Batteries

Carbon-zinc cells produce-

1.5 volts

A battery is

A device that has one or more galvanic cells connected in series or in parallel in which chemical energy is converted to electrical energy.

The electrodes and the solution causes a movement of

A movement of ions

After cell useful life has ended it have to be

Be removed because the electrolyte starts to leak in the surrounding area and it causes corrosion damage.

The electrodes ( terminals) of the cell are positive or negative because ?

Because of the chemical activity between the electrodes and the solution.

Batteries are used in many products

From Cars , and boats to radios, clocks, computers , toys and many household items.

There is a lack of electrons at the

Positive terminal

There are two types of electrical cells:

Primary and secondary

In a carbon- zinc cell, The materials and the chemicals determine

The voltage , not the size of the cell , a small cell has the same voltage as a large one made of the same materials. However the large cell has more materials and therefore produces more energy / current.

A simple cell consists of

Two electrodes in a solution called electrolyte or electrolytic solution.

A battery usually consist of

Two or more galvanic cells each cells provides from 1.2 to 2.2 volts electricity.

Polarization

a condition when hydrogen gas collects around the carbon electrode ; in which the output voltage is reduced because the hydrogen partially insulates the carbon rod from the electrolyte.

Electrode

a conductor through which electricity enters or leaves an object , substance, or region.

Secondary cells are also known as

also know as storage or rechargeable batteries.

Secondary cell

also known as a storage battery , is rechargeable ; it's usually designed to have a lifetime of between 100 and 1,000 recharge cycles, depending on the composite materials used. The chemical action In the cell is reversible, and the electrodes and electrolyte can be restored to the same makeup that existed before the discharge ; this is done by using an outside source of electricity.

Lithium primary batteries

are available in a variety of chemistries combining lithium with sulfur dioxide , thionyl chloride, manganese dioxide, copper oxide, and iodine. ( some of these styles are also rechargeable)

Silver oxide

are commonly found as "button" cells that power small specialty devices such as watches, calculators, hearing aids, and other small specialty devices. Rated at 1.55 volts per cell , their advantages are small size, high energy destiny and a long life shelf.

Mercuric oxide

batteries have long shelf life , sometimes up to 10 years

In a primary cell

chemical energy is converted to electrical energy and the process cannot be reversed. Once the cell is discharged , it is no longer useable and cannot be regenerated as a source of electrical power.

Nickel-cadmium cells -

commonly card NiCads are available in standard household sizes and shapes. It uses nickel hydroxide as the positive electrode and cadmium metal - cadmium hydroxide as the negative electrode , with potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. Can be recharges often and can have a long active life. Like SLAs, Can be used in just about any position and they have up to double the energy density this cell can be discharged completely without being damaged.

Mercury or mercuric oxide cell-

dry cell used in electronics , can be made very small, which is an advantage for use in hearing aids and other miniature electronic devices. Available in the standard cylindrical shapes and provide high current capacity and long life.

Electrolyte

in the solution the acid or salt dissociates , or separates , into positive and negative ions

Galvanic cell

is simply one in which chemical energy is converted to electrical energy.

Lithium

is the lightest of all metals and has the highest electrochemical poetical , which gives it the potential for extremely high energy density. It is a highly reactive metal and poses an explosion risk when used with rechargeable batteries.

Dry cell primary cell -

is the most common type of primary cell used; It is unstable and unspillable and nonrefillable. The electrolyte is dry or pasty

The lead acid battery

is the type of battery used in cars, small boats , and other vehicles. They are also known as "flooded" batteries because the electrolyte is liquid and because of this the battery usually needs to be maintained in more- or less upright position. Must be protected from overheating and overcharging.

Depolarizer

manganese dioxide , contributes oxygen and combines with hydrogen gas to form water. The water prevents polarization and serves to keep the electrolyte moist.

Alkaline cell

most common type of dry cell, which has a lower internal resistance and can deliver a much higher current on a continuous basis than a carbon-zinc cell. Can deliver about 4 times the energy of carbon-zinc cells.

Sealed lead-acid (SLA) batteries -

sometimes called gel cells , we're developed from the familiar flooded lead-acid battery used for many years in cars and trucks. Forms uses a gel-type electrolyte instead of liquid and electrodes made from lead alloys.

Carbon-zinc primary cell-

the first widely used household batteries. Type of cell found in most flashlights and is inexpensive and performs well in many applications. Is also of limited use in cold climates.

There is an excess of electrons at

the negative terminal

Standard round carbon-zinc cell-

the positive electrode is a carbon rod mounted in the center of the cell. The negative electrode is a zinc that also serves as a container for the cell. The electrolyte is a moist, black paste of salt ammoniac (ammonium chloride) , chlorine, zinc chloride , and manganese dioxide. To prevent short circuits , all but the positive electrodes and the bottom of the zinc can are covered by an insulation jacket.

The number and type of cells determines?

the voltage of the battery

The two electrodes in the electrolyte in a simple cell are made of

unlike metallic materials and the electrolyte is usually nonmetallic , usually an acid or a salt discovered in water.

There are serval types of primary cells, including

wet cells, reserve cells , and fuel cells

Electric current

when an external circuit is connected between the two terminals , the excess electrons at the negative electrode flow through the external circuit to the positive electrode.

Discharged (dead)

when the available chemical is gone, no more electrical power can be drawn from the cell