BA Test 2

As of 2016 what was the average cost of a data breach in the United States?

$7 million.

In 2017 about what percentage of people around the world had no access to the Internet?

52 percent.

A critical characteristic of a successful CIO is:

A leader with the ability to speak the language of the business.

The term circular economy refers to:

A production system that is regenerative by design.

According to an Oxford University study, what percentage of current jobs were expected to be overtaken by robots in the next two decades?

About 50 percent.

Which of the following statements is not true with respect to acid rain?

Acid rain occurs when carbon dioxide combines with water vapor in the atmosphere

The fastest growing region for Internet usage growth from 2000 to 2017, was:

Africa.

In the United States, the federal government regulates which of the following major areas of environmental protection?

Air pollution Water pollution Solid and hazardous waste

Air pollution is accurately described by which of the following?

Air pollution occurs when more pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere than can be safely absorbed and diluted by natural processes.

Another name for unsolicited commercial emails is:

All of these answers are correct: Spam Junk email UCE.

Antitrust laws protect consumers from:

Anticompetitive practices by business.

The ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings is called:

Artificial intelligence.

Government's role is to create and enforce laws that:

Balance the relationship between business and society.

Sustainable development:

Balances economic and environmental considerations.

A compulsion to engage in rewarding behaviors, despite negative consequences is called:

Behavioral addiction.

By promoting the use of clean cookstoves in developing nations, a global alliance hopes to reduce:

Black carbon.

What are the benefits of sequencing the human genome?

Both of these answers are correct: Helps early diagnosis of diseases; spurs new ways to prevent illnesses.

Supporters of advocacy advertisements believe that they:

Both of these answers are correct: Identify a company as an interested and active stakeholder; and can help mold public opinion on a particular policy issue.

The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) is accurately described by which statement(s)?

Both of these answers are correct: It established a fund supported primarily by a tax on the petroleum and chemical companies; and the funds collected are used to clean up sites where the original polluter cannot be identified.

MIT researchers determined that 90 percent of shopper's credit-card transactions could be used to:

Both to uniquely identify an individual's shopping habits and preferences and to identify an individual shopper using only four bits of secondary information.

Studies have shown that green marketing has been most successful at what level?

Brand.

Which of the following is not a potential source of personal private data?

Broadcast radio.

A CIO is the company's:

Chief information officer.

Which pattern of consumption is recommended to reduce humanity's global footprint?

Choosing less harmful products.

General Electric's "Ecomagination" effort to invest in clean technology is an example of:

Clean Technology

The typical public affairs executive spends most of the day:

Coalition building, Direct lobbying, Fund raising.

Life-cycle analysis involves:

Collecting information regarding the lifelong environmental impact of a product, from extraction to disposal

Which political action strategy seeks to gain support from other affected organizations to better influence policymakers?

Constituency-building strategy.

A company that builds stakeholder coalitions to influence government is using which strategy?

Constituency-building.

One major advantage of conducting business online is:

Cost-effective marketing and promotions

Environmental regulations stimulate some sectors of the economy by:

Creating jobs in industries like environmental consulting, asbestos abatement, and instrument manufacturing Saving jobs in industries like fishing and tourism when natural areas are protected or restored Compelling businesses to become more efficient by conserving energy.

Downloading illegal files, spreading computer viruses, and stealing from online bank accounts is collectively referred to as:

Cybercrime.

Since 2008, the total amount spent on lobbying activity has:

Decreased slightly.

With respect to fresh water, according to one estimate, if it were possible to eliminate pollution, capture all available fresh water, and distribute fresh water equitably:

Demand would exceed supply within a hundred years

Which of these statements accurately describes a Super PAC?

Does not allow direct contributions to candidates or political parties.

Buying and selling goods and services electronically is called:

E-business.

Emission fees are accurately characterized by which statement(s)?

Each business is charged for the undesirable pollution that it emits Companies emitting more pollutants end up paying more pollution taxes Revenues from emission fees can be used to support environmental efforts.

