BBMB 404 Exam 3 Compilation

At pH 7, the charge on a fatty acid is _____ while that on a triacylglyceride is _____?

-1, 0

Glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) is converted into fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P) in two successive reactions shown below. What is the overall standard Gibbs free energy change for the conversion of Glc-1-P to F-6-P?:Glc-1-P → Glc-6-P ΔG°' = -7.1 kJ/molGlc-6-P → F-6-P ΔG°' = -1.7 kJ/mol

-8.8 kJ/mol

The following molecule is _____ and is made by _____ during gluconeogenesis

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, phosphoglycerate kinase

Consider the different triacylgycerol molecules with the three fatty acid constituents listed below. Which of these is most likely to be an oil (a liquid at room temperature)?

16:1delta9, 16:1 delta 9, 18:1 delta 9

Starting with glucose and going through glycolysis and fermentation to two molecules of lactate, what is the net yield of ATP molecules synthesized?

2

The following molecule is _____ and is made by _____ during gluconeogenesis.

2-Phosphoglycerate, enolase

Your body needs to carry out a reaction that requires an input of 72 kJ/mol. Assuming the reaction is driven by ATP hydrolysis, how many ATP molecules (minimally) will have to be hydrolyzed to do this?

3

The following molecule is _____ and is made by _____ during gluconeogenesis.

3-Phosphoglycerate, phosphoglycerate mutase

Which number is closest to the amount of energy released by ATP hydrolysis to form ATP (in kJ/mol):

30

What metabolic carriers are required for glycolysis? a. ADP b. FAD c. NAD+ d. B and C e. A and C

A and C

Which of the following best describes how a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction might be driven forward?

Couple the reaction to a favorable reaction

Proteins are commonly held onto membranes by all of the following ways except

Covalent binding to the phospholipid head group.

Proteins are commonly held onto membranes by all of the following ways except:

Covalent binding to the phospholipid head group.

The following molecule is _____ and is made by _____ during gluconeogenesis.

Glucose, glucose-6-phosphatase

The following molecule is _____ and is made by _____ during gluconeogenesis.

Glucose-6-phosphate, phosphoglucoisomerase

Which is the most accurate statement about the fate of pyruvate?

It depends to a great extent on the organism and metabolic state

The following molecule differs from traditional phospholipids in which way?

It has branched hydrocarbon tails

Which of the following is FALSE about the Na+-K+ ATPase pump?

It maintains a relatively high concentration of sodium ions and relatively low concentration of potassium ions inside the cell.

Which of the following best describes the behavior of this protein

It would probably require detergents to remove this protein from the membrane

______ pumps act via a phosphoasparate intermediate, while ______ pumps have a P-loop (sub)domain

P-type; ABC

______ pumps act via a phosphoasparate intermediate, while ______ pumps have a P-loop (sub)domain.

P-type; ABC

The following molecule is _____ and is made by _____ during gluconeogenesis.

Phosphoenolpyruvate, carboxykinase

The Cori cycle refers to:

The exchange of lactate and glucose between muscle and liver

Which of the following best describes this protein:

The orange amino acids are likely hydrophobic, and the blue likely hydrophilic

Which of the following best describes this protein:

The yellow amino acids likely have hydrophobic side chains

When a yeast culture is made anaerobic, the yeast make ethanol because:

They need to produce NAD to keep glycolysis going

Conversion of acetyl-CoA to CO2 is best described by which of the following fancy metabolic terms (ie, the "stages" of metabolism):

This is a stage 3 catabolic process

You clone the gene for a known integral membrane protein, and are surprised to find that it does not contain any stretches of ~20 hydrophobic amino acids. What can you conclude about the interaction of this protein with the membrane?

