baseball midterm 2 - identifications
Lou Gehrig
-dying from a horrifying degenerative disease; Lou Gehrig's Disease (ASL) - a deterioration of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord -expressed optimism and gratitude -known for "luckiest man alive" speech -set record for consecutive games played -Iron Horse of baseball
Pete Rose
-established a career record for hits before earning a lifetime suspension for gambling on the sport -"Charlie Hustle" -An investigation revealed he had bet on games while serving as a manager, earning him a permanent suspension from the sport -born in 1941 -also charged for tax evasion
traditional racism
-faced pressure from the press + civil rights activists
Charles Lindbergh
-famous aviator -1927; became the first man to successfully fly an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean -his courageous feat helped make Missouri a leader in the developing world of aviation -interested in aviation, but was too young to enlist during WWI; at 18, the war was already over; later enlisted in the US Army
Elston Howard
-first African American player on the Yankees roster -8 years after integration -Yankees late to the game of promoting Negro player just to say they had such a player
Gus Greenlee
-formed the Pittsburgh Crawfords, perhaps one of the greatest teams, white or black -1932 - constructed Greenlee Field, the first black owned and build park in the nation -signed Satchel Paige, Josh Gibson, Cool Papa Bell -spent lavishly on his team and park
Bill Veeck Jr
-franchise owner and promoter in Major League Baseball -owner and team president of the Indians in 1947, he signed Larry Doby, thus beginning the integration of the American League -tried to break color line even in the 40s -
Satchel Paige
-great pitcher, and showman, drew crowds -42 year old rookie when finally signed by Indians -transcended race -was teammates with Jackie Robinson
Bobby Jones
-greatest amateur golfer ever, dominating the sport in the 1920s -a perfectionist by nature, he was easily angered and too immature to handle his mistakes on the links -developed a reputation as a spoiled, club-throwing hothead -^all that changed in 1922-23, however; he evolved from a temperamental youth into a disciplined young gentleman on and off the course
Joe DiMaggio
-played entirely for the Yankees -bat ahead of Lou Gehrig -the "Yankee Clipper"; had great speed and range in the outfield -"hit [the balls] where Joe wasn't" - hank greenburg -had a great hitting streak -retired at only 37 due to a poor year and multiple injuries
black press
mass forum for African American community to communicate its views on civil rights
Clark Griffith
-Senators owner -many sportswriters lobbied for him to sign on Negro Leaguers -supposedly contacted Josh Gibson and Buck Leonard, but opted not to do anything in fear of retaliation of the status quo of white baseball -
Al Campanis
- (40th anniversary of Jackie Robinson coming into the league) as the LA Dodgers opened in Houston -played along Robinson in Montreal, roomed together, v close with Robinson discussing breaking of the color line brought on by his old friend; a DISASTER -when asked why baseball had no black/general managers in 1987, Campanis responded w - 'blacks don't have the necessities to fill these roles' / talent among the field, but not in the clubhouse; campanis said blacks are not leaders -college educated, multilingual, no history of antiblack racism, had recruited hundreds of marginalized personal in the Dogers; a pillar of integration and he just ****s it up -campanis ''apologized'' - he was fired
John Henry Lloyd
- the premier Negro League player of the Deadball Era (period around 1900 and the emergence of Babe Ruth in 1919; This era was characterized by low-scoring games and a lack of home runs) -joined the Cuban X Giants -shortstop -extraordinary talents helped lead Rube Foster's Giants to a remarkable record of 123-6 in 1910 -Always willing to play for whatever team offered him the most money
Mary Pickford
-"America's Sweetheart", 1892, during America's silent era -born Canadian -born Gladys Louise Smith -shifted from Broadway to the silver screen -In 1928, Pickford's mother died of breast cancer; she cut off her famous curls, knowing she could no longer pass as teen roles either -first major star to attempt a "talkie" but the results were disappointing -the first to experience the glamour and excitement of enormous and extravagant fame -- and the first to pay the price for its loss
Oscar Charleston
-"black Ty Cobb" or Cobb was the "white Oscar Charleston" - just as combative and driven as Cobb -considered one of the best center fielders of all time, was also an outstanding hitter -started baseball in 1912 -At the end of that rookie season, Charleston ended up in a shoving match in which he punched an umpire and was charged with assault. He apologized but had set the tone for a career in which he was both feared and fearless -Occasionally during his prime playing years, the color bar was lowered enough to allow the Negro Leaguers to face Major League teams in exhibition series or as barnstormers in games played in the States or in Latin America
