AWOAC Set 2.1
EA Development
(Battalion Level) 1. IPB 2. Select the ground for the Attack 3. Integrate the Engagement Area (Company Level) 4. Direct Fire Planning & Fire Control
Reconnaissance in Force
(RIF) is a deliberate combat operation designed to discover or test the enemy's strength, dispositions, and reactions or to obtain other information. Reconnaissance in force is conducted as a combined arms operation at the battalion task force or higher level. is an aggressive, offensively oriented reconnaissance. It is a force oriented reconnaissance, focusing on enemy forces versus the terrain and typically seeks some level of decisive engagement. The end state of the reconnaissance is either extraction of the RIF or exploitation by a follow on force.
What are the 4 commander's guidance elements:
- Focus (Reconnaissance Objectives). - Tempo of reconnaissance (Drives Latest Time Information is of Value). - Engagement/disengagement/bypass criteria. - Displacement/Battle Handover criteria.
Fundamentals of Security
- Maintain enemy contact - Orient on the protected force, area, or facility - Provide early and accurate warning - Provide reaction time and maneuver space - Perform continuous reconnaissance
Forms of Security
- Screen - Guard - Cover - Area Security - Local Security
(Execution) Maintaining continuous reconnaissance during the MTC as well as after contact through Battle Handovers allows the commander...
- To provide depth and breadth to the effort. - Enhance survivability of assets. - Increased options to use maneuver and fires to gain and maintain enemy contact.
Guard
-Protects the main body by fighting to gain time while also observing and reporting information and preventing enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body -A CDR assigns a guard mission when he expects contact or has exposed flank that requires greater protection than a screen can provide. -Units conducting a guard mission cannot operate independently because they rely upon fires and functional and multifunctional support assets of the main body (ADRP 3-90). -The guard force differs from a screen in that the guard force contains sufficient combat power to defeat, cause to withdraw, or fix lead threat elements before they can engage the protected force. -Advance Guard, Flank Guard, and Rear Guard
5 Phases of Attack Planning
1. EA Development 2. Route Planning 3. Sustainment 4. Review & Refine 5. Rehearsal
What is the Max Effective Range of the 30 MM Canon and the typical load?
1500-1700m and 300 rounds
Attack Aviation Operations can conduct:
5 Ds - Destroy, Defeat, Disrupt, Divert or Delay Offensive, Defensive and Stability Operations Decisive or Shaping Operation Single UAS through Battalion/Squadron Hasty or Deliberate BDA
Joint Fires Observer (JFO)
A JFO is a certified and qualified Service member who can request, adjust, and control surface-to-surface fires, provide targeting information in support of Type 2 and Type 3 CAS terminal attack control, and perform autonomous terminal guidance operations (TGO). JFOs cannot perform terminal attack control of CAS missions and do not replace a trained and certified JTAC.
Disrupt
A tactical mission task in which a commander integrates direct and indirect fires, terrain, and obstacles to upset an enemy's formation or tempo, interrupt his timetable, or cause enemy forces to commit prematurely or attack in piecemeal fashion.
Defeat
A tactical mission task that occurs when an enemy force has temporarily or permanently lost the physical means or the will to fight. The defeated force's commander is unwilling or unable to pursue his adopted course of action, thereby yielding to the friendly commander's will, and can no longer interfere to a significant degree with the actions of friendly forces. Defeat can result from the use of force or the threat of its use.
Destroy
A tactical mission task that physically renders an enemy force combat-ineffective until it is reconstituted. Alternatively, to destroy a combat system is to damage it so badly that it cannot perform any function or be restored to a usable condition without being entirely rebuilt.
How can the ground commander reduce the risk of fratricide during "Danger Close" missions?
Adjust the posture of their troops
What is the burn time of the Illumination Rocket?
Approximately 3 minute burn time for 1 square mile
Area Reconnaissance
Area reconnaissance is a form of reconnaissance that focuses on obtaining detailed information about the terrain or enemy activity within a prescribed area. This area may include a town, a ridgeline, woods, an airhead, or any other critical operational feature. The area may consist of a single point, such as a bridge or an installation. The primary difference between a zone and an area reconnaissance is the nature (restrictive versus permissive) of the boundaries
Engagement Area
Area where the commander intends to contain and destroy an enemy force with massed effects of all available weapons and supporting systems
What Aviation Security Operations Provide?
Army Aviation security operations provide the combined arms team early and accurate warning of enemy activities, reaction time and maneuver space to prevent surprise, and the ability to rapidly develop the situation upon gaining enemy contact. protect the force from surprise and reduce the unknowns. The protected force ranges from friendly ground maneuver forces and facilities to the local population. prevent the enemy from determining friendly locations, strengths, and weaknesses.