When a government orders companies not to conduct business in another country because of a war, human rights violations, or lack of a legitimate government; these orders are called:

Economic sanctions.

One of the biggest challenges for autonomous vehicle manufacturers, according to the case The Arrival of Autonomous Cars—Bright Future or Looming Threat? was:

Ensuring the vehicles were safer than driver-controlled automobiles.

In the 1980s, corn and soybeans were genetically modified, enabling farmers to spray for weeds without harming cultivated plants. At first, these changes were:

Expected to increase crop yields per acre.

Which of the following is not a constituency-building strategy tool?

Expert witness testimony.

According to the discussion case, Hydraulic Fracturing—Can the Environmental Impacts Be Reduced?, the primary purpose of fracking is to:

Extract crude oil and gas.

The EU law passed in 2018 that required companies to promptly report personal data breaches was called:

General Data Protection Regulation.

Which country has made the greatest progress in reducing its solid waste stream?

Germany.

Participants in the Montreal Protocol agreed that by 2030 they would phase out:

HCFCs.

Over time the role of the CIO:

Has become more integrated into the overall strategic direction of the firm.

An argument in support of preventing government access to private cell phones, according to the case To lock or Unlock Your Phone: Personal Privacy or National Security, is:

Individuals have rights to privacy and safety.

The digital divide describes the gap between those:

Individuals who have internet access through technology and those who do not.

Governments being asked to regulate driving distractions are examples of a public policy:

Input.

Which of the following is not true about water pollution?

It can be caused by biodegradable products

The Toxic Substances Control Act is accurately described by which of the following?

It established a national policy to regulate, restrict, and, if necessary, ban toxic chemicals.

Arable land is accurately described by which statement?

It is a renewable resource.

Ecologically sustainable organizations are accurately explained by which of these descriptions?

Making and transporting products using minimal energy.

When the market fails to adjust for the full costs of a firm's behavior, this is called:

Market failure.

The process of firms buying and selling the right to pollute is an example of which type of environmental regulation?

Market-based.

M-Commerce is facilitated primarily by:

Mobile or cell phones.

Policies that affect the supply, demand, and value of a nation's currency are:

Monetary policies.

The role of the CIO includes all of these tasks except:

Monitoring the appropriate level of employee productivity.

In the United States, the right to free speech:

Must be weighted against the consequences for the community

An example of an economic regulatory agency is:

National Labor Relations Board.

Government regulations help balance negative externalities such as:

No smoking rules enforced to mitigate the effects of second-hand smoke.

In 2017 which country had the most restrictive Internet censorship policies, completely blocking its citizens from conducting Internet searches and from using social media platforms?

North Korea.

Which of the following statements is not true about the population?

Over the next century, population growth is expected to be greatest in developed nations.

In 2017 mobile payment usage was largest for which type of purchase?

Physical goods.

One of the oldest financial-incentive strategy tools is:

Political action committee contributions.

A common tactic in a financial-incentive political strategy is:

Political contributions.

Environmental justice is a movement to:

Prevent inequitable exposure to risk, such as from hazardous waste.

To help control political favoritism, there have been global efforts to:

Promote fairness in the electoral process.

Which of these factors has accelerated the current ecological crisis?

Rapid industrialization.

The most successful global businesses in coming years will be those companies that:

Recognize the imperative for sustainable development as an opportunity both for competitive advantage and ethical action.

The beverage industry's partnership Refrigerants Naturally! is attempting to:

Reduce the use of ozone-depleting chemicals.

According to the case Clean Cooking, the widespread adoption of clean cookstoves would provide which of the following benefits:

Reduced health risks.

Every environmental regulation must be initially evaluated for its costs and benefits in a process called:

Regulatory impact analysis.

In Japan's pluralistic public policy process, who are the major participants?

Representatives of big business, agriculture, and labor.

A person's entitlement to protection from invasion of one's personal life is called the:

Right to privacy.

