bbh 311 exam 1
How did Ancient Greeks think about disease?
Hippocrates, Humoral Theory of illness Restore bodily function Personality was connected to health Until 19th century
What are the three types of causation?
parallel causation, convergent causation, and reciprocal causation.
Black Death
- Bubonic plague - Death ships pulled up in messina - Rumors of the great pestilence - Deathly path across the trade routes - Bad swelling - all over body and plague boils - Fever chills blood and pus - Now we know - air disease (person to person) - Thought it was divine punishment - retribution for sins against god - Overcome plague by killing all communities of heretics and trouble makers (thousands of jews were killed) - Some ppl became flaggents - town to town and would beat themselves and others
herd community
- Community immunity - Critical portion of community is immunized against a contagious disease such as whooping cough, mumps - Dramatic amount of reduction in vaccination of kids against pertussis over last several years mostly by white educated ppl - everyones at risk now
Ulcer prone personality
- Excess need for love and dependency which leads to ulcers - Conflict of frustrated depending n love seeking needs produced anxiety that becomes unconscious and took a toll on their stomachs - ate themselves - Psychosomatic disorders - illnesses such as ulcers, hyperthyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, bronchial asthma and even hypertension were believed to be caused by psychological conflicts.
Medical/health ideas of the Middle Ages
- Mysticism and demonology dominated the concept of disease - Disease was god's punishment for evil doing by individual - Cure - driving out evil - Therapies and treatments were replaced by penance thro prayer and good work n church - Physician was replaced by priest
What are the building blocks of a new paradigm?
- Research and competing against paradigms - Dominant paradigm and that gets rapid research done on it then there is a crisis if comes up inadequacy and the shift happens - Shift affects the terminology, how scientist see a field, what questions are valid and what rules determine a theory truthful
Example: smoking and body weight gain
- suggest that smoking and body weight are positively correlated, and that women report weight gain as a primary reason for both starting smoking and an inability to quit smoking - Scientists believe that nicotine hijacks the natural reward process in the brain to alter preferences for sweet and high fat foods, as well as alters important neurohormonal regulators in the body and central nervous system. These effects seem particularly relevant to females.
What sets BBH apart from other disciplines, especially those that are similar?
BBH puts health into a developmental context
What was the dramatic shift in cause of death/mortality?
Behavior changes, advances in medicine, hygiene/sanitation
Tobacco smoking (how does it relate to each level)
Behavioral correlates w use and cessation, found out increased taxes reducing the number of smokers and smoking-related deaths. Several enzymes with different variations can influence the rate at which you metabolize nicotine and the faster the metabolism associated w high nic use and smoking, which leads to harder time quitting
What did ancient cultures do (stone age)?
Believed evil spirits took over you and you need a exercistion as a treatment Small holes in skulls that was a technique called trephination - Release evil spirits from head
What did they associate with bodily function?
Blood - sanguine Black bile - Melancholic Yellow and red bile - choleric Phlegm - phlegmatic
4 humors
Blood Black bile Yellow and red bile Phlegm
How do paradigms affect our thinking?
Helps asks questions and find answers Christopher columbus - didn't actually think it was flat earth, he knew it was round and wanted to find the size of ocean
What are the levels?
Bottom up Started w rats then leveled up to humans who had PTSD to see if they could understand why these terrible memories are stored
What is illness due to?
Caused by bacteria and treated with antibiotics
Paradigm shifts
Competing paradigms that are tested by scientists
Personality?
Conflict of personality is not enough to cause a disease
Who started early psychosomatic medicine?
Dunbar and alexander Illnesses are produced by an individual's internal conflict Personality types cause different illnesses They disregarded the nervous system and placed the cause of ailments on personality
What does each level of analysis contain?
Each level of analysis influences one another and experts are needed from different disciplines in order to address complex health issues. Each level of analysis may contain risk factors for a single health outcome or pathogenic process.
Hippocratic oath
Early foundation of westernized medicine Physicians had to swear by the number of healing gods, to uphold specific ethical standards Modern version - treat ppl to the best of ur ability, preserve patient privacy, teach medicine to next generations
Technology
First autopsy made crazy change cause proved the humoral theory false Large Hadron Collider - world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator which led to the discovery of the Higgs boson or "God" particle.
Behavioral medicine
Focus on understanding and treating illness -the interdisciplinary field concerned with the development and integration of behavioral and biomedical science knowledge and techniques relevant to health and illness and the application of this knowledge and these techniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation
Serendipity
Fortunate happenstance or pleasant surprise (finding something u didnt expect) Viagra which was made to help chest pain and angina (chest pain where vasculature in circulatory system constricts and oxygen doesn't go to heart) Did Not help disease instead caused erections
What interactions affect it?
Genetics and environment
What did Belsky hypothesize?
