BBH 310 Final
A 4 × 3 factorial design would have ________Blank conditions. a. 12 b. 7 c. 3 d. 4
a
A ________ is a tentative idea or question, whereas a(n) ________ is a testable assertion about the answer to that tentative idea or question. a. hypothesis; prediction b. guess; research question c. prediction; scientific law d. research question; axiom
a
A floor effect can best be described as a a. problem that occurs when a task is so difficult that hardly anyone can perform it well. b. situation in which it is difficult to determine the causal relationship between two variables. c. problem that occurs when participants try to look good by behaving in the most socially acceptable way. d. situation in which two variables are correlated because a third, unknown variable is causing them both to correlate.
a
A psychologist develops a measure of self-esteem to study the difference between participants who score low and those who score high on this variable. The psychologist does this to devise an accurate method for studying self-esteem. In trying to make their measure of self-esteem accurately represent the theoretical nature of self-esteem they want to study, the psychologist seeks to establish a. construct validity. b. reactivity. c. reliability. d. internal validity.
a
A researcher wants to test the effect of alcohol on driving performance. Participants first drive through an obstacle course before drinking any alcohol. The participants then drink 8 ounces of alcohol and drive the course again. After each trial, the number of traffic cones hit is recorded. The researcher finds that the number of traffic cones hit is greater before rather than after the participants drank the alcohol. Which of the following best accounts for the change in performance? a. testing effects b. instrument decay c. maturation effects d. history effects
a
A store clerk is attentive to customers when a researcher is present to observe behaviors in the store, but the clerk is inattentive when the researcher is absent. In this scenario, the clerk's behavior exemplifies a. reactivity. b. consistency. c. validity. d. reliability.
a
Exercise is a measure of physical fitness. However, exercise also correlates with good health, which is also a measure of physical fitness. This type of correlation between two measures of the same construct is an example of a. convergent validity. b. face validity. c. internal validity. d. divergent validity.
a
Gerard conducts a study to examine the effect of an exercise program on people with obesity. The participants must exercise for one hour every day for six months. By the end of the fourth month, Gerard finds that 75 percent of the participants have dropped out of the study. What kind of problem has Gerard encountered in his study? a. attrition b. morbidity c. selection d. maturation
a
Identify a reason for using staged manipulation. a. to simulate some situation that occurs in the real world b. to manipulate a dependent variable with relative simplicity c. to create some physiological state in confederates d. to keep all extraneous variables under control
a
Improvement of performance as a result of repeated exposure to a task is referred to as a ________effect. a. practice b. fatigue c. reactive d. nonreactive
a
In Milgram's study on obedience, informing the participants that they would participate in a study of learning and memory is an example of a. deception. b. plagiarism. c. informed consent. d. debriefing.
a
In ________, scores on the measure indicate behavior on a criterion measured at a future time. a. predictive validity b. concurrent validity c. face validity d. divergent validity
a
In a _______, participants are unaware of whether a placebo or the actual drug is being administered. a. single-blind experiment b. staged manipulation c. straightforward manipulation d. physiological measure
a
In a repeated measures design, when the sequence of presenting the treatments determines the participants' responses in part, the researcher is dealing with: a. order effects b. constancy c. incomplete counterbalancing d. criterion variables
a
In the context of relationships between variables, increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by decreases in the values of another variable in a: a. negative linear relationship. b. curvilinear relationship. c. positive linear relationship. d. nonlinear relationship.
a
In the context of scales of measurement, ________ scales have an absolute zero point that indicates the absence of variables being measured. a. ratio b. ordinal c. interval d. nominal
a
In the context of the measures of reliability, correlating the total score of the first 20 questions on a test with the total score of the last 20 questions on a test is an example of a. split-half reliability. b. alternate forms reliability. c. test-retest reliability. d. item-total reliability.
a
Jose wants to study the effects of an energy drink on athletic performance. He designs a study in which he has two groups that are not given an energy drink (control groups) and two groups that are given an energy drink (experimental groups). In the design, one control group and one experimental group are asked to fill out a questionnaire before the experiment, while the other control group and experimental group are not given a questionnaire. Jose's design is an example of a a. Solomon four-group design. b. posttest-only design. c. repeated measures design. d.two-group control design.
