BCHM 863 Exam 3 Practice
What percentage of F2 mice will be homozygous for GeneX conditional deletion if plan A or plan B is chosen respectively?
25, 12.5
Does DNA damage promote or inhibit tumor development?
Both, depends on phase of tumor. In early stages DNA damage promotes tumor development. In late stages, DNA damage inhibits tumor development.
Why TERT overexpression is not required for Rat fibroblast transformation?
Longer telomere in rat cells, so Telomerase expression does not matter.
"Conserved" strands in DNA A. Were not synthesized during the most recent cycle of DNA replication B. Are less likely to retain wild-type sequences C. Were synthesized during the most recent cycle of DNA replication D. Only B and C
a
85-90% of human tumors are found to be telomerase-positive. a. True b. False
a
About ____ of colon carcinomas suffer inactivation of the APC gene. a. 80% b. 50% c. 30% d. 10%
a
Age is a large factor in cancer incidence. a. True b. False
a
Angiostatin and endostatin reduce the subsequent growth of already vascularized small tumors but have no effect on the angiogenic switch in mice pancreas a) true b) false
a
Apigenin caused a significant decrease in the migration of TNBC cells (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MD-436). a. true b. false
a
CD133 is also known as A. Prominin 1 B. Lgr5 C. MLL D. ENL
a
Cancer cells avoid crisis by regenerating their telomeric DNA. a) True b) False
a
Cells are considered immortalized if they can regenerate telomeric DNA. a) True b) False
a
Chronic inflammation can lead to cancers. a) True b) False
a
Combining Darwinian theory with the assumptions of multi-step tumor progression, researchers could now depict tumorigenesis as a succession of________________ a) clonal expansions b) clonal regressions c) copied expansions d) none of the above
a
Cre can be bred out and is not required after germline deletion. However, Cre is required to maintain tissue‐specific deletion for future generations. A. True B. False
a
DNA replication is inherently error-prone. A. True B. False
a
Early-stage adenomas often showed loss of heterozygosity in the long arm of which chromosome? Chromosome 5 Chromosome 8 Chromosome 17 Chromosome 18
a
Ectopic expression of hTERT can rescue cells from which form of cell death? P53-induced apoptosis FasL induced apoptosis Ferroptosis None of the above
a
Genome‐wide hypomethylation and promoter hypermethylation are hallmarks of many cancers and are associated with tumorigenesis. A. True B. False
a
High YAP/TAZ levels in TNBC correlates with a worse outcome. a. True b. False
a
How does the mutant hTERT protein act in overexpressed telomerase-positive cells? a. Dominant-negative b. Dominant-positive c. Recessive-negative d. Recessive-positive
a
How was hypoxia found to regulate HIF1alpha? A. fails to upregulate relative levels of HIF1alpha mRNA transcripts but increases relative levels of HIF1alpha protein B. Upregulates relative levels of HIF1alpha mRNA transcripts but decreases relative levels of HIF1alpha protein C. Has no effecct on HIF1alpha mRNA transcripts or HIF1alpha protein D. Increases HIF1alpha mRNA transcripts or HIF1alpha protein
a
Human cells require the introduction of ____ to avoid senescence and ____ to avoid crisis. SV40 large T oncogene and hTERT gene hTERT gene and SV40 large T oncogene hTERT gene is the only gene required SV40 large T oncogene is the only gene required
a
In this process, the entire nucleotide containing both the base and associated deoxyribose will be cut out. a. nucleotide-excision repair b. base-excision repair c. mismatch repair d. nonhomologous end joining
a
Introduction of the hTERT gene and SV40 large T oncogene yields immortalized human cells. a. True b. False
a
Most CML cases have a ________. a. chromosomal translocation fusing the bcr and abl genes b. point mutation in the bcr gene c. point mutation in the abl gene d. both b and c
a
Mutant mice that lack the ability to make have been models for studying colon carcinoma formation. A) TGF-β1 B) TGF-β2 C) Rag2 D) Myc
a