Bobby Estalella
-"passed" as a dark skinned Cuban player -signed by Washington Senators by Rickey -Jumped to Mexican league and was banned for a few years
Ban Johnson
-1865-1931 -American executive in professional baseball who served as the founder and first president of the American League (AL) -the sports editor of a newspaper in Cincinnati -befriended Charles Comiskey, who was then manager of the Cincinnati Reds -elected as president of the Western League, a faltering minor league, at a reorganization meeting held in 1893.[1 -criticized the National League for its rowdy atmosphere, which was driving away families and women.[1] He set about making baseball more friendly to both
WEB Dubois
-1868-1963 -leading African-American sociologist, writer and activist -a founding officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -of the most important social thinkers of his time and then embarked upon a seventy-year career that combined scholarship and teaching with lifelong activism in liberation struggles -1950s Du Bois was drawn into leftist causes, including chairing the Peace Information Center
Cuban Giants
-1885; first black professional baseball team -team was so skilled in the game, and achieved victory over so many of the nearby amateur "white" teams that they attracted the attention of a promoter, Walter Cook
Kid Gleason
-American Major League Baseball player and manager -1886-1933f - managed the Chicago White Sox from 1919 through 1923 -His first season as a major league manager was notable for his team's appearance in the World Series and the ensuing Black Sox Scandal -not involved in the Black Sox Scandal, and some sources note that he was among those who alerted White Sox owner Charles Comiskey of the fix
Larry MacPhail
-1890-1975 -American lawyer and an executive and innovator in Major League Baseball (MLB) -obtained an LL.B. from the George Washington University Law School, where he became friends with Branch Rickey -During World War I, he served as an artillery captain in France and Belgium -interest in the Columbus Red Birds, a minor league affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals -1933 he was hired by the Cincinnati Reds and became its chief executive and general manager (recommended by Rickey) -pivotal in the development of pioneering sportscaster Red Barber -innovations include nighttime baseball, regular game televising and the flying of teams between games -Colonel in world war II
Jack Dempsey
-1895-1983 -known as "Kid Blackie" and "The Manassa Mauler" -Irish, Cherokee, and Jewish ancestry -an American professional boxer who became a cultural icon of the 1920s -held the World Heavyweight Championship from 1919 to 1926 -many of his fights set financial and attendance records, including the first million-dollar gate -1950 the Associated Press voted Dempsey as the greatest fighter of the past 50 years -member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame
Silver Age
-1900-1919 -immigrants were relatively well off with some higher education/middle class background -ended after the black sox scandal and landis kicking them out
Louis Armstrong
-1901-1971 -an American jazz trumpeter, singer, and one of the most influential figures in jazz music -one of the very first blacks to "cross over", where skin color was secondary to his music -his charisma and skill allowed him to experience high society life that was not typically available to other black men at the time
Cool Papa Bell
-1903-1991 -American center fielder in Negro league baseball from 1922 to 1950 -considered by many baseball observers to have been one of the fastest men ever to play the game -+Satchel Paige and other Crawfords players went to the Dominican Republic to play on a team assembled by dictator Rafael Trujillo -While playing for Trujillo, the team members began to fear that losing might threaten their lives. Author Mark Ribowsky describes an experience with the team that was related to him by Crutchfield; after one loss they were fired at -Bell became the first Mexican League player to win the Triple Crown
Hal Chase
-1905 to 1919 played -the most notoriously corrupt player in baseball history -best first baseman -poster boy for an era when gambling and throwing games seem to have been much more common than anyone was willing to admit -while undeniably talented, was a selfish primma donna who was a disruptive force on the ballclub -Chase spent scarcely more than one full season in Chicago (Red Sox) before jumping to Buffalo of the upstart Federal League -signed on with multiple teams, including the Giants -been attempting to bribe teammates; never played in the majors in 1919 (a really bad year for baseball) - caught out by McGraw
Chicago race riot