a
Prediction of behavior involves a. anticipating future events based on the observation that two events are related to one another. b. providing an objective set of rules for gathering, evaluating, and reporting information on behavior. c. explaining the events that have been previously described. d. understanding the reason behind the occurrence of certain types of behavior.
a
The four goals of scientific research on behavior are to a. describe, predict, determine, and explain the causes of behavior b. describe, understand, explain, and modify behavior c. describe, analyze, eliminate, and determin the effects of behavior d. describe, prescribe, eliminate, and undermine behavior
a
To assess the reliability of a measure, a researcher administers different versions of the same test to the same individuals at two points in time. This procedure is an example of a. alternate forms reliability. b. interrater reliability. c. test-retest reliability. d. split-half reliability.
a
Two researchers observe aggressive behaviors displayed by preschool children. The first researcher records a large number of aggressive acts displayed within a one-hour period. The second researcher also records many aggressive acts during the same period. Since both researchers agree in their observations, it can be inferred that the research has a. interrater reliability. b. item-total reliability. c. consistency reliability. d. test-retest reliability.
a
Which of the following best describes a cross-sectional study on children's development? a. Children who are 2, 6, and 8 years old are tested simultaneously. b. The same children are tested at 1, 3, 5, and 9 years of age. c. Children who are 1, 3, and 5 years of age are tested again when they are 3, 5, and 7, respectively. d. The performance of children who performed well in a test given to them when they were 5 years old is measured continuously until adulthood.
a
Which of the following ensures that an extraneous variable is just as likely to affect one experimental group as it is to affect the other group? a. randomization b. correlation coefficient c. operationalization d. construct validity
a
Which of the following is an advantage of using a pretest-posttest design over using a posttest-only design? a. It confirms whether the groups are equivalent. b. It minimizes demand characteristics. c. It takes less time to conduct an experiment. d. It enables participants to figure out what is being studied and why.
a
Which of the following is true of the scientific approach to acquiring knowledge? a. It recognizes that intuition, anecdote, and authority can be sources of ideas about behavior. b. A person can accept on faith the statements of any authority. c. Scientists accept the pronouncements of anyone on faith. d. Scientists do not rely on intuition and assertions of authorities for research ideas.
a.
A researcher administers a critical thinking test to a group of employees in an organization. They are then made to go through an intensive workshop on critical thinking skills. At the end of the workshop, the critical thinking test is given again and a large improvement in test scores is discovered. This is an example of a: a. Solomon four-group design. b. one-group pretest-posttest design. c. control series design. d. onequivalent control group design.
b
A researcher examines the effect of noise levels on reading comprehension. He finds that the participants who were tested received the highest scores for their comprehension irrespective of the noise levels. The results are most likely due to a ________effect. a. peformance b. ceiling c. floor d. fatigue
b
A researcher is interested in variables that may affect an individual's driving ability. He has people drive a course in wet, dry, and icy conditions. In addition, he has them drive a vehicle with or without power steering, and with an automatic or a manual transmission. This design is an example of a ________factorial design. a. 2 × 2 b. 3 × 2 × 2 c. 3 × 2 d. 2 × 2 × 2
b
A researcher wants to study the relationship between stress and an employee's ability to perform at work. However, the researcher finds that there is no direct relationship between the two. The researcher also notice that the presence of a supervisor in the environment establishes a relationship between stress and the employee's ability to perform. In this scenario, the supervisor's presence is acting as a ________variable. a. dependent b. confounding c. participant d.situational
b