Out of the following immunomodulatory transgenes in armed viruses, which showed superior anti-tumor efficacy in tumor models? IL-12, IP-10, a soluble form of CD80, GM-CSF, and PD-L1/ CTLA-4 antibodies A) PD-L1 antibody and IL-12-armed viruses were superiorB) IL-12 onlyC) GM-CSFD) None of the transgenes proved to enhance the immune response
a
PDGF and TGF-B are released in response to what? a. superficial wound b. angiogenesis c. apoptosis d. when cells undergo EMT
a
Ras-like oncogenes characterized by: a) Oncoproteins that are components of cytoplasmic mitogenic signaling b) Oncoproteins that disrupt cell cycle machinery c) Oncoproteins that maintain telomere length d) Oncoproteins that reduce dependence on growth factors
a
Stem cells may rely on symmetric cell division to attempt to: a) Produce transit-amplifying cells b) Increase the number of stem cells in growing organs c) Replace lost stem cells d) both b and c
a
Telomerase acts the same in human and rodent cells a) True b) False
a
The Hayflick Limit dictates that cells can replicate up to ______ times before they must enter senescence. A. 50-60 B. 40-50 C. 60-70 D. 80-90
a
The ____ menstrual cycles a woman experiences in her lifetime the ____ the risk of breast cancer. a. More, higher b. More, lower c. Less, higher d. Less, lower
a
The epithelial layer of the colon is where most pathological changes associated with carcinomas can be seen A. True B. False
a
The rate at which a disease is diagnosed a. disease incidence b. disease prevalence c. disease morbidity d. none of the above
a
The reactive oxygen species that results from free radicals' cause damage to DNA by: a) Creating single and double stranded breaks in DNA b) Causing rapid depurination along the DNA double helix c) Causing rapid depyrimidination along the DNA double helix d) Causing nucleotide transversion of many sites along the DNA double helix
a
The two components of telomerase are ________ A. hTERT and hTR B. vTERT and vTR C. cTERT and cTR D. SV40 and p53
a
The two main barriers to cells dividing indefinitely are... Senescence and crisis Senescence and contact inhibition Mitotic defects and genomic defects None of the above
a
True or False? Peroxisomes are cytoplasmic bodies that are involved in the oxidation of various cellular constituents, most notably lipids. a.) true b.) false
a
True or False? Tumors that can be triggered by exposure of an animal to a mutagenic carcinogen, which acts in a random fashion to generate the mutant cellular alleles leading to cancer is called stochastic? a.) true b.) false
a
True or false: Cells experiencing BFB cycles are more sensitive to the loss of p53 True False
a
True or false? Homology directed repair is defective in patients suffering from Nijmegen breakage syndrome. Their cells resort to fusing two dsDNA ends via nonhomologous end joining. A) True B) False
a
True or false? In an experiment when complimentary RNA to the hTR RNA subunit of the telomerase enzyme was introduced to HeLa cells, the cells stopped growing 23-26 days after exposure. A) True B) False
a
True or false? Multi-step tumor progression can be modelled as a form of Darwinian evolution occurring within tissues. A) True B) False
a
Unrepaired dsDNA breaks, many of which occur accidentally at DNA replication forks, are thought to be a major source of chromosomal translocations a) True b) False
a
What are satellite sequences? a. Highly repeated sequences in the genome, often carrying 100 or more nucleotides per repeat unit b. Highly repeated sequences in the genome, often carrying 10000 or more nucleotides per repeat unit c. Infrequently repeated sequences in the genome, often carrying 100 or more nucleotides per repeat unit d. Infrequently repeated sequences in the genome, often carrying 10000 or more nucleotides per repeat unit
a
What chromosome is often the target of LOH in APC? a. Chromosome 5q21 b. Chromosome 5q13 c. Chromosome 17q21 d. Chromosome 17q13
a
What do macrophages drive? a. Tumor progression b. Apoptosis c. Methylation d. Senescence
a
What does "cell-autonomous" mean? A) Intrinsic to a cell, not influenced by neighbor interactions. B) Intrinsic to a cell, and influenced by the body as a whole. C) Inclusivity of all bodily interactions to a cell. D) The product of oncogenes perturbing tumor suppressor genes.