You cannot accurately draw any of these conclusions

Which of the following membrane proteins represent integral membrane proteins?

a,b, and c

Neural Na+ and K+ channels are examples of ________________. Answers: a. none of these b. non-selective channels c. pumps creating electrochemical gradients d. eversion in channels e. ligand-gated channels

a. none of these

In the transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another what is the order in which the relevant channels are activated?

acetylcholine; Na+; K+

Inside eukaryotic cells, the concentration of sodium and potassium ions is maintained at different levels than in extracellular fluids (outside the cell). Cells maintain this gradient by:

active transport using ATP.

Which of the following lists molecules in the correct increasing order of their carbon oxidation numbers (in your books terms, the order of their levels of oxidation from least to most)?

alkane, alkene, alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carbon dioxide.

Gluconeogenesis is not a reversal of glycolysis but: a. requires the input of more energy than is released by glycolysis b. uses some of the same enzymes as glycolysis c. is separated from glycolysis by compartmentalization (in eukaryotes) d. all of the above e. A and C only

all of the above

Metabolism can be described as: a. all the reactions within a cell. b. the coordination of energy requirements within a cell and organism. c. the regulation of energy requirements within a cell and organism. d. how cells acquire, transform, store, and use energy. e. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following can be functions of lipids? a. they serve as structural components of biological membranes b. they provide energy reserves, predominantly in the form of triacylglycerols c. lipids and lipid derivatives serve as vitamins and hormones d. lipids in the form of bile acids aid in solubilization and digestion of dietary fats e. all of the above

all of the above

How does the energy charge state of a cell regulate its metabolism?

allosteric binding of carriers (e.g. ADP/ATP, NAD+/NADH, CoA/acetyl-CoA)

Using a hydropathy plot it is possible to predict which type of integral membrane protein.

alpha-helical

The cartoon below of a membrane transport protein is best described as a:

antiport

Glycolysis results in a redox imbalance that can be restored by: a. fermentation of pyruvate to ethanol. b. any of these c. fermentation of pyruvate to lactate. d. none of these e. oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 and water (i.e. oxidative phosphorylation).

any of these

A metabolite is

any stable product or intermediate within a biochemical pathway

A metabolite is:

any stable product or intermediate within a biochemical pathway.

The following molecule is found most commonly in which type of organism?

archae

Organisms that can use CO2 as their sole carbon source are classified as:

autotrophs

Which of the following treatments is expected to release integral membrane proteins from a the lipid bilayer?

boiling in 2% SDS

Hydroylsis of a phosphoanhydride bond in ATP releases a relatively high amount of free energy because: a. there are more resonance states in the products than in the reactants (resonance stabilization) b. hydrolysis relieves negative charged repulsion experienced by ATP c. the products give off heat which can be used to drive other reactions d. both a and b e. none of the above

both a and b

Phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP requires a relatively high amount of free energy because: a. there are fewer resonance states in the products than in the reactants (resonance stabilization) b. there is greater charged repulsion experienced by ATP than by ADP c. the products give off heat which can be used to drive other reactions d. both a and b e. none of the above

both a and b

During glycolysis, the net yield of the steps between glucose and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:

consume two ATP molecules

Glucose transporters in mammals:

differ between various tissues, contributing to metabolic specialization

The type of motion MOST likely to occur in biological membranes is:

diffusion of lipids within a monolayer

Facilitated diffusion through a biological membrane is:

driven by a difference in solute concentration

How is it that K+ can bind tightly to its channel yet there is a net flow of K+ through?

electrostatic repulsion between adjacent binding sites

In the enzymatic conversion of ethanol to acetic acid, which of the following lists metabolites in the order of increasing carbon oxidation number (from left to right):

ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid

The transport process that requires protein assistance but no energy input is called

facilitated diffusion

The transport process that requires protein assistance but no energy input is called:

facilitated diffusion

The function of aquoporins is best described as:

facilitated transport of water across the cell membrane

The following molecule is _____ and is made by _____ during gluconeogenesis

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, aldolase

Pyruvate carboxylase is activated in conditions when:

glucose concentration is low and lactate concentration is high

The following molecule is _____ and is made by _____ during gluconeogenesis.