Girls who reported more strained relations with their parents, and girls raised in homes with persistent family conflict, reached puberty earlier than girls from more contented families. Fathers might produce a delaying puberty hormone
Contrast with Freud's views
He believed that there were psychological underpinnings to these physical ailments
What are the disciplines that biobehavioral health includes?
Health Promotion Prevention and treatment of illness Etiology and correlates of health and illness Health care and health policy
What does it say about puberty?
However, girls who are abandoned by their fathers during childhood grow up to become women who behave more like an opportunistic species. Can stop and delay puberty for survival When times are tough and life is unstable, hurry up, reach puberty and start reproducing sooner to ensure offspring are around to carry on the species.
How does inductive and deductive thinking work together in the role of the scientific process?
Inductive reasoning allows scientists to form hypotheses and theories, whereas deductive reasoning allows scientists to apply the theories to specific conditions.
Discuss the systems (levels) that can affect health.
Innate Individual behavior Social Family community Living and working conditions Economic environmental
Discuss contributions to improved health status?
New medicines and antibiotics which prevented and cured the illnesses presented back in the day
Bloodletting
Letting blood from body, area and amount was based on your doctor and your illness
What did it restrict?
Many medical treatments were not used because they held onto the belief that it was psychological
What was scientific revolution a turning point for?
Mechanistic thinking where people believed the universe was finite and a large machine that could be explained by math and physics
What is bottom-up in regards to the five levels considered by BBH models?
Molecular to social/ environmental Scientists studying cellular and receptor changes in response to nicotine exposure have reported that nicotine improves sustained attention in mice with altered nicotine receptor functioning.
Monist or dualist?
Monist of medicine ahead of his time, Freud argued that these physical symptoms, such as "glove anesthesia" had an underlying physiological basis
What is the hallmark of it?
Mythology and magic were replaced by physical laws and principles
Understand how the model is integrative and synergistic
Need all the components to understand and treat a disease
What did he propose about the idea of scientific truth?
Objective data and consensus of the scientific community Based on subjective acceptance and objective scientific findings
What are the steps of inductive reasoning?
Observation, pattern, tentative hypothesis, theory
What is an opportunistic ecology?
Opportunistic - live in ecosystems that are unstable and unpredictable- food scarcity and bad weather
What do paradigms guide?
Paradigms guide our daily decisions and the way we live our lives, as well as how science is conducted and the results incorporated into our society.
Thomas Kuhn's
Physicist and philosopher of science who introduced the paradigm shift
Biopsychosocial What factors interact together to cause a disease?
Psychological social and biological
What leads to a paradigm shift?
Serendipity Technology
What are the similarities and differences between Vandenbergh and Belsky studies?
Similarities: examine how environment can influence biology, onset of puberty can be influenced by environment and others Differences: mice versus humans, Vandenbergh approach used biology whereas Belsky approach relied on self-report, resulted in opposite findings
What is a stable ecology?
Stable - unchanging and predictable environment, have few children, live long lives More offspring will survive
What was the impact of technological advances of the renaissance period on the idea of how the mind and body were viewed and how illness was treated?
Technological advances made during the Renaissance period led to the rejection of old beliefs (e.g. the humoral theory of disease) and the study of disease processes shifted from the Church (priests and shaman) to medical labs. Physicians took over care of the body and the mind and body were viewed as being separate.
Developments during the Renaissance time
Technological aspect Able to try things - could dissect a dead body
What do we start with in deductive reasoning?
Test hypothesis and theories about health, for example, based on our current theory of health processes
Health psychology
The educational and scientific contributions of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illness, and the identification of the causes and correlates of health and illness.
When was it discredited?
The first autopsy in the renaissance period
Behavioral Health
The study of the interaction of biological, behavioral, sociocultural, and environmental variables in the etiology and prevention of health problems and in the promotion of healthy human development
What does salutogenic mean and how does it relate to the approach
Traditional medicine examines why we get ill and uses a pathogenic approach to this examination of what went wrong This approach examines how people stay healthy across the lifespan using a multidisciplinary developmental approach
Medical Model and Biopsychosocial Model
Traditionally specific bacteria led to a disease and could be prevented by washing hands and cured by antibiotics (medical model)
What did Freud think? Conversion hysteria
Unconscious conflicts is converted into a system via the voluntary nervous system which frees the individual of anxiety that conflicts produces Examples: Sudden loss of speech, hearing or sight Tremors and seizures Eating disorders.
What is a paradigm?
Understand world problems Develop a theory then test it
What factors are important?
Understanding that there are multiple levels of a disease Smokers its and addiction and action Treatment is medicine plus social support and behavioral changes
Give an example
Vaccination and immunisation against mumps measles influenza
What do we make predictions about deductive reasoning?