a
What does IGF-1 do? A. Benefits the growth and survival of nearby cancer cells B. Decreases the growth and survival of nearby cancer cells C. Causes apoptosis D. Blocks growth signals between cells
a
What does loss of the APC function cause? A. Traps cell in colonic crypts B. apoptosis C. Causes cells to migrate out of colonic crypts D. Increases cell differentiation
a
What factor do macrophages attract under hypoxic conditions? a) VEGF b) MMP-9 c) EGF d) None of the above
a
What is TPA extracted from? a) croton plant b) legume plant c) root vegetables d) it is synthesized, not extracted naturally
a
What is a dicentric chromatid? A. Contains two centromeres B. Made of two pairs of sister chromatids fusing together C. Made of sister chromatids D. When part of the chromosome is duplicated
a
What is a polyp? A. A large and deviant growth that has dysplastic cells and marked thickening B. Cells with normal apperance C. A benign growth D. A and C
a
What is angiogenesis? a. formation of blood vessels b. transition to mesenchymal phenotype c. tumor that has spread to secondary locations c. none of the above
a
What is atrophy? a. loss of cells b. gain of cells c. none of the above
a
What is it called when the chemical bond linking an adenine or guanine base to deoxyribose breaks spontaneously? a. Depurination b. Depyrimidination c. Covalent break d. Ionic break
a
What is the correct order of stimulation to promote angiogenesis? I. carcinoma cell releases growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines II. Macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes recruited to tumor-associated stroma III. TNFalpa and prostaglandins released IV. proliferation of nearby epithelial cells stimulated A. I, II, III, IV B. IV, III, II, I C. II, III, IV, I D. III, I, IV, II
a
What is the difference between senescence and crisis? a) Senescent cells retain cell viability and crisis cause apoptosis b) Cells in crisis retain cell viability and senescent cells cause apoptosis c) Both retain cell viability d) Both cause apoptosis
a
What is the effect of 5-FUMPs metabolism? A) DNA repair interference B) Increased DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis C) Increased apoptosis D) Ferroptosis
a
What is the enzymatic activity of MLL/KMT2A? A. It trimethylates histone H3 lysine 4 B. It acetylates H3K27 C. It deacetylates H3K9ac D. It symmetrically dimethylates H3R2
a
What is the error in calculating the number of growth/division cycles? a. assume exponential expansion of cancer cell population b. assume linear expansion c. there is no error
a
What is the layer of mucus in the intestinal lumen made of? A. Highly glycosylated proteins B. Highly phosphorylated proteins C. Highly methylated proteins D. Highly adenylated proteins
a
What is the molecular formula for Apigenin? a. C15H10O5 b. C15H5O10 c. C10H15O5 d. C10H5O15
a
What is the primary function of "primase" in DNA replication Place short RNA primers on the lagging strand Unwind DNA to enable its replication Join together all of the Okazaki fragments made by lagging strand synthesis None of the above
a
What is the process called in which the chemical bond linking a purine base to deoxyribose breaks spontaneously. a. depurination b. deamination c. depyrimidination d. none of the above
a
What is the telomeric repeat sequence? a. 5' TTAGGG 3' b. 5' TTTGGG 3' c. 5' GGGATT 3' d. 5' ATTGGG 3'
a
What kind of increments does hTERT extend telomeric DNA? a) hexanucleotide increments b) decanucleotide increments c) di and trinucleotide increments d) mononucleotide increments
a
What properties did the scientists demonstate apigenin significantly affected? A. Suppressed migration and CSC properties B. Increased migration and CSC properties C. Increased cell viability D. A and C
a
What taxonomic family does MeV belong to? a) Paramyxoviridae b) Papillomaviridae c) Orthomyxoviridae d) Herpesviridae
a
When cells attempt to detoxify harmful chemicals, they may actually accidentally become more toxic and reactive. a) True b) False
a