Dunn et al. (2005) conducted an experiment of the relationship between exercise and depression. Participants were randomly assigned to either a low or a high intensity workout regime. Some were assigned to work out three days a week, while other participants worked out five days a week. Identify the independent variable(s) in this study. a. the participants' interest in exercise and health conditions b. the amount of exercise and the frequency of exercise c. energy condition d. depression
b
How can expectancy effects be reduced? a. by avoiding the use of the balanced placebo design b. by using a double-blind experiment c. by examining participants in different groups d. by using experimenters who are aware of the hypothesis being investigated
b
In ________, scores on the measure are related to a criterion behavior measured at the same time. a.face validity b. concurrent validity c. concurrent validity d. predictive validity
b
In a 2 × 2 factorial design, for a completely independent groups design with 20 participants per group, how many participants are needed? a. 40 b. 80 c. 60 d. 20
b
In a one-group pretest-posttest design, which of the following will likely occur whenever researchers gather a set of extreme scores taken at one time and compare them with scores taken at another point in time? a. selection differences b. regression toward the mean c. propensity score matching d. testing effects
b
In the context of the APA Ethics Code, which of the following principles refers to the need for research to maximize benefits and minimize any possible harmful effects of participation? a. the principle of respect for people's rights and dignity b.the principle of beneficence c. the principle of fidelity and responsibility d. the principle of integrity
b
Leila wants to know whether wearing sunglasses improves driving performance. If she uses an independent groups design, she would manipulate the variable by: a. having half the drivers first drive without sunglasses and then with sunglasses, and having the other half first drive with sunglasses and then without sunglasses. b. randomly requiring half the drivers to drive with sunglasses and the other half to drive without sunglasses. c. having all drivers first drive without sunglasses and then with sunglasses. d. requiring all drivers to first drive with sunglasses and then without sunglasses.
b
Promelute Inc., a pharmaceutical company, conducts a study for its new drug for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The researcher is unclear about the results of the study because he is not sure if the improvement observed resulted from the properties of the drug or from the participants' expectations about the effect of the drug. Such an effect is known as a(n) ________effect. a. fatigue b. placebo c. ceiling d. order
b
The statement "There are gender differences in the frequency of reporting of incidences of sexual harassment" is an example of a ________, while the statement "In equal populations of men and women that have all experienced incidences of sexual harassment, the women are more likely to report said incidences to either school or police authorities within one year of the incident than are men" is an example of a(n) ________. a. hypothesis; research question b. hypothesis; prediction c. guess; prediction d. rule; axiom
b
Tiana, a researcher, investigated the relationship between the length of a test and the grades in a western civilization course. After randomly assigning students to groups, she found that the students who took longer exams received better grades than students who took shorter exams. In this scenario, the independent variable is the a. test grades. b. length of the test c. gender of the students. d. class size.
b
Which of the following is a potential risk that a participant may face during a research experiment? a. loss of responsibility b. loss of confidentiality c. statutory loss d. monetary loss
b
Which of the following is a problem with making causal statements when the nonexperimental method of study is used in research? a. creating operational definitions b. determining the direction of cause and effect c. establishing a curvilinear relationship between variables d. analyzing concrete concepts
b
Which of the following is true of greater than minimal risk research? a. It places participants at a level of risk similar to that encountered in daily life. b. It requires full IRB review. c. It is mostly exempt from review and therefore called exempt research. d. It involves conducting anonymous surveys and cognitive aptitude tests.