-1919; "Red Summer" -African-American teenager drowned in Lake Michigan after violating the unofficial segregation of Chicago's beaches and being stoned by a group of white youths -His death, and the police's refusal to arrest the white man whom eyewitnesses identified as causing it, sparked a week of rioting between gangs of black and white Chicagoans -concentrated on the South Side neighborhood surrounding the stockyards -riots ended on August 3, 15 whites and 23 blacks had been killed and more than 500 people injured; an additional 1,000 black families had lost their homes when they were torched by rioters -marked the culmination of steadily growing tensions surrounding the great migration of African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North that took place during World War I
Stan Musial
-1920-2013 -St Louis Cardinals, one of the greatest and most consistent hitters in history -of Polish descent; his family struggled during the Great Depression (his father, a Polish immigrant, worked at the American Steel and Wire Company and the depression most likely affected his alcoholism) -worked various odd jobs to keep his family afloat -showed true sportsmanship and refrained from such ill-mannered behavior to Robinson, unlike most of his teammates; he "had no trouble with integration" largely because he had played sports with African Americans back in his high school days -had the record for most hits before Pete Rose passed him him in 1981
flappers
-1920s -when women started being independent
Larry Doby
-1923-2003 -American professional baseball player in the Negro leagues and Major League Baseball -second black player to break baseball's color barrier -signed a contract to play with Bill Veeck's Cleveland Indians in 1947; into the America League -first player to go directly from Negro Leagues to Major -with teammate Satchel Paige were the first African-American players to win a World Series championship -later served as the second black manager in the majors with the Chicago White Sox -1995 was appointed to a position in the AL's executive office
Crosley Field
-1931 First Major League night game; boosted attendance - - -
Berlin olympics
-1936, held in Nazi Germany -used for propagandistic purposes -promoted an image of a new, strong, and united Germany and masked its antisemitic and racist policies and its growing militarism -For the first time in the history of the Games, movements in Europe and the United States sprang up to call for a because of Nazi Germany's abysmal human rights record -Although the boycott movement ultimately failed, it set an important precedent for future campaigns to call world attention to contemporary human rights abuses in Olympic host countries -regime exploited the Games to bedazzle many foreign spectators and journalists with an image of a peaceful, tolerant Germany -Adolf Hitler's Nazi dictatorship camouflaged its racist, militaristic character while hosting the Summer Olympics
"greenlight" letter
-1942-FDR response to Landis which gave baseball the "greenlight" to play during WWII -FDR thought it was beneficial for society during these hard times "Baseball provides a recreation which does not last over two hours or two hours and a half, and which can be got for very little cost." - President Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Rube Foster
-1979-1930 -American baseball player, manager, and pioneer executive in the Negro leagues -perhaps the best African-American pitcher of the first decade of the 1900s -founded and managed the Chicago American Giants, one of the most successful black baseball teams of the pre-integration era -organized the Negro National League (1920-1931); the "father of Black Baseball" -touched off an era of professional black baseball
scopes trial
-American legal case in 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school -highlighted the conflicts and dilemmas over religion and science that have plagued American culture throughout the twentieth century -Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution, but he purposely incriminated himself so that the case could have a defendant -Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 (equivalent to $1,345 in 2015), but the verdict was overturned on a technicality -The trial served its purpose of drawing intense national publicity, as national reporters flocked to Dayton to cover the big-name lawyers who had agreed to represent each side -The case was thus seen as both a theological contest and a trial on whether modern science regarding the creation-evolution controversy should be taught in schools
Nat Strong
-American sports executive who was an officer and owner in Negro league baseball -1906, became the Secretary for the National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba -Wanted monopoly on black baseball
William Wrigley Jr
-Chicago cubs owner predicted integration was imminent, but other executives would not budge -said so in 1944 after Landis refused to accept blacks in professional baseball -often ahead of the curve -organized the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League in 1943 when the men were drafted at war, drawing in fans
Franklin D. Roosevelt
-Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) - 1942 - turned to him for support -in 1941, labor union leader A. Philip Randolph and other activists threatened to organize a march on Washington DC to protest discrimination in employment practices by federal agencies, companies, and labor unions engaged in defense industries -following executive order did not ban segregation in the armed forces, but it did open jobs to more than 2 million black workers in industry + government -often afraid to publicly voice his opinion in fear of losing popular vote
