BBH 302 Exam 2
health-wealth gradient
graded increases in health that are associated with graded increases in wealth, and vice versa.
Leading Causes of Death in Blacks in 2015
1. Disease of the heart 2. Malignant neoplasms 3. Cerebrovascular diseases 4. Unintentional injuries 5. Diabetes mellitus 6. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 7. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 8. Homicide 9. Alzheimer's Disease 10. Septicemia
Leading Causes of Death in Whites in 2015
1. Diseases of the heart 2. Malignant neoplasms 3. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 4. Unintentional injuries 5. Cerebrovascular diseases 6. Alzheimer's Disease 7. Diabetes mellitus 8. Influenza and pneumonia 9. Suicide 10. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis
Leading Causes of Death in American Indians and Alaskan Natives
1. Diseases of the heart 2. Malignant neoplasms 3. Unintentional injuries 4. Diabetes Mellitus 5. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 6. Chronic lower respiratory disease 7. Cerebrovascular disease 8. Suicide 9. Nephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome, Nephrosis 10. Influenza and pneumonia
Leading causes of death in Hispanic/ Latinos in 2015
1. Malignant neoplasm 2. Diseases of the heart 3. Unintentional injuries 4. Cerebrovascular disease 5. Diabetes mellitus 6. Alzheimer's Disease 7. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 8. Chronic lower respiratory disease 9. Nephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome, Nephrosis 10. influenza and pneumonia
Leading Causes of Death in Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders in 2015
1. Malignant neoplasms 2. Diseases of the heart 3. Cerebrovascular diseases 4. Unintentional injuries 5. Diabetes mellitus 6. Alzheimer's disease 7. Influenza and pneumonia 8. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 10. Suicide
APIs are referred to as the "Model Minority"
1. ignores the great diversity in ANHPI populations, and 2. ignores the many ANHPIs who live in poverty, as well as those who are disproportionately burdened by certain conditions and diseases that should be targeted for prevention and early intervention.
Safety Net Program:
A secondary prevention approach to providing goods or services (e.g., health care, food, education, etc., often for free) to individuals or communities who may have limited access to these goods and services.
Which of the following describes a paradox for AI/AN health disparities?
AI/AN drinking rates are lower than some other groups, but alcohol-related deaths are higher.
Latina Birth Outcomes Paradox:
Hispanic/Latina women have similar birth outcomes as women of higher socioeconomic status and those with better healthcare access.
Drs. Collins and David described a research study that they conducted which showed that unfavorable birth outcomes in African-American women were NOT due to genetics. What finding led them to this conclusion?
African women had birth outcomes similar to White Americans
Indian Health Service (IHS):
An agency in the Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive health care and services to native populations from federally-recognized tribes. You can read more about their mission and the services they provide at the IHS website (Links to an external site.)
Amenable Deaths:
Avoidable deaths that could be prevented if individuals received adequate and timely health care.
Which major health problem is rampant in Appalachia, as highlighted in the "A Hidden America: Children of the Mountains" film?
Suicide
Non-Hispanic Black:
Blacks who are not of Hispanic/Latino origin.
Health Disparities in Blacks
Cancer- 2nd highest ( lung, colon/rectum, prostate, cervix, stomach, and pancreas cancer were higher/oral cavity/pharynx, esophagus, bladder, and lymphoma lower/ lack males had a slightly higher death rate from cancers of the trachea, bronchus, lung/Prostate cancer is high/3rd highest cervical cancer/highest breast cancer/highest colon and rectum) CVD- lower Diabetes- 2nd highest Obesity- 2nd highest Asthma- children highest rate TB- majority of US- born populations HIV- highest Infant Mortality- 3x higher Homicide- high in men Mental Health Problems- high due to poverty Tobacco and Other Substance Use- 3rd highest
Health Disparities in Whites
Cancer- highest (breast, ovarian, oral (men), urinary bladder, lymphoma, and leukemia) CVD- 2nd highest TB- 2nd highest rates Mental health problems- 2nd or 3rd lowest Tobacco and other substance use- 3rd highest in males/females of smoking, 3rd highest of drugs
Health Disparities in Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (ANHPI)
Cancer- lowest incidence (stomach cancer high in ANHPI, Cervical cancer highest, Colon/rectum/anus cancer lowest in API and breast cancer, Liver cancer highest in ANHPIs) CVD- APIs lowest Diabetes- prevalence in NHPIs Asians lower Obesity- NHPI 2nd highest Asthma- Asian low, highest in NHPI TB- Mental Health Problems- lower rates Infant Mortality- lowest in APIs Tobacco and Other Substance Use- 2nd highest in NHPI, lowest in Asians
Which of the following diseases do Hispanics/Latinos have better outcomes for, compared to non-Hispanic, Whites?
