the number one step in the treatment of suspected DCS?
100% oxygen
How many breaths per minute does the average human maintain?
12-20
For part 91 flight operations, above which altitude should a pilot be using supplemental oxygen?
14,000 Feet
What is the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen at sea level?
159mmHG
How long does it take a human being to acclimate to a given altitude?
18.4 days per mile of altitude
Carbon monoxide has a greater affinity for hemoglobin over oxygen by how much?
250 times
How much does temperature decrease for every 1000ft of altitude gained?
3-5 Degrees F , Or 2 Degrees C
What is the gas expansion ratio at FL250?
3:1 ( 3 times that of sea level)
According to NASA's LOC-I accidents, what percentage occured from the crew's inappropriate response or interaction with the aircraft?
46%
Where does the space equivalent zone begin?
50,000ft
Below what oxygen saturation level does collapse normally occur at?
60%
According to FAA experts, what percentage of aviation accidents are caused by human influence?
60% - 80%
What is the percentage of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere?
78% Nitrogen, and 21% Oxygen
When the US military first invested time and resources into aviation training, what number of pilots died from pilot error out of the first 100 fatalities?
90
What is the time frame that aircraft should be evacuated during a crash?
90 Seconds
What medical professional should be standing by to receive DCS patients?
AME
What is the definition of respiration?
An exchange of gases between the environment and organisms
What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood called?
Avioli
Where is atmospheric pressure the densest?
Below 10,000 ft
What are the four presentations of DCS?
Bends, Chokes, Skin, CNS
What gas law applies to trapped gases in aviators?
Boyles Law
Proper oxygenation of what cells is most important for aviators?
Brain cells
The primary control for respiration is controlled by what gas?
Carbon Dioxide
What is the primary gas chemically controlling breathing rate?
Carbon Dioxide
What is the most common chemical product of incomplete combustion?
Carbon Monoxide
What on the aircraft is designed to filter out ozone?
Catalytic ozone converters
What is the first human function lost to hypoxia?
Cognition
What are the three types of aircraft oxygen delivery systems?
Continuous, diluter , pressure.
What is the most dangerous gas aviators could be exposed to?
Cyanide
What is the best way to avoid ear and sinus blocks in flight?
Do not fly with a cold.
What two areas of trapped gases are likely on descent?
Ears, Sinus
What pathway connects the middle ear and throat?
Eustachian tube
What issue does Henry's law apply to?
Evolved Gas
What three mechanisms contribute to contamination in aircraft?
External, internal, aircraft systems
True or false: a smoke hood should always be used before the pilot dons an oxygen mask?
FALSE
For someone equilibrated to sea level , what is the threshold for evolved gas problems?
FL180
True or False: a pilot may be comfortable knowing maintenance checked their oxygen mask prior to flight?
False
True or false: ear blocks are always accompanied by pain?
False
True or false: effective performance times are guaranteed times a pilot can depend on to maintain consciousness at a given altitude?
False
True or false: the loss of oxygen occurring from breathing too fast causes hyperventilation?
False
What is the best way to clear GI gas?
Fart
Which type of oxygen is found on commercial aircraft?
Gaseous
Which two forms of oxygen storage systems are on civilian aircraft?
Gaseous, Chemical
What do oxygen molecules bind to in the transportation process?
Hemoglobin
Which law dictates the mechanism behind evolved gas disorders?
Henry's
Alcohol is an example of what type of hypoxia?
Histotoxic
What type of hypoxia is caused by carbon monoxide poisoning?
Hypemic
What issue does Dalton's law apply to?
Hypoxia
What type of hypoxia relates to altitude?
Hypoxic
What are the four types of hypoxia?
Hypoxic, Hypemic, Histotoxic, Stagnant
What is the most dangerous characteristic of hypoxia?
Insidious onset
What three steps should be taken during a li-po battery thermal runaway event?
Isolate, extinguish, cool
What type of pilot response is best use in extreme-stress events?
Muscle Memory
Is it safe to use petroleum-based products around 100% oxygen?
NO
Should vasoconstrictor sprays be used to clear normal ear blocks?
NO
Which atmospheric gas evolves into bubbles to create evolved gas problems?
Nitrogen
Is it always possible to descend below 10,000 feet in emergencies?
No
Hypercapnia is caused by low amounts of what gas in the bloodstream?
Oxygen
The secondary control for respiration is controlled by what gas?
Oxygen
What is the secondary gas chemically controlling breathing rate?
Oxygen
What four elements need to be maintained in humans for homeostasis?
Oxygen, nutrition, Rest, hydration
What typically causes hyperventilation in pilots?
Panic
What is the SCREAM check?
Preflight and inflight check of the aircraft oxygen system
What issue does Charle's law apply to?
Pressure gauge fluctuation
What aircraft system provides the best protection against DCS?
Pressurization
What cell is responsible for transporting oxygen?
Red Blood Cells
What is the critical first step for aviators when dealing with toxic fumes?
Respect the Emergency
What issue does Graham's law apply to?
Respiration
What civilian aviation safety organization was the first, and when were they established?
Royal Aeronautical 1866
Doing what prior to flight increases the probability of DCS exponentially?
Scuba Diving
What are the common areas of trapped gases in humans?
Sinus, Ears, Lungs, GI, Teeth
Hyperventilation may cause what kind of hypoxia?
Stagnant
What form of hypoxia is caused by hyperventilation?
Stagnant
What two areas of trapped gases are likely on ascent?
Teeth, GI
Which presentation of DCS is likely to occur in aviators?
The Bends
Which presentation of DCS is the least likely in aviators and the most dangerous?
The Chokes
What is the purpose of pressure-demand regulators?
To raise oxygen partial pressure at the lung level to aveolar level.
What issue does Boyle's law apply to?
Trapped Gas
Where does temperature stabilize in the atmosphere?
Troposphere
True or false: a lack of nutrition may affect an individuals effective performance time?
True
True or false: ground crews, flight crews, and passengers may be a source of toxic fumes?
True
True or false: hypoxia can affect higher cognitive function at altitudes as low as 5,000ft?
True
True or false: pilots should treat hyperventilation the same as hypoxia?
True
True or false: the effects of medications may exacerbate the effects of hypoxia at altitude?
True
True or false: the human respiration system can be voluntarily controlled?
True
True or false: the subjective symptoms of hyperventilation are similar to hypoxia?
True
Which type of DCS is most likely to occur in aviators?
Type 1
Which type of DCS is most likely to be life threatening?
Type 2
What is the most effective method of clearing an ear or sinus block?
Valsalva
What are the four phases of respiration?
Ventilation, respiration, transportation, utilization