What is the five-line format ground maneuver commanders use to employ attack weapons teams against an enemy force in close contact?
Attack Aviation Call for Fire
Joint Air Attack Teams consist of what types of weapon systems?
Attack helicopters, UAS, joint CAS, maneuver fires and can include joint surface indirect fires
What are the possible actions a commander can take when enemy contact is established?
Attack, Defend, Bypass, Delay, Withdraw
What are the possible actions a commander can take?
Attack, Defend, Bypass, Delay, Withdraw
Attack Reconnaissance Battalion Tasks (order of precedence)
Attack. Zone, route, and area reconnaissance. Screen. Guard and area security (when task organized). Movement to contact. Reconnaissance in force (when task organized). Although the ARB is fully capable of conducting reconnaissance, security and movement to contact operations, it has less overall reconnaissance capability than the ARS due to the lack of organic UAS at the company level unless the organic Gray Eagle company is released partially or in total from division control to conduct dedicated MUM-T in support of the ARB.
All Attack Ops require what?
Audacity Speed Concentration
Focus, tempo, and displacement criteria is dictated by whom?
BCT Commander
Tempo (Security Operations)
Clearly articulating the tempo of security tasks allows the commander to establish associated time requirements that drive planning such as the duration for both manned and unmanned aircraft conducting security. This dictates how the aviation security force employs and arrays its forces to ensure necessary coverage and security task accomplishment.
Fire distribution Methods and Techniques
Closest Target Reference Point Quadrants Fire Patterns Target Array, Priority Fire Zones, Sectors The most utilized is the quadrant, but do not be afraid of utilizing the others.
What are the 4 commander's security guidance elements:
Commander's security guidance is similar to commander's reconnaissance guidance− Focus. Tempo of security. Engagement/disengagement criteria. Displacement criteria.
What are the 3 Recon Management
Cueing, mixing, and redundancy
Deliberate tempo
Deliberate tempo dictates all reconnaissance tasks must be accomplished. Deliberate tempo allows the organization more time to answer all information requirements
What are the Tactical Tasks assigned to Attack Reconnaissance units?
Destroy Defeat Disrupt Divert Delay
What are the tactical tasks assigned to attack reconnaissance units?
Destroy, Defeat, Disrupt, Divert, and Delay enemy forces
What does maintaining enemy contact do for you?
Develops the situation and allows the Commander to make well-informed decisions.
DISPLACEMENT CRITERIA
Displacement criteria define triggers for planned withdrawal, passage of lines, or reconnaissance handover between units. The conditions and parameters set out in displacement criteria integrate the commander's intent with tactical feasibility. Conditions are either event driven, time driven, or threat driven. Failure to specifically dictate conditions of displacement, nested within the higher scheme of maneuver will likely result in ineffective reconnaissance tasks.
What is the focus of a 9 Line?
Enemy Forces
ENGAGEMENT/DISENGAGEMENT CRITERIA (Security Operations)
Engagement and disengagement criteria specifies the conditions in which the aviation security element can engage or break contact with the enemy to preserve combat power.
Who controls a JAAT?
FAC-A AMC JTAC JFO
Zone Reconnaissance Tasks
Find and report enemy forces in zone based on PIR. Based on engagement criteria, destroy or defeat all enemy forces in zone within capability. Determine the trafficability of all terrain in zone. Conduct hasty visual inspection and classification of all bridges, overpasses, underpasses and culverts in zone. Locate and conduct hasty visual classification of all obstacles, minefields, built up areas and barriers in zone. Locate and conduct hasty visual classification of all fords, crossing sites and bypasses around obstacles and built up areas in zone. Report the above information, to include providing a sketch map, overlay and/or full motion video feeds.
The fundamentals of Movement to Contact
Focus all efforts on finding the enemy. Gain enemy contact early with the smallest reconnaissance force within the allotted time. Maintain contact and fix the enemy while retaining the freedom of maneuver to prevent premature commitment of the protected force. Maintain adequate follow on combat power to rapidly develop the situation after gaining enemy contact. Destroy, defeat, disrupt, divert, or delay enemy forces within capability or conduct battle handover or bypass in accordance with the commander's intent.
Forceful tempo
Forceful tempo develops the situation through action by employing technical means, both direct and indirect fire systems, and moving rapidly to develop the situation. Forceful reconnaissance requires audacity, firepower, and the aggressive exploitation of enemy vulnerabilities during actions on contact. Forceful reconnaissance is appropriate when enemy information is more important than the terrain, time is limited, detailed reconnaissance is not required, or the terrain is open.