When cultured cells are exposed to oxygen tension levels reduced to 1 to 3%, the cultured cells experienced: a) An increased life span and doubling b) A reduced life span and doubling c) An immediate start of cellular senescence d) An immediate start of apoptosis
a
When the gene encoding ______ is selectively deleted from islet cells, the cells survive and the early steps of tumor progression proceed, but the angiogenic switch is never tripped. a. VEGF b. EGF c. HGF d. FGF
a
Which cell line has been the most frequently used to study the molecular biology of human cells? A. HeLa B. HeyA C. UT7 D. CHO
a
Which cytokeratin is characteristically expressed in basal cells in the ducts of mammary glands? Cytokeratin 5 Cytokeratin 8 Cytokeratin 18 B and C
a
Which of the following DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) is required for the maintenance of DNA methylation? A. DNMT1 B. DNMT3A C. DNMT3B D. DNMT3L
a
Which of the following breast cancer types has the best prognosis? A.ER+, PR+, HER2- B.ER+, PR+, HER2+ C.ER-, PR-, HER2+ D.ER-, PR-, HER2-
a
Which of the following breeding plans will produce a higher percentage of mice homozygous for GeneX conditional deletion? A. Breeding plan A B .Breeding plan B
a
Which of the following is a possible effect of "replicative stress" The collapse of replication forks Genomic stability Increased size of lysosome None of the above
a
Which of the following is an ECM substrate for MMP-1? a) Fibrillar collagens b) Collagen IV c) Elastin d) Both A and B
a
Which of the following term for premature aging diseases Progeria Hyperchromia Amageria Hypochromia
a
Which of the following terms is used to describe a purine being replaced by a pyrimidine? Transversion Transamination Base transfer Purine replacement
a
Which organism was the first in which researchers discovered the existence of non-telomerase-based mechanism for cell immortalization? A) S. cerevisiae B) C. elegans C) D. melanogaster D) M. musculus
a
Why do mouse cells that suffered X-ray damage initiate apoptosis rather than halt proliferation and attempt repair? a) To avoid the error-prone nature of DNA repair b) To avoid inflammation c) It actually prefers repair over apoptosis d) None of the above
a
____ cycling stem cells are found spread throughout the Paneth of crypts whereas ____ cycling stem cells are a few cell diameters above the Paneth. a. Rapid, slow b. Rapid, rapid c. Slow, slow d. Slow, rapid
a
an exocyclic amine group ______ from the ring structure a. protrudes b. stabilized in the center c. double bonds to a hydrogen d. do not happen in nature
a
is the "G-rich" or "C-rich" strand of telomeric DNA in mammalian cells, longer? a. the "G-rich" stand is longer b. the "C-rich" strand is longer c. they are the same length d. the length can not be determined
a
perlecan, a protoglycan, provides the basement membrane with ___________ and sites where growth factors can be attached for _______ storage a. increased hydration, long-term storage b. decreased hydration, long-term storage c. decreased hydration, short-term storage d. increased hydration, short-term storage
a
All cell lineages in an organism are allocated the same number of post embryonic doublings. A. True B. False
b
As tumor progression advances, tumor genomes often become increasingly ____. Stable unstable
b
At least this number of genes is needed to transform normal human cells to their tumorigenic state: a) At least 2 genes b) At least 3 genes c) At least 4 genes d) At least 5 genes
b
B-raf encodes this type of kinase a. serine b. threonine c. tyrosine d. a and b
b
Cancer cells that undergo the EMT process usually ____ their E-cadherin expression and ____ their vimentin and fibronectin expression. A. increase, decrease B. decrease, increase C. increase, increase D. decrease, decrease
b
Cancer stem cells are cancer cell of origin. A. True B. False
b
Cancer stem cells are cancerous stem cells. A. True B. False
b
Cell populations in crisis show all of the following EXCEPT: Widespread apoptosis Cells frequenting undergoing cell division High percentage of cells disintegrating Numerous cell fragments
b