Jose Mendez
-Cuban -McGraw offered him 50,000 to play -Joined All Nations team -Played in Negro Leagues -first group of players elected to the Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939; in the National Baseball Hall of Fame as well -famous pitcher
Dixie Walker
-Did not want to play with Jackie Robinson. Asked to be traded in 1947 - the only Major League Baseball player to have been a teammate of both Babe Ruth and Robinson. -right fielder -played for multiple teams -He claimed that his support of Jim Crow during Robinson's rookie season sprang partly from concerns for his home and businesses in his native Alabama - "I didn't know if people would spit on me or not [for playing with a black man]" -perhaps changed his views
Eastern Colored League
-Formed by Nat Strong (white) -Wanted monopoly on Black baseball. -one of the several Negro leagues, which operated during the time organized baseball was segregated -Beginning in 1927 the league was wracked by dissension between club owners
Eiji Sawamura
-Japanese professional baseball player -played in Japan for the Yomiuri Giants -Japanese Baseball League, joined the Yomiuri Giants in 1936 and became one of their aces -1943, Japanese Imperial Army; killed in battle -went up against players such as Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig
Montreal Royals
-Minor league team in the Brooklyn organization -Branch Rickey put Jackie Robinson on this team before moving him up to the Dodgers
Bacharach Giants
-Negro league baseball team that played in Atlantic City, New Jersey. -became a top independent team within a few years -Despite success, attendance was not high enough to sustain their high-priced roster -In one of the most famous trades in Negro league history, they sent Lundy and Marcelle to the Baltimore Black Sox in return for veteran first baseman and manager Ben Taylor, catcher Mack Eggleston, and cash -1916 Duval Giants migrated North. -Black baseball became more popular.
Jerry Coleman
-Second baseman of new york yankees -Rookie of the year in 1949 all star in 1950 -world series MVP - a Marine aviator who postponed his entry into professional baseball in World War II and later left baseball to serve in the Korean War -the only Major League Baseball player to have seen combat in two wars -Popular broadcaster
Myrdal
-Swedish economist and sociologist -concluded that racism afflicted the nation to its very core; white America's oppression of blacks led to poor performance in society and thus confirmed whites' preconceived notion of blacks as inferior
racism in world war II
-US soldiers engaged Japanese armies on racial terms, viewing them as otherworldly -US government imprisoned more than 110,000 people of Japanese descent in internment camps, a violation of civil rights -holocaust -the thought of defeating racism abroad brought hope that it could be defeated at home as well -many black veterans who returned home viewed fighting against white supremacy alongside Nazism and Japanese racism
Gene Bearden
-Was at Pearl Harbor during attack -Significant injuries, Purple Heart. -Floated at sea for 2 days - -
Paul Robeson
-When he was 17 he earned a scholarship to attend Rutgers University, the third African American to do so, and became one of the institution's most stellar students -briefly worked as a lawyer in 1923, but left after encountering severe racism at his firm -regularly spoke out against racial injustice and was involved in world politics -upported Pan-Africanism, sang for Loyalist soldiers during Spain's civil war, took part in anti-Nazi demonstrations and performed for Allied forces during WWII. He also visited the Soviet Union several times during the mid-1930s, taken by much of its culture and ideas -labeled a communist, and was barred by the State Department from renewing his passport in 1950 to travel abroad for engagements -Actor, singer, and activist -Campaigned to integrate baseball. -1949 conflict with Jackie Robinson about communism ^ allegedly made a speech to the effect that American blacks would not support the United States in a war with the Soviet Union, due to continued second-class citizen status under United States law. This subsequent controversy caused the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) to investigate Robeson and Robinson, as a famed African American baseball player, was called on to impugn Robeson
Albert Fall
-a United States Senator from New Mexico -Secretary of the Interior under President Warren G. Harding -accepted bribes while in cabinet for the Teapot Dome scandal/was secretly leasing navy oil reserves -first cabinet officer in U.S. history to go to jail
Great Depression
-all time low for morale -High time for tickets and baseball; people would still come to the ballpark if only to forget about their own troubles for a while -25% unemployment -Lou Gehrig-symbol of Great Depression -Anti-Hoover movement, replaced by Roosevelt -1930s = golden age of baseball -the Baseball Hall of Fame built in 1939