Movement to Contact enables:
Freedom of action to develop the situation and create favorable conditions for conducting subsequent tactical or enabling tasks either by the force conducting the MTC or a follow on main body force.
What is the focus of a 5 Line?
Friendly Forces
Fundamentals of Reconnaissance
Gain and maintain enemy contact Orient on reconnaissance objectives Report all information rapidly and accurately Retain freedom of maneuver Develop the situation rapidly Do not keep recon assets in reserve Ensure continuous reconnaissance
Which AH Weapon is considered precision?
Hellfire
Planning
IPB focuses on determining the characteristics of the AO that influence friendly and enemy operations. Focus on dismounted avenues of approach or infiltration routes, and defensible terrain when the enemy is dismounted Focus on high speed avenues of approach and cross mobility corridors or obstacles when the enemy is mounted. Bypass criteria, engagement criteria, battle handover locations, joint fires, and combat power are other aspects The aviation commander controls the operation by using: Phase lines, AOs, Objectives, Contact points, Checkpoints, NAIs, LOA. What should the commander consider when developing FARP and UAS launch/recovery sites? Depth and breadth of the AO, time allocated, size of the Aviation force and the supported commander's intent.
Attacks Against Enemy Forces In Close Friendly Contact
Joint Air Attack Team
Components of Joint Air Attack Team
Maneuver Force Rotary-Wing Element Fixed-Wing Element Indirect Fire Support JAAT combines the effects of attack helicopters, UAS, joint CAS aircraft, and may include joint indirect fires, all employed simultaneously against the same enemy target array.
What drives the level of risk during attacks against enemy forces not in close friendly contact?
Mission and operational variables
MTC Risk Mitigation
Most importantly, use speed and audacity to develop the situation upon gaining contact. Use minimal forces required to gain contact while accomplishing the mission in time. Maximize the use of UAS. Provide control measures to control and deconflict maneuver and fires. Plan and employ joint fires through depth of zone. Position FARPs, UAS launch/recovery sites, and holding areas forward for rapid turns of combat power.
Movement to contact vs search and attack
Movement to contact • Speed and aggressiveness • Achieve enemy contact • Short duration - hours or days • Enemy situation is vague or there is little time for reconnaissance • Linear rear to front fires Search and Attack • Stealth and security • Enemy destroyed, cleared, or denied access to area • Long duration - days or weeks • More intel required, pattern analysis • RFAs, NFAs, CFLs
What are the three types of aviation operations conducted throughout the depth of the AO?
Offensive Defensive Stability Operations
Movement to contact is an ________ designed to develop the situation and to establish or regain contact.
Offensive Operation
What are a few control measures the commander uses to control the operation?
Phase lines, AOs, Objectives, Contact points, Checkpoints, NAIs, LOA.
Cover
Protects the main body by fighting to gain time, observing and report information, and preventing enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body. Aggressively executed making maximum use of offensive opportunities. The difference between a guard and covering force is a guard is a force that protects the main body from observation, direct fire, surprise attacks, and guides main body reaction forces for the counterattack, while a cover possesses significantly greater combat power and is responsible for a large area. Even when augmented, an aviation task force cannot serve as the covering force headquarters.
What are the four terms that describe Tempo
Rapid Deliberate Stealthy Forceful
Rapid tempo
Rapid tempo dictates that the level of detail for the reconnaissance operation is limited to a certain prescribed list of tasks or PIR. Rapid tempo is appropriate when time is of the essence. Commanders assume additional risk as tempo increases in relation to enemy activity.
What is Reconnaissance?
Reconnaissance is a mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods, information about the activities and resources of an enemy or adversary, or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area Reconnaissance in all its various forms is a continuous, aggressive, combined arms effort that enables the commander to make decisions to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative.
What is the difference between recon and security?
Recons focus on the enemy and terrain, while security missions focus on the force that is being protected.
Route Reconnaissance
Route reconnaissance is a directed effort to obtain detailed information of a specified route and all terrain from which the enemy could influence movement along that route. The reconnaissance may be oriented on a road, air route, railway, mobility corridor, or general direction of an advance or attack within the time available. It provides new or updated information on route conditions, such as obstacles (natural and/or man-made) and bridge classifications, and enemy and civilian activity along the route. May be performed as part of an area or zone recon.