Cardiovascular disease and cancer
Think back to the reading and lesson on levels of racism. The authors state that "Commodity food assistance programs, common on reservations, have provided high-calorie, high-fat foods that often replace a more healthy menu for low-income populations." Is this an act of omission or commission?
Comission
Health Disparities in American Indians and Alaskan Natives (AI/AN)
Diabetes- highest rates of morbidity and mortality CVD- highest prevalence Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis- high rate Cancer-2nd highest prevalence (Breast cancer lowest) Obesity- more likely Unintentional Injuries- 3rd leading cause of death Infant Mortality- 2nd highest rate Mental Health Problems-highest prevalence Tobacco and Other Substance Use- highest prevalence in females smoking males 2nd highest Disability- highest rate 18-64 Additional Disparities- (teen pregnancy, domestic violence, hepatitis, asthma, tb)
Hispanics are more likely than Non-Hispanic Whites to live near the most polluted, hazardous waste sites that are potential threats to human health and the environment. What is the term for these sites?
Superfund sites
Health care coverage was high in survey respondents who lived in Indian Health Service Contract Health Service Delivery Areas, compared to Non-Hispanic Whites in those areas.
False
Research has shown that African-Americans are more likely to participate in research studies that involve injections and medications than surveys and blood/urine samples.
False
Suicide ideation is highest in young __________ and older _____________.
Hispanic females, Whites
Which of the following describes the Latina Birth Outcomes Paradox?
Hispanic women experience lower rates of low birth weight and mortality, despite lower socioeconomic status and inadequate health care
What major health disparity in Asian/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander populations is associated with the high incidence of Hepatitis B?
Liver Cancer
Elevated waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein-C, elevated blood pressure, and elevated fasting glucose are criteria used to diagnose __________________, for which Hispanic populations are at high risk.
Metabolic syndrome
Which of the following Hispanic/Latino groups are at increased risk of respiratory illnesses due to unique occupational exposures?
Migrant agricultural workers
Which of the following problems is MOST prevalent in American Indian/Native Alaskan populations?
Motor vehicle accidents
Which of the following was reported to be disparity (poorer outcomes) in both AI/AN men AND women, compared to Non-Hispanic White men and women?
Obesity, Leisure time physical activity, fallen in the past 3 months, diabetes
Health Disparities in Hispanic/ Latinos
Obesity- high rates CVD- lower prevalence Diabetes- 3rd highest rates Cancer- mortality rates are lower Liver Disease- alc and hepatitis Unintentional injuries- 3rd leading cause of death Mental Health Problems- lower rates, high in students (suicide) Tobacco Use- lower percentage
___________ is the major root cause of health disparities in poor Whites, as highlighted in the movie, "A Hidden America: Children of the Mountains", and the Kolodny et al. reading.
Poverty
More careful prescribing of opioids for acute and chronic pain is an example of which level of opioid drug misuse prevention?
Primary
What was discussed as an added source of chronic stress for Blacks in the U.S.?
Racism
The mobile dental office and Eula's community clinic that were highlighted in the "A Hidden America: Children of the Mountains" film are examples of:
Safety net programs
Urine toxicology is an example of which level of opioid drug misuse prevention?
Secondary
Latino Health Paradox or Hispanic Mortality Paradox:
Similar to the Immigrant Paradox discussed in the previous lesson about Immigration, Acculturation, and Disparities. Despite generally being lower income and having lower education, Hispanics/Latinos in the U.S. tend to be healthier (in general) than other ethnic groups.