Jesse Owens
-at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany, he won international fame with four gold medals -He was the most successful athlete at the games and as such has been credited with "single-handedly crush[ing] Hitler's myth of Aryan supremacy" -one of the fastest runners ever
All Nations
-barnstorming professional baseball team that toured the Midwest from 1912 -1920s -derived its name from the fact that its team included players of several nationalities, including blacks and whites, Indians, Hawaiians, Orientals, and Latin Americans -approach to the game was more serious than that of many teams who followed Abe Saperstein's farcical approach -did however provide additional entertainment for their audiences, including having a dance band to play before the games and wrestlers like Ben Reeves to perform after their games
black journalism
-baseball at the time was truly the nation's pastime -print journalism + press covered the games extensively -white players, managers, and executives in baseball did not necessarily oppose integration -thought a well planned campaign, sensitive to public view but still forward-thinking, would cause better reception among the white population -had their eyes on Jackie Robinson long before the whites
Kenesaw Mountain Landis
-commissioner of baseball, 1920-1944 -would gain almost absolute unchallenged authority -"moses of baseball" -ultimately believed nothing should ever stand in the way of the sacredness of baseball -put all players of Black Sox scandal on the illegible list/suspended them indefinitely; signal to the jury this was how he felt about these 7 players to the court case that he could tell was about to happen -saved baseball ? -still antiblack
Branch Rickey
-developed the early form of the "farm system" in baseball - used the minor leagues to train and season future major leaguers -broke the color barrier with Jackie Robinson -had an intense desire for profit on helping his struggling Brooklyn Dodgers -had to ensure Robinson would avoid confrontations otherwise it would "set the cause back 20 years"
Bob Feller
-didn't think Robinson was the best choice for a player, and would have instead preferred Satchel -still felt the time for integration was at hand, however
rationing
-during World War II, as an alternative to rationing, Americans planted "victory gardens," in which they grew their own food -program was established that set limits on the amount of gas, food and clothing consumers could purchase -families were issued ration stamps that were used to buy their allotment of everything from meat, sugar, fat, butter, vegetables and fruit to gas, tires, clothing and fuel oil
Great Migration
-hundreds of thousands of blacks left the south for the northeast and midwest during WWI -black communities grew; white baseball often seeked to tap out these communities as an economic reserve -economic motivations for migration were a combination of the desire to escape oppressive economic conditions in the south and the promise of greater prosperity in the north -Since their Emancipation from slavery, southern rural blacks had suffered in a plantation economy that offered little chance of advancement
Arnold Rothstein
-kingpin of the Jewish mob in New York -widely reputed to have organized corruption in professional athletics, including the World Series 1919 fix -"transformed organized crime from a thuggish activity by hoodlums into a big business, run like a corporation, with himself at the top" -person who first realized that Prohibition was a business opportunity, a means to enormous wealth, who "understood the truths of early century capitalism (giving people what they want) and came to dominate them" -failed to pay a large debt resulting from a fixed poker game and was murdered in 1928
Effa Manley
-mixed race co-owner (with her husband, Abe) of the Newark Eagles -one of the few female owners in baseball -arranged a successful boycott of NYC department stores that refused to hire blacks in 1934 (treasure of local NAACP branch) -held "Anti-Lynching Day" in 1939 at Eagles' Ruppert Stadium ^helped build support for decisive political action in the face of these crimes (president Roosevelt and other high politicians were afraid of speaking out in fear of losing popular vote)
Hank Greenberg
-most famous Jewish American baseball players of all time; Detroit Tigers -first baseman
Smokey Joe Williams
-most feared Negro leagues pitchers in the first past of the 20th centur -Williams excelled in a segregated game, but when given the opportunity he faced and was often victorious over the years against such big league stalwarts as Walter Johnson, -According to Williams, he learned to hold something back. "If I throw them really hard, they won't see them at all." -Williams never had the opportunity to showcase his skills at the highest level. But in a 1950 interview near the end of his life showed no bitterness towards this injustice, saying, "The important thing is that the long fight against the ban has been lifted. I praise the Lord I've lived to see the day."