Attacks Against Enemy Forces Out of Friendly Contact
SCAR
Security Control Measures
Screen lines Subordinate unit boundaries Phase lines Contact points Checkpoints Observation points Routes
What Tasks Army Aviation can perform during Security Operations
Screen the flanks or rear of a moving force or forward, to the flanks, or to the rear of a stationary force. Conduct zone and route reconnaissance or provide a forward security element for a moving ground force. Locate and destroy enemy reconnaissance and security forces in within the aviation unit's AO or attempting to penetrate the screen. Employ indirect and direct fires to fix or delay enemy main body forces. Conduct attacks to defeat or destroy enemy main body forces. Conduct force oriented reconnaissance of all terrain and routes that influence the security area. Locate and reconnoiter obstacles and determine bypasses forward of a moving force. Air assault to seize an objective or to fix, block, or destroy an enemy force forward or to the flanks of a moving or stationary force. Infiltrate, exfiltrate, or resupply dismounted or mounted security units along a flank screen of a moving force or forward of a stationary force. Conduct aeromedical evacuation of the wounded and ill in the security area. Conduct air movement of friendly forces in the security area. Conduct mission command support to extend the range of communications networks to enable the protected force increased situational understanding for early warning and reaction time.
Stealthy tempo
Stealthy tempo emphasizes avoiding detection, flight profiles, and restrictive engagement criteria. Stealthy reconnaissance typically takes more time than forceful reconnaissance and maximizes standoff, slant range, and concealment, to reduce visual and acoustic signatures. Stealthy reconnaissance is used when time is available, detailed reconnaissance is required, enemy forces are likely in a specific area, and danger areas are encountered.
Area Security
Task conducted to protect friendly forces, installations, routes, and actions within a specific area include security of: designated personnel, equipment, facilities and airfields, base camps, main supply routes, convoys and key terrain. Focus of area security is on preventing threats and protecting the force.
When is a Movement to Contact concluded?
Terminates when the ARC reaches the objective or LOA without enemy contact or upon contact with an enemy force.
Who controls the Army Aviation maneuver and fires during attacks against enemy forces not in close friendly contact?
The AMC or Air Battle Commander
Commander's Security Guidance
The BCT commander's guidance should consist of the security focus, duration, engagement and disengagement criteria, and displacement criteria. In providing this guidance, the commander describes, shapes, and prioritizes how he envisions the security effort supporting the overall scheme of maneuver and the specific roles of the Cavalry unit.
FAC(A)
The FAC(A) is a specifically trained and qualified aviation officer who exercises control from the air of aircraft engaged in CAS of ground troops. The FAC(A) is normally an airborne extension of the TACP. The FAC(A) also provides coordination and terminal attack control for CAS missions, as well as locating, marking, and attacking ground targets using other fire support assets.
Tactical Air Coordinator (Airborne) (TAC[A])
The TAC(A) is an officer who coordinates, from an aircraft, the actions of other aircraft engaged in air support of ground or sea forces. The TAC(A) also expedites CAS aircraft-to-JTAC handoff during heavy-traffic CAS operations.
Divert
The act of drawing the attention and forces of an enemy from the point of the principal operation; an attack, alarm, or feint that diverts attention.
Hasty or deliberate attacks are based on what?
The amount of time to plan, prepare and execute
DISPLACEMENT CRITERIA (Security Operations)
The commander directs either time-based or event-based displacement criteria for the aviation security element. The displacement criteria is a set of conditions that must be met before the aviation security element assumes a follow-on mission.
Focus
The commander focuses the reconnaissance effort in terms of terrain, threat, civil considerations, and infrastructure. focus describes the nature of the intended reconnaissance objective and emphasizes the type of information to be collected.
ENGAGEMENT/DISENGAGEMENT/BYPASS CRITERIA
The commander must define the size or type of enemy force he expects subordinate units to engage or avoid which drives planning for direct and indirect fires, as well as establishment of bypass criteria. All three criteria should describe an enemy force using clearly understood, precise and quantifiable terms. Examples: Bypass criteria Priority of fires Action on contact Recon handover criteria Fire support cord measures ROE Weapons control status
What is the significant difference between a Movement to Contact and a Zone Recon?
The effort focuses on finding the enemy force, developing the situation early, and preventing the premature deployment of the supported ground maneuver force main body
Why would a commander conduct a Movement to Contact?
The enemy situation is vague or not specific enough to conduct an attack.
What Is the goal of a Movement to Contact?
The goal is to make initial contact with a small element while retaining enough combat power to develop the situation and mitigate the associated risk. A movement to contact also creates favorable conditions for subsequent tactical actions.
What is the goal of a Movement to Contact?