b
______ designs address the need to study the effect of an independent variable in settings in which the control features of true experimental designs cannot be achieved. a. Single-case experimental b. Quasi-experimental c. Multiple baseline d. Interrupted time series
b
________ can be best defined as misrepresenting another's work as one's own. a. Extortion b. Plagiarism c. Misconduct d. Possession
b
________ refers to the consistency or stability of a measure of behavior. a. Variability b. Reliability c. Validity d. Reactivity
b
________ risk is a type of research activity in which the risks of harm to participants are no greater than the risks encountered in daily life or in routine physical or psychological tests. a. Moderate b. Minimal c. Minor d. Manageable
b
A numerical index of the strength of relationship between variables is called a ________ coefficient. a. random b. biaxial c. correlation d. linear
c
A researcher assesses participants' attitude toward marijuana, presents them with a persuasive seminar favoring liberalization of marijuana laws, and then reassesses their attitude toward the drug. However, between assessment 1 and assessment 2, the President also advocates liberalization of marijuana laws. If the researcher does not use a control group, it will be impossible to discount that the changes were caused by ________ effects. a. regression b. testing c. history d. maturation
c
A researcher designs an experiment in which the following are manipulated: room temperature (cold, warm, or hot), noise level (quiet or loud), and room color (pink, blue, or black). Identify the possible number of main effects. a. 2 b. 1 c. 3 d. 8
c
A researcher studies the effect of room music (fast, slow) and room cleanliness (tidy, untidy) on people's dining experience at a restaurant. How many main effects are possible? a. 1 b. 8 c. 2 d. 4
c
A study has high ________ validity when strong inferences can be made that one variable caused changes in the other variable. a. reliable b. inferential c. internal d. construct
c
According to Cook and Campbell (1979), what are the three types of evidence used to determine the causes of a behavior? a. facilitated communication, alternate-forms reliability, and falsifiability b. elimination of alternative explanations, positive linear relationship, and construct validity c. temporal precedence, covariation of cause and effect, and elimination of alternative explanations d. internal consistency reliability, item-total correlation, and covariation of cause and effect
c
Collins, a researcher, conducts an experiment and then informs his participants about the purpose of his study, the results expected, and the practical implications of his research. He asks the participants about their feelings during the experiment. This process is referred to as a: a. staged manipulation. b. manipulation check. c. debriefing session. d. pilot study
c
Dante wants to conduct a study in which participants taste five different brands of honey and decide which one they like best. To control for potential order effects, Dante should use a. constancy b. randomization c. counterbalancing d. elimination
c
Hector measures participants based on a variable of interest and rank orders them according to their scores. He then places them in pairs in which each member has approximately the same score as the other member in the pair. The members of each pair are then randomly assigned to the conditions in the experiment. Hector's method of participant assignment is an example of a(n) ________design. a. latin squares b. independent pairs c. matched pairs d. repeated measures
c
In a shopping mall, a marketing researcher asks customers if they would prefer soda in a bottle or in a can. Their responses would be an example of a ________measure. a. psychological b. marketing c. self-report d. multiple
c
In the context of the types of measures, ________measures are recordings of responses of the body. a. self-report b. archival c. physiological d. behavioral
c
Juan wants to compare the effectiveness of two drugs in treating migraines. He administers Drug A to a participant and then Drug B to the same participant eight hours later, when Drug A is still in the participant's system. In this case, the study is contaminated by a(n) ________effect. a. order b. practice c. carryover d. fatigue
c
Mr. Louise, a psychologist, wants to understand the effect of the physical attractiveness of drivers on the severity of punishment assigned to them in automobile accidents. The participants of his study are asked to read an account of an accident and also a description about the physical appearance of the defendant, but the descriptions of physical appearance of the defendant change between groups. They are then asked to assign a punishment to the defendant. In this scenario, the manipulation is most likely an example of a ________manipulation. a. staged b. conjunctive c. straightforward d . dependent
c
Rudolph, a cognitive psychologist, is interested in knowing how well people can handle their emotions. He conducts a test to measure an individual's emotional intelligence. The results of the test indicate the scores of emotional intelligence do not have any relationship with conceptually unrelated variables such as the ability of being ambidextrous. Which of the following statements is true about the test? a. The test has interrater reliability. b. The test has high alternate forms reliability. c. The test has discriminant validity. d. The test has low face validity.
c
Testing common sense ideas a. is of little value because they consist of things we already know to be true. b. never results in new knowledge. c. is valuable because such notions often turn out to be incorrect d. should only be done if a theory has been developed.
c
The distinction between basic research and applied research is that basic research a. focuses on identifying and resolving practical problems, whereas applied research focuses on fundamental questions, often of a theoretical nature. b. relies on the social sciences such as psychology or sociology, whereas applied research relies on the fundamental sciences such as chemistry or biology. c. focuses on fundamental questions, often of a theoretical nature, whereas applied research focuses on identifying and resolving practical problems. d. relies on the fundamental sciences such as chemistry or biology, whereas applied research relies on the social sciences such as psychology or sociology.