Happy Chandler
-new commissioner after Landis in 1944 -hinted that it was time for desegregation and to overcome the color barrier
Murderer's Row
-nickname given to the New York Yankees baseball team of the late 1920s, widely considered one of the best teams in history -the nickname is in particular describing the first six hitters in the 1927 team lineup: Earle Combs, Mark Koenig, Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Bob Meusel, and Tony Lazzeri -the term was originally coined in 1918 by a sportswriter to describe the pre-Babe Ruth Yankee lineup of 1918 -The term was eternally associated with the beginning of Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig Yankee teams in the mid-1920s, and is commonly recognized to refer specifically to the core of the 1927 Yankee hitting lineup.
Eddie Cicotte
-one of eight players permanently ineligible for professional baseball for his alleged participation in the Black Sox scandal in the 1919 World Series -starting pitcher and a knuckleball specialist -his 1919 salary was $6,000, but he had a provision for a $10,000 bonus if he won 30 games -owner Charles Comiskey ordered manager Kid Gleason to bench him for 5 games, denying him a chance at a 30-win season and the bonus money -resisted repeated attempts by Chick Gandil to get him to throw the series until just days before the World Series opened when it became clear that Comiskey would never pay him even part of the promised bonus -first of the eight players to come forward, signing a confession and a waiver of immunity
Elmer Gedeon
-one of only two Major League Baseball players killed in action during World War -baseball career was cut short when he was drafted by the United States Army in early 1941 -trained as a bomber pilot, and was decorated for bravery after his plane crashed on a training flight in 1942. He later served in combat, and was shot down and killed while piloting a B-26 bomber on a mission over France in April 1944 -played for Washington Senators in 1939
Josh Gibson
-one of the best power hitters of all time and best hitter in negro leagues at the time( hit fair ball out of yankee stadium) -Didn't make the Majors because he did not have the right attitude and personality (drunk outside the field, had a brain tumor affecting his personality) -Sometimes Babe Ruth was called the "White Josh Gibson"
Langston Hughes
-one of the most important writers and thinkers of the Harlem Renaissance (1920s) -first African-American to secure a living through his writing - helped to fuel the fire in the Civil Rights Movement -helped people realize that "great" poets were not just white people - "the Bard of Harlem"
Sam Lacy
-pioneering African-American and Native American sportswriter -tv radio spokesman -/Chicago Defender paper -credited as a persuasive figure in the movement to racially integrate sports -in 1948 became the first black member of the Baseball Writers Association of America -In 1997, he received the J. G. Taylor Spink Award for outstanding baseball writing from the BBWAA -placed him in the writers' and broadcasters' wing of the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1998
Graham McNamee
-pioneering broadcaster in American radio -1923, announcer McNamee was assigned to help the sportswriters liven up their broadcasts. He wasn't a baseball expert, but had a knack for conveying what he saw in great detail, and with great enthusiasm -He became broadcasting first as a color commentator, bringing the sights and sounds of the game into the homes of listeners. -color commentator (color analyst, analyst, summariser) is a sports commentator who assists the play-by-play announcer, often by filling in any time when play is not in progress
Hugh Mulcahy
-pitched in the major leagues for nine seasons with the Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates from 1935-47 -"Losing Pitcher"; he lost 20 games in 1938 and 22 in 1940 and never had a full season in the majors in which he recorded more wins than losses -gained national distinction when he became the very first major leaguer to be drafted into United States military service before the U.S. entered World War II
"Chief" Meyers
-played on the early Giants teams under manager John McGraw -a Native American from the Cahuilla culture of California -born 1880, played ball in 1912 -playing baseball in the deadball Era -force fed the nickname Chief due to the fact he was Indian; During that time, the stereotype depicted Indians as stupid, but Meyers was sophisticated and logical man whose biggest regret was not finishing his college education -made a fake high school diploma to get into Dartmouth
Westbrook Peglar
-popular white columnist opened an attack on the color line by ridiculing owners for their quiet gentleman's agreement to exclude blacks -in the early 1930s, black sportswriters formed a newspaper association to extol the great play of the Negro Leagues and promote integration
jazz age