Disempowerment:
Similar to the term marginalization, reviewed in the lesson, Introduction to Health Disparities. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines disempowerment as efforts "to deprive of power, authority, or influence: make weak, ineffectual, or unimportant."
Which of the 6 approaches applied in the integrative population health equity framework applies to the conditions in which people live, work and play, include things like housing, transportation, and racism?
Social determinants of health
Which of the following historical events played a major role in the lack of trust in the research process in African-Americans?
The Tuskeegee Study
Asian Enigma:
The paradox in low rates of gastric (stomach) cancer in certain parts of Asia, despite high rates of Helicobacter Pylori infection, which increases the risk of gastric cancer.
Model Minority:
The perception that Asian/Pacific Islander populations are the healthiest and wealthiest of all racial/ethnic minorities.
Community- based participatory research
The process of engaging the communities in the research process in order to improve the development of relevant interventions
Life course perspective
The study of the effects that the risk and cumulative exposure have on health over the lifespan
Although mental illness, in general, is reported at lower rates in Hispanics/Latinos, the rates may be under-reported.
True
Apart for AI/AN men in the Southwest, AI/AN men and women were more likely to be tested for HIV than Whites.
True
Opioid overdose prevention is one of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's top 5 public health challenges.
True
Population health interventions are mostly tested on middle-class, White populations.
True
Suicide rates are disproportionately high in American Indian/Alaskan Native populations, compared to other minority groups.
True
The misconception that Asian and Pacific Islander populations are the Model Minority does a disservice to the population by ignoring the great deal of diversity in the group, and potential health disparities in subgroups.
True
Underrepresentation of African Americans in clinical research may lead to the inability to recognize factors related to disease prevalence, treatment, and health care that may be different in this population.
True
What public health intervention has virtually eradicated Hepatitis B infections in the U.S. and other parts of the world?
Vaccinations
Social marketing approach
Well suited for translating complex educational messages and behavior change techniques into concepts of a specific...
Which age group was most highly impacted by heroin addiction treatment admissions between 2001 and 2011?
White ages 20-34 years
Non-Hispanic White:
Whites who are not of Hispanic/Latino origin.
Genetic Fatalism:
a belief that an individual is destined to develop a disease due to a family history of the disease. There is also a belief that no intervention (lifestyle or medical) is likely to change this destiny.
Health in all policies approach
a collaborative approach that recognizes health and health policies are impacted by policies...
Whites
best health insurance coverage and better disease survival rates
Which of the following are the leading causes of DEATH in Hispanic populations?
cancer, unintentional injuries, heart disease
The authors state that there are 3 areas that need greater attention in order to achieve health equity. Which of the following are the 3 areas highlighted?
developing targeted interventions for addressing disparities through increased awareness, education, and behavioral change targeting all perspectives and stakeholder groups (partial)
Which of the following health behaviors did the authors suggest may account for high rates of motor vehicle accidents in AI/AN populations?
excess alcohol use
Which of the following was considered the most prominent facilitator to clinical research participation among African-Americans?
involving the community in the research process, research planning and implementation
Which of the following were the 4 main barriers to participation in clinical research among African Americans?
logistics of the research process, experimentation, communication, trust
Select all of the public health interventions covered in this paper that reduced opioid addictions in the 19th century.
revolutions in bacteriology and public health, the development of alternative analgesics such as aspirin, stricter prescription laws, admonitions about morphine in the lay and professional literature
A weakened immune system, longer hospital stays, time spent in an intensive care unit and being burdened with severe disease (like cancer and HIV) all increase the risk for developing _____________, which is a leading cause of death in Blacks.
septicemia
Thinking of all of the racial and ethnic groups we have discussed thus far, which of the following ONLY appear in the top 10 leading causes of death for Blacks?
septicemia and homicide
Factors such as macroeconomics, cultural values, socioeconomic status, and social support are known as:
social determinants of health
Incidence:
the number of new cases of disease during a specified time interval
Prevalence:
the number of total cases (new and preexisting) at a specific point in time. Usually expressed as a percentage during a specific year.