Rapid economic development is often accompanied by:

Rising incomes, bringing higher rates of both consumption and waste.

In the case Should Facebook be Regulated, the primary market failure was:

Sales incentives to sell user data exceeded those of protecting user privacy.

We are currently in which phase in the development of technology?

Semantic.

Total social regulation costs are:

Significantly higher than total economic regulation costs.

Around the world, government:

Sometimes cooperates and sometimes is in conflict with business.

According to McKinsey and Company, which position cannot be easily replaced with robots?

Team managers.

This term refers to the practical applications of science and knowledge to commercial and organizational activities.

Technology

The self-reinforcing feature of technology means that:

Technology acts as a multiplier to encourage is own faster development.

Reregulation is:

The increase or expansion of government regulation.

Some argue that publishing personal DNA sequencing results is unethical because:

The results could compromise one's employment situation Life insurance could be denied The cost of health insurance could rise

In 2016, the Global Electoral Organization (GEO) discussed which critical election administration issues?

The use of technology to increase accountability.

Economic leverage occurs when a business uses its economic power to:

Threaten to leave a location unless a desired political action is taken.

One argument in favor of net neutrality is:

To fairly compete, small, medium, and large firms should have the same Internet bandwidth.

In some nondemocratic or authoritarian societies such as China, Pakistan, Iran, and North Korea, why did the governments generally intervene to restrict their citizens' access to information and various Internet and social media sites?

To impose religious or ideological views To suppress political dissent

The role of chief sustainability officer is described by which statement(s)

Typically reports to the CEO Supervises staff across functional areas Requires strong interpersonal skills.

Dark money refers to:

Undisclosed contributions to tax-exempt organizations.

An example of industrial ecology in practice is:

Using wastes from one process as raw materials for another process.

Regulation can be argued as justified based on:

Utilitarian and justice grounds.

Businesses promote an information strategy by inviting government leaders to:

Visit local plant facilities, Attend company award ceremonies, Give speeches to employees.

Hackers employed by businesses or governments to intentionally discover weaknesses in information systems are called:

White hatters.

Economists reported that the costs of regulatory compliance were highest for:

Worker safety.

Invasion of privacy through technology is best exemplified by:

Your car's GPS tracking you at every location.

A technological application that uses biological systems or living organisms to make or modify products or processes for specific use is called:

biotechnology

The ideas, concepts, and other symbolic creations of the human mind are often referred to as:

intellectual property.

An example of a hacking job motivated by retaliation is:

A person hacks a government website to act against inaction by the government.

Firms in the chemical industry, which must contend with frequently changing environmental regulations and the risk of dangerous accidents, usually have:

A sophisticated political strategy.

When managers become personally involved in developing public policy, the firm is at what level of business political involvement?

Aggressive organizational involvement.

Depletion of the ozone layer, destruction of the rain forests, and species extinctions all have an impact on:

All of society.

Companies that cultivate a vision of sustainability must adopt sophisticated strategic planning techniques to:

Allow their top manager to assess the full range of the firm's effects on the environment

One type of digital currency that operates outside the banking system using encrypted technology is:

Bitcoin.

The antitrust enforcement agencies in the United States have the legal authority to:

Block anticompetitive mergers in the U.S.

Proponents of business as a political participant argue:

Both of these answers are correct: A pluralistic system invites many participants; and business is a vital stakeholder of government.

The core idea(s) of sustainable development is (are):

Both of these answers are correct: Economic development must be accomplished sustainably; and poverty is an underlying cause of environmental degradation.

By raising and lowering the interest rates at which private banks borrow money from the government, the Federal Reserve Bank:

Both of these answers are correct: Influences the size of the nation's money supply; and influences the value of the dollar.

When companies develop a reputation for environmental excellence, and they produce and deliver products and services designed to attract environmentally aware customers, this is called:

Brand differentiation.

To influence government policymakers' actions, an information strategy involves:

Business leaders speaking before government policymakers.