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

The picture below is most likely a membrane from a:

gram-negative bacterium

The picture below is most likely a membrane from a:

gram-positive bacterium

Humans can be classified as

heterotrophs

The rate of entry of glucose into glycolysis is controlled by the regulatory enzyme _____ which catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.

hexokinase

What explains the ability of activated carriers to stably carry high-energy bonds?

high activation energy of hydrolysis

The energy charge state is tightly controlled in metabolism, this is often reflected in the _____ effect of ATP and/or the ______ effect of ADP on ________ enzymes

inhibitory, activating, catabolic

The energy charge state is tightly controlled in metabolism, this is often reflected in the _____ effect of ATP and/or the ______ effect of ADP on ________ enzymes.

inhibitory, activating, catabolic

The mode of action of aspirin could be described as

irreversible inhibition

The acetylcholine receptor is an example of a:

ligand-gated channel

Patch clamping is a technique that is best used for:

measuring the permeability of an ion channel membrane protein

Soaps form what in water:

micelles

Which is the best description of the following molecule?

monacylgycerol

Pick the best answer: which of the following is a cis fatty acid?

more than one of the above

Neural Na+ and K+ channels are examples of ________________. a. none of these b. non-selective channels c. pumps creating electrochemical gradients d. eversion in channels e. ligand-gated channels

none of these

A ligand-gated channel:

opens in response to binding of a small molecule

Thc conversion of NADH to NAD+ can best be described as:

oxidation of NADH resulting from it losing a pair of electrons and a proton

What technique would be most appropriate to measure the function of a newly discovered ion channel?

patch-clamp measurements

Which of the following molecules (listed with their free energies of hydrolysis) could be directly and individually coupled to ADP phosphorylation:

phosphoenolpyruvate, -62 kJ/mol

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis is

phosphofructokinase

The cell wall in the picture below is principally composed of what kinds of molecules?

polysaccharides cross linked by peptides

Peripheral membrane proteins are sometimes held in place at the surface by:

prenyl, lipid-carbohydrate and fatty acid groups covalently linked to amino acid side chains

How does the K+ channel exclude the smaller Na+ ions from going through?

protein-derived ion-coordination in the channel is optimal for K+ but not Na+

In the absence of O2, how is NAD+ (which is needed for glycolysis) regenerated from NADH by yeast

pyruvate is converted to ethanol

The steps in glycolysis different from those in gluconeogenesis are catalyzed by these enzymes.

pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, hexokinase

The following molecule is _____ and is made by _____ during glycolysis.

pyruvate, pyruvate kinase

CO2 moves across cell membranes by:

simple diffusion

You are trying to determine if a conserved lysine in your channel of interest is important in its ion selectivity. Which of the following experimental strategies would be most likely to tell you what you want to know:

site-directed mutagenesis followed by patch-clamp conductance measurements

Which of the following most accurately describes why voltage-gated channels are not open the entire time their threshold voltage has been exceeded?

the "ball-and-chain" model

Which of the following best describes an anabolic pathway

the conversion of CO2 into complex molecules such as carbohydrates

In considering the movement of small molecules across a lipid bilayer, the permeability coefficient can be correlated with

the solubility of the molecule in a nonpolar solvent

The fluid mosaic model of biological membranes states

these are oriented/asymmetrical two-dimensional solutions of lipids and proteins

The fluid mosaic model of biological membranes states:

these are oriented/asymmetrical two-dimensional solutions of lipids and proteins

Which of these statements regarding biological membranes is true?

they are dynamic barriers

Which is the best description of the following molecule?

triacylglycerol

Which of the following types of lipids serve an energy-storage function in cells?

triacylglycerol

The catabolism of one mole of glucose via glycolysis ONLY results in the DIRECT production of:

two moles of ATP, two moles of NADH, and two moles of pyruvate

The butter cow at the Iowa State Fair turns yellow mainly because of oxidation of what kinds of compounds?

unsaturated fatty acids

Active transport is most likely coupled to:

utilization of ATP