Certain highly progressed carcinomas will generate free-floating cancer cells that accumulate in various body fluids generating tumors known as what? A. Glial tumors B. Ascitic tumors C. Benign tumors D. Teratomas
b
Colon carcinoma progression was attributed to loss of heterozygosity in which genes? a. APC b. p53 c. K-ras d. A and B
b
Crisis involves death by ____? Necrosis Apoptosis Autophagy
b
Depyrimidination occurs at a 20- to 100-fold lower rate, but still results in as many as ____ cytosine and thymine bases lost per cell per day. a.) 250 b.) 500 c.) 750 d.) 1000
b
Depyrimidination occurs at the same rate as depurination. A. True B. False
b
EMT enables epithelial cells to become motile and invasive permanently. a. True b. False
b
Early in embryogenesis, cells have a(n) __________ replicative capacity a. limited b. unlimited c. high d. low
b
Epithelial tissues are rarely exposed to toxic materials. a. True b. False
b
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition are the same process. a. True b. False
b
Error-prone DNA polymerase is also called... a) Defective polymerase b) Bypass polymerase c) Dimer polymerase d) None of the above
b
Genomic imprinting is an inheritance process that can be explained by classical Mendelian inheritance. A.True B.False
b
Gli1 can only be activated via the Hedgehog pathway a) True b) False
b
Heterotypic signaling is communication between a. similar cell types b. dissimilar cell types c. a and b d. none of the above
b
Human cells can easily be immortalized. a) True b) False
b
Humans rely heavily on this repair system to remove highly mutagenic UV-induced pyrimidine dimers. a. mismatch repair b. nucleotide-excision repair c. base-excision repair d. none of the above
b
In HCC cell lunes, MeV was gounf to increase the anti-tumor activities of ______________ cells a) CD8-NKG2D- b) CD8+NKG2D+ c) CD4+CXCR4+ d) CD4-CXCR4-
b
Lgr5 protein is used to identify many of what cell types?a. Enterocytes b. Stem cells c. Hematopoietic cells d. Neuronal cells
b
MLH1 is one of the major contributors to Constitutional Mismatch Repair Deficiency (CMMRD) syndrome. A. True B. False
b
MMP carry ____ ions to aid in catalysis Calcium Zinc Sodium Hydrogen
b
Mice deprvied of of the gene encoding Muc2 commonlly form what type of cancer? A. Sarcoma B. Adenocarcinoma C. Teratoma D. Lymphoma
b
Most recent estimates suggest we have around _____ caretaker genes, but this number is always rising due to new discoveries 1200 176 721 17
b
Muc2 is the most abundant ____ mucin. a.) liver b.) gastrointestinal c.) endocrine d.) none of the above
b
Normal human cells lose telomere base pairs. About how many is lost in each cell generation? a. 1-2 b. 50-100 c. 300-500 d. 1000
b
People suffering from xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) syndrome have a ____-fold increased risk of skin cancer before the age of 20. 1000 2000 3000 4000
b
Polyps and adenomas are considered __________if they have not broken through the basement membrane and invaded underlying stroma. a. metastic b. benign c. cancerous d. dangerous
b
Promoter acetylation plays an important role in inactivating tumor suppressor genes. a. True b. False
b
SV40 large T antigen can protect against apoptotic death associated with crisis. a. True b. False
b
Select the correct function of the gene product and consequence of alteration in cancer cells for the Rb gene. A) cell-cycle regulator; nondisjunction B) cell-cycle regulator; aneuploidy C) regulation of proliferation; aneuploidy D) regulation of proliferation, nondisjunction
b
Stem cells are very easy to identify and study when looking at tissues. A. True B. False
b
Telomerase extends DNA in increments of ____ Pentanucleotide Hexanucleotide Octonucleotide Dodecanucleotide
b
The T-loop is present at the ends of all telomeres A. True B. False
b
The cells composing the stroma are largely ________? a. endothelial cells b. fibroblasts c. immune cells d. adipocytes
b
The following are angiogenesis inhibitors except a. Tsp-1 b. VEGF-b c. Interferon a d. Endostatin
b
The idea that tumor development in humans is a multi-step process can be seen most clearly in A. Squamous cells of the epithelium B. Epithelia of the intestine C. Glial cells of the nervous system D. Epithelia of the thyroid