c
To examine how a reward influences a desired behavior, a mother first counts the number of times her son makes his bed over a two-week period. For the next two weeks, she gives him a reward every time he makes his bed. Following this period, she stops rewarding him and again counts the number of times he makes his bed. This procedure is an example of a(n) ________design. a. baseline treatment b. posttest-only c. ABA d. control series
c
To study the effect of different types of stimuli on memory recall, Zhong subjects participants divided into two equivalent groups to either an auditory or a visual presentation of a poem. After the presentation, the participants are asked to answer several questions about the poem. Which type of experimental design has Zhong employed? a. four-group posttest design b. pretest-posttest design c. posttest-only design d. pretest-only design
c
When a confounding variable is present in an experiment a. internal validity can be assumed. b. external validity is challenged. c. internal validity is challenged. d. external validity can be assumed.
c
Which of the following principles of the Belmont Report suggests that individuals are capable of making deliberate decisions about whether to participate in research? a. deliberation b. justice c. autonomy d. beneficence
c
Which of the following statements is true regarding the operational definition of variables? a. It is relatively easy to operationalize a variable such as pain, which is very specific and concrete b. Operational definition of a variable forces scientists to discuss concrete concepts in abstract terms. c. A variable must have an operational definition to be studied empirically. d. There are no benefits associated with the operational definition of variables.
c
With a(n) _______, the results for the independent variable are analyzed as if a researcher had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable. a. main effect b. interaction c. simple main effect d. analysis of variance
c
________ is assessed by measuring the same individuals at two points in time. a. Alternate forms reliability b. Interrater reliability c. Test-retest reliability d. Split-half reliability
c
A person takes their temperature with a thermometer three times over a 20-minute period and observes the following measurements: 98, 106, and 89 degrees. In this context, the person concludes that the ________ of the thermometer is ________. a. variability; low b. validity; high c. reactivity; high d. reliability; low
d
A researcher finds that for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired decreases as their work experience increases. This finding suggests: a. a main effect of work experience. b. that gender and work experience have no effect on the likelihood of being hired for a job. c. a main effect of gender. d. an interaction between gender and work experience.
d
A researcher is interested in knowing how extraversion affects an individual's behavior in different situations. The researcher develops a test to measure an individual's extraversion in novel situations. Items on the test constitute all possible constructs from the world of content that define and determine all the variables associated with extraversion. In this case, the test most likely has a. alternate forms reliability. b. concurrent validity. c. interrater reliability. d. content validity.
d
A researcher's results should be considered fraudulent if: a. animals were used while conducting experiments. b. the researcher used any form of survey to collect the data. c. participants were not debriefed after completion of the study. d. data were changed in order to support the hypothesis.
d
A study involves a 3 × 4 × 2 factorial design. How many independent variables are being studied? a. 9 b. 24 c. 4 d. 3
d
A theory a. is called a fact when it refutes a hypothesis. b. is proven after many studies support its predictions. c. remains unchanged once formed. d. generates new knowledge by guiding our observations.
d
As Joan becomes familiar with the literature examining the influence of physical attractiveness on judgments of criminal behavior, she notes inconsistencies in the results. She concludes that this area of study needs to be further investigated. This scenario best represents ________ as a source of ideas for research. a. observation of the world around us b. theories c. practical problems d. past research
d
Emiliano states that he has completely counterbalanced the conditions in his experiment. What does this mean? a. All participants are exposed to all conditions. b. He has an equal number of participants in all conditions. c. The conditions are presented in a fixed order. d. All possible orders of presentation of the conditions are presented.
d
Face validity refers to whether or not a measure a. correlates negatively with other measures of the same variable. b. predicts some future behavior or outcomes. c. yields the same score for the same participant across different circumstances d.appears to measure what it is supposed to measure.
d
Identify the fundamental characteristic of the scientific approach. a. falsifiability b. covariation c. precedence d. empiricism
d
In a 2 × 3 factorial design, there are ________Blank main effect(s) and ________Blank interaction effect(s) possible. a. 2; 2 b. 2; 3 c. 3; 2 d. 2; 1
d
In order to find a curvilinear relationship, a researcher needs to use: a. more than one dependent variable. b. a mixed factorial design. c. factorial designs. d. three or more levels of the independent variable.