-post World War I movement in the 1920's from which jazz music and dance emerged -ended with the beginning of the Great Depression -unique to America, in the sense that it was a blending of cultures -one could claim that it was the first real desegregation in the US -black artists were accepted as jazz musicians and as entertainers, but also it blended the music styles of two different ethnic communities
Pittsburgh Crawfords
-professional Negro league baseball team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania -known as one of the greatest in the Negro leagues -played in the new Greenlee Field, one of the few parks built and owned by a Negro league team
red scare
-promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism, used by anti-leftist proponents -In the United States, the First Red Scare was about worker (socialist) revolution and political radicalism -The Second was focused on national and foreign communists influencing society, infiltrating the federal government, or both -SECOND PROFOUNDLY ALTERED AMERICAN SOCIETY;destruction of American society by un-American thought and inhuman beings -Even a baseball team, the Cincinnati Reds, temporarily renamed themselves the "Cincinnati Redlegs" to avoid the money-losing and career-ruining connotations inherent in being ball-playing "Reds"
Marcus Garvey
-proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, inspiring the Nation of Islam and the Rastafarian movement -returned to Jamaica in 1912 and founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) with the goal of uniting all of African diaspora to "establish a country and absolute government of their own" -Do it yourself philosophy, unify -In the United States he launched several businesses to promote a separate black nation -Over a million members and wanted black businesses to trade with other black businesses
barnstorming
-refers to sports teams or individual athletes that travel to various locations, usually small towns, to stage exhibition matches -teams differ from traveling teams in that they operate outside the framework of an established athletic league, while traveling teams are designated by a league, formally or informally, to be a designated visiting team -allows athletes to compete in two sports
Teapot Dome scandal
-secret leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Bacon Fall -first individual to be convicted of a crime committed while a presidential cabinet member -early 1920s scandal
military
-segregation between blacks and whites even in the US army -viewed blacks as intellectually inferior, afraid of danger, and unable to take the initiative in combat -reflected the prejudice blacks faced in American society at large
Johnny Wright
-signed alongside Robinson to make him feel more comfortable
Negro Leagues
-source of pride, money, and culture for blacks -expected to doom; were preparing blacks for integration (as the destruction of segregation in baseball was the ultimate goal) -many negro league players were humiliated (having to dress separately before using white parks)
Ted Williams
-spotlight shifted from DiMaggio to Williams -1941 Red Sox star -Finished season above 400 which people say will never happen again -lost 5 years of his career to WWII; could have broke HR and RBI record if he didn't lose 5 years of his career
harlem renaissance
-took place between the end of World War I and the 1930s -cultural, social, and artistic explosion -cultural center, drawing black writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars -"Negro life is seizing its first chances for group expression and self determination" -chiefly literary, the Renaissance included the visual arts but excluded jazz, despite its parallel emergence as a black art form -rebirth
double v campaign
-victory over racism both overseas and home -effort hinged on presidential directives (in the absence of legislation) outlawing discrimination in the defense industry, military, housing, electoral process, and public places -Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), founded in 1942 -opened 2 million jobs for blacks in government + industry -while not completely successful, it did open the eyes of many to the possibility of racial change -For victory over seas and victory at home in terms of an end to racism and an assimilation of African Americans into American society. Victory at home over those who oppressed African Americans
Palmer Raids
-were a series of raids in late 1919 and early 1920 by the United States Department of Justice intended to capture, arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States -anarchists wanted to disrupt government -WWI post anxiety -under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer -occurred in the larger context of the Red Scare, the term given to fear of and reaction against communist radicals in the U.S. in the years immediately following World War I -strikes that garnered national attention, race riots in more than 30 cities, and two sets of bombings in April and June 1919