b
The micronucleus carries the entire genome in a ___ configuration? a.) haploid b.) diploid c.) All of the above d.) none of the above
b
The molecular machinery responsible for replicating most DNA sequences has a very high error rate. a. True b. False
b
The number of __________ tumor suppressor genes, greatly exceeds the number of _____________ oncogenes present in human tumor cells. a) activated, inactivated b) inactivated, activated c) activated, activated d) inactivated, activated
b
The number of inactivated tumor suppressor genes does not drastically exceed the number of activated oncogenes present in human tumor cell genomes. a. True b. False
b
The organ that lead to a drastic increase in knowledge of tumor progression due to large sample size and accessibility to microscopy: a) Lung b) Colon c) Esophagus d) Liver
b
The replication machinery in the nucleus is powered by the actions of which three polymerases? Pol- α, Pol- δ, Pol- β Pol- α, Pol- δ, Pol- ε Pol- α, Pol- β, Pol- ε
b
The structural integrity of DNA causes mutations to occur at a higher rate. a) True b) False
b
The t-loop is __ a. a t-rich strand b. a long 3' single-strand overhang c. a long 5' single-strand overhang d. can not be bound by any type of proteins
b
The tumor suppressing effects of anti-infalmmatory drugs are due to the inhibition of what enzyme? A) Telomerase B) Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) C) Prostaglandin E2 D) NF-kb
b
The use of MeV therapy in combination with radiotherapy has been experimentally shown to increase cytotoxic effects in glioblastomas. The underlying mechanism for this combined therapy involves activation of FAS receptor signaling which in turn activates which extrinsic caspase pathway? A) Caspase-7 B) Caspase-8 C) Caspase-9 D) Caspase-10
b
These MMPs enable elongating capillaries to invade through ECM between cells a. MMPs 5-9 b. MMPs 1-4 c. a and b d. none of the above
b
Transformed cells are also immortalized. A. True B. False
b
Transit amplifying cells may run a(n) _____ risk of sustaining mutations because of their _____ mitotic activity. decreased; low increased; high decreased; high increased; low
b
Transit-amplifying cells are typically present in larger numbers than progenitor cells in normal tissues. A. True B. False
b
True / False: DNA methylation that can block transcription factor access to DNA is always repressive to the process of gene expression. A.Ture B.False
b
True or false: Stem cells need to divide frequently in order to maintain a large pool of end-stage, highly differentiated cells in a tissue. True False
b
True or false: The multiple collaborating oncogenes of DNA tumor virus genomes always succeed in transforming cells to a tumorigenic state. True False
b
True or false? Majority of human cancer cells activate the ALT mechanism. A) True B) False
b
True or false? Resistance to anti-angiogenesis therapies can occur when mutant tumor cell clones are unable to survive in hypoxic tumors. a) true b) false
b
True or false? TNF-alpha released by hepatocytes attracts more inflammatory cells through autocrine signaling and amplifies hepatocyte NF-kB signaling through paracrine signaling. A) True B) False
b
Tumor cells create their own process similar to the already present would healing process in normal cells. a. True b. False
b
Tumor progression is a series of linear of clonal successions a) True b) False
b
Tumors with ________ are associated with better prognosis and greater long-term survival. a. long telomeres b. short telomeres c. fused chromosomes d. all of the above
b
Veins are formed to supply nutrients and oxygen to tumor cells. a. True b. False
b
Viewing cancer through an epigenetic perspective: are cancer cells more like stem cells or differentiated cells? A.Cancers cells are more like differentiated cells since there are different types of cancer arising from different tissues. B.Cancers can be referred to as de-differentiated stem cells. C.It depends on the stage of cancer development. D.It depends on the type of cancer.