The goal is to make initial contact with a small element while retaining enough combat power to develop the situation and mitigate the associated risk. A movement to contact also creates favorable conditions for subsequent tactical actions.
Who controls the synchronization and integration of Army Aviation maneuver and fires during attacks against enemy forces in close friendly contact?
The ground maneuver commander
What are the two Recon Techniques
There are two reconnaissance techniques commanders employ to answer information requirements: reconnaissance push reconnaissance pull
Tempo
Timing and synchronization of the total reconnaissance effort is crucial for overall mission success. Tempo of reconnaissance refers to the level of detail and covertness required of the reconnaissance unit organization to best accomplish either reconnaissance or security tasks.
Delay
To slow the time of arrival of enemy forces or capabilities or alter the ability of the enemy or adversary to project forces or capabilities.
What are some risks associated with Movement to Contact?
Unknown enemy situation, reliefs on station, BHO transitions and hasty nature of developing the situation while in contact.
Inherent risks with MTC are driven by:
Unknown enemy situation. Complexity of continuous reliefs on station. Battle Handover (BHO) transitions. Hasty nature of developing the situation while in contact.
What solely drives the methods of employment of attack operations?
Whether a friendly ground unit is in direct enemy contact or not
Focus (Security Operations)
While executing security operations, the aviation security element focuses all of its actions on protecting the force, area, or facility to be secured. The commander directs the aviation security force to orient on specific enemy systems or organizations, terrain, or friendly forces.
What are the 4 Forms of Reconnaissance
Zone Area Route Recon in Force (RIF)
Attack Reconnaissance Squadron Tasks (order of precedence)
Zone, route, and area reconnaissance. Reconnaissance in force (when task organized). Screen. Guard and area security (when task organized). Movement to contact. Attack. Although the ARS is fully capable of conducting attacks, the integration of RQ-7B UAS at the troop level make the ARS the best formation for conducting reconnaissance, security and movement to contact as primary missions, with attack
What is the primary difference between reconnaissance and security missions
focus of the effort. Reconnaissance missions focus on the enemy and terrain, security missions focus on the force that is being protected.
Cueing
is the integration of one or more types of reconnaissance or surveillance systems to provide information that directs follow-on collecting of more detailed information by another system
Reconnaissance Handover
is the process of transferring information and responsibility from one element to another to facilitate observation of a specific target, enemy, or an assigned NAI/TAI.
Reconnaissance pull
is used when commanders are uncertain of the composition and disposition of enemy forces in their areas of operation, information concerning terrain is vague, and time is limited. In these cases, aviation reconnaissance elements initially work over a broad area to develop the enemy situation. As they gain an understanding of enemy weaknesses, they then 'pull' the main body to positions of tactical advantage.
Reconnaissance push
is used when commanders have a relatively thorough understanding of the OE. In these cases commanders 'push' aviation reconnaissance elements into specific portions of their areas of operation to confirm, deny, and validate planning assumptions impacting operations. Reconnaissance push emphasizes detailed, well-rehearsed planning and deliberate maneuver.
Mixing
is using two or more different assets to collect against the same intelligence requirement This method exploits the unique capabilities of the different systems to compliment or reinforce each of the collection efforts. can help defeat deception attempts by highlighting differences in collected information and also provides depth to the reconnaissance.
Redundancy
is using two or more like assets to collect against the same intelligence requirement improves the chances the reconnaissance element collects the required information and provides depth should one element become compromised or unable to observe the reconnaissance objective.
Local Security
prevents or interdicts enemy efforts to observe or attack friendly forces vicinity FARPs, assembly, staging, and holding areas. Local security is an enduring priority of work and prevents units from being surprised. Continuous reconnaissance and patrolling are active local security measures. The use of camouflage, noise and light discipline, reduction of electronic signatures, movement control, and the utilization of ground and air sensors are passive local security measures.
Screen
provides early warning to the protected force/main body. Screens provide the least amount of protection. Aerial reconnaissance units extend a ground screen or provide an independent screen to protect ground forces. Defensive in nature, (impede, harass, destroy smaller elements (Recon)) Performed to the flanks, rear, but not in front of a moving force. Zone Recons, recons in force, and guard are missions given to units in front of a moving force. Operates within range of main body artillery (utilizes them as required)
What are the two Movement to Contact subordinate tasks?
search and attack, and cordon and search
Zone Reconnaissance
zone reconnaissance involves a directed effort to obtain detailed information on all routes, obstacles, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries. The boundaries of a zone are restrictive, unlike those of an area reconnaissance, which are permissive. It is the most time-consuming of the reconnaissance missions, so the commander must allow for adequate time to plan and execute.