Public policies and government regulations are shaped by:

Business, Special interest groups, Government.

An organization that produces net zero emissions of greenhouse gases is achieving:

Carbon neutrality.

Past decisions of the courts, the original basis for the U.S. legal system, are called:

Common laws.

A shared resource, such as land, air, or water, that a group of people uses collectively is a(n):

Commons.

Possible costs of environmental regulation include all of the following except:

Corporate restructuring.

Both large and small businesses have adopted sustainable practices to what advantage?

Cost savings from operational efficiency Opportunity to serve emerging economies Reduction of regulatory risk.

The place where information is stored, ideas are described, and communication takes place in and through an electronic network of linked systems is called:

Cyberspace

This annual international gathering on January 28 brought together leaders from the U.S. and dozens of European countries to address the global nature of cyberattacks:

Data Privacy Day.

A corporate political strategy does not:

Determine the legal limits allowed for campaign financing.

The commitments of the Convention on Biological Diversity include:

Developing national conservation strategies.

This Act makes it a crime to circumvent antipiracy measures built into most commercial software agreements between the manufacturers and their users:

Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

The amount of land and water a human population needs to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes given prevailing technology is called:

Ecological footprint.

When businesses form voluntary, collaborative partnerships with environmental organizations and regulators to achieve specific objectives this is called:

Environmental partnerships.

The idea that companies have a continuing responsibility for the environmental impact of their products or services, even after they are sold, is called:

Extended producer responsibility.

An example of a regulatory agency charged with enforcing social regulation is:

Federal Trade Commission.

In a survey of 105 companies in 2017, the most frequent public affairs tactic was related to:

Federal government relations.

One ethical concern about businesses collecting vast amounts of stakeholder data is:

If the effort actually benefits the stakeholders.

How did some authoritarian governments justify limiting citizens' access to the Internet?

Improved national security.

Expert witness testimony is often collected:

In congressional hearings.

In the United States, most solid waste ends up:

In landfills.

The purpose of the right to be forgotten is to:

Increase protection of privacy and personal information.

The information phase of technology primarily requires:

Intellectual and electronic skills.

When a business seeks to overturn a law after it has been passed or threatens to challenge the legal legitimacy of the new regulation in the courts, this is called:

Legal challenges.

A firm in the pollution prevention stage of the corporate environmental responsibility model is best described by which statement?

Minimizing or eliminating waste before it is created.

A thin layer of gas that protects the Earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation from the sun is:

Ozone.

Economic regulations are illustrated by which action?

Preventing anticompetitive business practices.

Which stage of corporate environmental responsibility focuses on the full life cycle of a product?

Product stewardship stage.

The primary way of accomplishing public policy is through:

Regulation.

Natural capital refers to the world's:

Supply of geology, soil, air, water, and all living things.

Cybersecurity experts recommend including which essential elements for an incident-response plan for cyberattacks?

Support from executive leadership Involvement by all functional departments Focus on how to respond to a breach.

Under U.S. sentencing guidelines, how would firms facing environmental violations typically be treated if they had an active compliance program and fully cooperated with investigators?

Their sentence would likely be lighter.

Cooperation between business and government often occurs when:

They encounter a common problem or enemy.

Which of the following represents a structural remedy for an antitrust violation?

Breaking up a monopoly.

When a firm solicits its stockholders for political contributions for a particular candidate by letter and then sends those contributions to the candidate on behalf of its stockholders, it is called:

Bundling.

Public policy tools involve a combination of:

Incentives and penalties.

The practice of using fake business emails in order to trick users into divulging personal data, such as usernames and passwords, is called:

Phishing.

An example of a global regulation that mitigates the impact of jet fuel on the environment is:

The Aviation Plan.

The use of robotics in the workplace has increased recently because:

The cost of robots has decreased Robots are more reliable than people New collaborative machines have been invented.

European Union regulators accused Uber of engaging in:

Unfair competition.