b
What can cells avoid by shutting down P16^INK4A expression? a. Can prevent the cells from continuing to grow b. Can prevent the cells from entering a senescent state c. Can prevent the cells from becoming cancerous d. Can prevent the cells from triggering apoptosis
b
What carcinogens make greater contributions to the genome mutation? a) Exogenous b) Endogenous c) Both make the same contribution
b
What does it mean for something to be prophylactic towards the COX-2 pathway? a) highly promotes b) preventative c) reverses pathway d) all of the above
b
What does the DCP4/ MADH tumor suppressor gene specify? A. k-ras B. smad4 C. p53 D. All of the above
b
What does wild type measles virus (MeV) use to enter immune cells? A. Nectin-4/PVRL4 B. CD150/SLAMF1 C. CD46/MCP D. Nectin-7/MYC
b
What enzyme could help telomeres to regenerate a) Polymerase b) Telomerase c) Dehydrogenase d) Kinase
b
What happened in early transplantation experiments when the transplant only contained carcinoma cells? A. The grafts grew rapidly B. The grafts failed to grow C. The grafts developed a tumor-associated stroma before becoming established at the transplant site D. None of the above
b
What is field cancerization? a. metastasis b. sporadic tumors that sprout multiple seemingly independent tumors c. the study of cancer d. none of the above
b
What is myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)? a. A condition that increases the risk of many kinds of cancer b. A hyperproliferative disorder of the bone marrow that often progresses to acute myelogenous leukemia c. Both a and b d. None of the above
b
What is the most common cause of dicentric chromosomes?Metaphase plate dysfunction Anaphase bridges Crisis during prophase Senescence during telophase
b
What is the secondary loop called in t-loop formation? a. B-loop b. D-loop c. G-loop d. Z-loop
b
What is the term that refers to the long 3' single-strand overhang of the G-rich strand of mammalian telomeric DNA? D-loop T-loop G-loop B-loop
b
What percentage of human tumors have been found to be telomerase-positive? 80-85% 85-90% 90-95% 80-90%
b
What structure protects DNA from DNA-modifying enzymes A. actin B. telomeres C. cytoplasm D. kinetochore
b
What would happen if you genetically altered a mouse to selectively inactivate the TGFB type 2 receptor? a. TGFB type 1 receptors would take the place of TGFB type 2 receptors b. The cells would no longer be susceptible to TGFB mediated growth inhibition c. Nothing the cells do not need TGFB type 2 receptors d. All growth of the cells would halt due to insufficient growth signals
b
Where do 63% of point mutations in tumor genomes from internal organs arise? a. introns b. CpG islands c. exons d. all over the genome
b
Which cells show telomerase activity in a TRAP assay? A. Mortal Cells only B. Immortal Cells only C. Both Mortal and Immortal Cells D. Neither Cells would show up in a TRAP assay
b
Which is the correct statement regarding immortality? a. Cancer cells are immortal b. Cancer lineage is immortal
b
Which of the following cancers do not follow the age-dependent pattern of incidence rates increasing with age? a. Breast b. Brain c. Skin d. Retinoblastoma
b
Which of the following is NOT an aim of oncolytic immunotherapy? increase the immune system's anti-tumor response hinder therapeutic efficacy antagonize the immunosuppressive TME all of the above are aims of oncolytic immunotherapy
b
Which of the following is NOT true of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)? A. They degrade the extracellular matrix surrounding tumor cells. B. They inhibit tumor cell invasion. C. They can cleave collagen. D. They can be expressed in macrophages.