d
In staged manipulations, a(n) _______ appears to be another participant in an experiment but is actually part of the manipulation. a. unmasked observer b. arbitrator c. mediator d. confederate
d
Jennifer studies the number of crimes committed in a district for seven years before and after the passage of a new law that increased police presence on the streets. Jennifer's research design would be classified as a(n): a. control series design. b. posttest-only design. c. repeated measures design. d. interrupted time series design.
d
Nasser measures the amount of time two people spend gazing into each other's eyes as an indication of interpersonal attraction. In this scenario, Nasser is most likely using a(n) a. physiological measure. b. physiological measure. c. archival measure. d. behavioral measure.
d
Natasha wants to know whether wearing sunglasses helps while driving. In a counterbalanced repeated measures design, the presence or absence of sunglasses would be varied by a. having half the drivers drive with sunglasses and the other half drive without sunglasses. b. having all drivers first drive with sunglasses and then without sunglasses. c. having all drivers first drive without sunglasses and then with sunglasses. d. having half the drivers first drive without sunglasses and then with sunglasses and having the other half first drive with sunglasses and then without sunglasses.
d
One limitation of laboratory experiments is that they have a. very limited randomization of variables. b. very limited internal validity. c. strong external validity but may have limited construct validity. d. strong internal validity but may have limited external validity.
d
Participants volunteered for a study on "attitudes toward television violence." However, they actually completed a survey on their own aggressive behavior. After the completion of the study, the researcher failed to inform the participants about the true purpose of the study. In this case, the researcher has failed to conduct a(n) a. cost-benefit analysis. b. evaluative study. c. simulation study. d. debriefing session.
d
The ethical principle of justice given in the Belmont Report requires that a. participants make deliberate decisions about whether to participate in research. b. potential participants in a research project be provided with complete information. c. researchers limit their studies to only those of legal age. d. there be fairness in receiving the benefits of research.
d
The real purpose of the Milgram experiment was to study a. memory and learning. b. the effect of electric shocks. c. the effects of punishment. d. obedience to authority.
d
The simplest factorial design is the one that has a. six conditions and three possible main effects. b. one independent variable with three levels. c. four possible interactions and eight conditions. d. two independent variables with two levels each.
d
To study human behavioral patterns during crisis situations, Ciara first conducts a trial run with a small number of participants. She does this to make sure that the instructions are clear to the participants and the whole experimental setting is plausible. This procedure is an example of a: a. double-blind study. b. research proposal. c. manipulation check. d. pilot study.
d
Victor is writing a section of a research report that shows how past research and theories are connected to the current research problem and expected results. Victor is most likely writing the ________Blank section of the research report. a. results b. method c. discussion d. introduction
d
Which of the following characterizes pseudoscience? a. It answers fundamental questions about the nature of behavior using scientific research that is not peer-reviewed. b. It reflects the basic processes of behavior rather than any immediate practical implications. c. It assesses the social reforms and innovations that occur in mental health institutions. d. It expresses claims using seemingly scientific terms and demonstrations but that is not based on scientific research.
d
Which of the following is true of theories? a. Theories can only be expressed as mathematical formulae. b. Theories are supported by confirming a prediction. c. Theories are supported by proving a fact. d. Supported theories are often modified as new research is done.
d
________ is an indicator of reliability based on internal consistency that provides a researcher with the average of all possible split-half reliability coefficients. a. Henderson's score b. Cohen's kappa c. Item-total correlation d. Cronbach's alpha
d
________usually occur(s) when participants who form the two groups in an experiment are chosen from existing natural groups. a. Cohort effects b. Regression toward the mean c. History effects d. Selection differences
d
factorial design involves: a. having multiple dependent measures. b. using one independent variable or factor. c. specifying the overall effect of a dependent variable. d. more than one independent variable.
d.
When people unquestionably accept what their own personal judgment tells them about the world, they are relying on a. intuition b. authority c. skepticism d. science
intuition