We use a theory of the neurobiology of nicotine addiction to make predictions about changes in the adolescent brain if exposed to nicotine. Theory , hypothesis , observation , confirmation
How did the paradigm of illness and diseases shift from earlier times to today?
a. Earlier: Germs/Infection --> Illness. -people died of infectious diseases, lived shorter lives b. Now: Behaviors --> Illness; Chronic diseases. -people died of chronic diseases, behavior illnesses, life expectancies increased c. Life expectancy difference
What are the neurobiological mechanisms associated with emotional memory and stress?
amygdala
What is the Biopsychosocial model?
biological, behavioral, sociocultural, and environmental variables in the etiology and prevention of health problems and in the promotion of healthy human development
What does it emphasize?
both health AND disease and uses a holistic model to understand health
What are the six approaches to answering BBH questions?
clinical studies Epidemiological studies Human field studies Human laboratory experiments Nonhuman experiments (e.g., in vivo) Cellular experiments (e.g., in vitro)
What is important?
complete underlying systems of human health as opposed to the separate and individual parts of these systems
Biobehavioral health approach
depression or anxiety caused by genes, environment, brain dysregulation. Treatment is an integrated approach to helping individual - therapy, drugs, social support, nutrition, etc.
Medical model
depression or anxiety caused by neurotransmitter dysregulation. Treatment is to fix dysregulation with drugs.
Reciprocal causation models
detail the two-way influence across levels on a health outcome. Building further on the Type 2 diabetes example, obesity can lead to insulin resistance which results in poor blood glucose control.
What are the three levels of analysis in health research critical for?
guiding the transdisciplinary science on which biobehavioral health is based
What type of models do we develop in science?
how we think the world works and then use scientific methods to test these models.
What does the scientific method use?
inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning makes generalizations in order to infer what?
infer an explanation or theory based on many observations and some discernable pattern in those observations.
What did they test?
influences of exogenous (e.g., epinephrine administered to the participant) and endogenous (e.g., epinephrine released into the blood stream through stressing the participant) hormones on emotional memory storage in healthy human volunteers.
What did he propose about scientific progress?
is not made in linear, incremental steps as originally believed, but rather through periodic paradigm shifts that open up new approaches to understanding something that scientists never would have considered before.
Convergent causation
is the interaction of variables from at least 2 levels of analysis leading to a health outcome. Building on the Type 2 diabetes example, being overweight or obese can cause insulin resistance.
Parallel causation
is when each level of analysis may contain risk factors for a single health outcome or pathogenic process. people with a family history of Type 2 diabetes (i.e., genetic risk) are at risk of developing the disease independently of their weight status.
What is the Vandenbergh Effect and who did it study?
is when pheromones, odors in the male's urine that cause a behavioral or physiological response in other animals, trigger puberty in females.
Monism
mind and body connect
Dualism
mind and body r two separate things
What is puberty
ocial horrors and anxieties, pimples, onset of menstruation for women, and, for men, erections and wet dreams induced by spermarche which happens when sex hormones reach a level to trigger sperm development.
Three Types of Causality The purpose of the levels of analysis in the BBH research is founded on the idea of what?
on the idea that the social, behavioral and biological processes that affect health are interdependent.
What serves as a plan?
preliminary observation of a problem that serves as a plan for how we may go about studying that problem. Example: teens smoking and different types of models related to it
What was the major problem?
research at the time could not confirm that physiology was affected and the dualistic perspective remained the focus of medicine.
What is top- down in regards to the five levels considered by BBH models?
social/ environment to molecular Look at epidemiologic reports indicating that 90% of adult smokers started smoking during adolescence. They may use these reports to develop hypotheses about behavioral, cellular or molecular mechanisms that might contribute to this finding regarding adult smokers.
What are the five levels considered and their arrangement?
social/environmental behavioral/psychological Organ systems Cellular molecular
What does inductive reasoning use?
specific observations to make broad generalizations
What were the criticisms of current views of the mind-body?
split between those diseases believed to have a biological foundation and those that were psychological in origin
Health
state of physical, mental, and social well being. not just absence of disease
What did they hypothesize?
that specific hormonal and brain systems activated by emotional arousal regulate long-term memory storage.
Glove anesthesia
the hand- but NOT other parts of the arm- loses sensation during stress
Paradigm regarding BBH
the paradigms we use determine how we approach health problems. These paradigms are important to how we ask questions and answer them.
How does the current BBH model view the person?
view the person as constructing their own development. The BBH model is integrative and examines individuals across the lifespan.
What does the prevailing medical model view the patient as?
views the patient as passive where treatment is something done to the patient
First autopsy
was Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) and Giovanni Morgagni (1682-1771) No body humors there was actual diseases Leeuwenhoek was father of microscopy Microscope gave way to the idea of disease in a cell
Emotional Memories and Stress (Cahill & McGaugh) a. What was the aim of the study?
was to identify key elements of emotional arousal and declarative memory and how these two variables are linked to each other
What did they do in their human experiments?
where they manipulate stress hormones and emotions to test the hypothesis that these hormones are involved in the storage of emotional memories.