b
Which of the following statements regarding cancer and inflammation is NOT true? A) Cancers can arise at sites of chronic inflammation B) Inflammatory cytokines are not detected in many cancers C) High levels of inflammatory cytokines are associated with poor cancer prognosis D) Long-term NSAID use decreases mortality from colorectal cancer
b
Which of the following terms is used to describe DNA polymerases occasionally skipping a base when coping repeat sequences of DNA? "Jumping" "Stuttering" "Hopping" None of the above
b
Which protein, that associates with BRCA2, is known to bind ssDNA molecules, permitting the unwinding of homologous double-stranded helices? A) BRCA2 B) RAD51 C) MSH2 D) PMS1
b
Which type of immune cell can be differentiated into macrophages? a) B cells b) Monocytes c) T cells d) Dendritic cells
b
Why is it sometimes challenging to discern a tumor's origin?a. Biological behavior is influenced by inheritance of surrounding gene expression patterns b. Metastases are not primary tumors, making it hard to locate the origin of the cancer when the primary tumor can not be found c. Cancer retains tissue-specific expression signatures in most cases d. Biochemical markers in the metastases allow for classification of the growth even if the primary tumor can't be found
b
Within each tissue, there is a small number of stem cells, these cells constitute as few as_______________ of the total a) 3% b) 0.1% to 1% c) 5% to 6% d) 2% to 4%
b
YAP and TAZ are two downstream effectors of what pathway? a. MAPK b. Hippo c. Hedgehog d. Ras
b
YAP and TAZ mainly interact with _______________ to induce the expression of downstream genes that are involved in cell proliferation and migration? a. BEADs b. TEADs c. HEADs d. MEADs
b
___ plays a critical role as a major intermediary in tissue inflammation. TPA TNF-α PKC NF-kB
b
____ is an anti-VEGF-R agent that is able to block 90% of early-stage, dysplastic islets from undergoing the angiogenic switch. SU6668 SU5416 SU4680 SU3792
b
electrophilic molecules _________ a. want to give away electrons b. attract and want to gain electrons c. have more protons than electrons d. have lost two or more neutrons
b
how many somatic cells are present in adult C. elegans? a. 1,021 b. 959 c. 864 d. 726
b
the ________ enables the epithelial cells to become motile and invasive a. adherens junctions b. epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) c. stromalization d. differentiation
b
which growth has almost normal histology? a. carcinoma b. hyperplastic c. dysplastic d. metastasis
b
zTERT (the zebrafish analog of hTERT) knockdown can result in... Necrosis of zebrafish tissue Compromised hematopoiesis Increased flippase activity None of the above
b
Mice in which the TGF-β type II receptor was inactivated in stromal fibroblasts exhibited the following EXCEPT: A. Increased incidence of carcinomas. B. Reduced incidence of carcinomas. C. Stromal hyperplasia. D. Stromal dysplasia.
b and d
A ___________ density of macrophages correlates with a ____________ prognosis. a. low; good b. low; poor c. high; poor d. high; good
c
A hypomorphic allele is one in which The protein associated with the allele is completely dysfunctional The protein associated with the allele is overexpressed The protein associated with the allele reduced/partially reduced
c
AFB1, one of the most potent exogenous carcinogens, causes a ___ mutation in DNA. G to A T to C G to T C to A
c
Angiogenesis inhibitors are an attractive anti-cancer agent because A. They target the rapidly dividing cancer cells. B. They target the smallest tumors at an early stage as they are starting to form. C. They target the normal cells rather than the ever-mutating cancer cells. D. They have no side effects.
c
At least ___% of colon carcinomas can be derived from preexisting adenomas. 70% 76% 80% 78%
c
Beta-galactosidase is a marker of a. crisis b. apoptosis c. senescence d. none of the above
c
Choose the correct deanimation reaction a. guanine -> thymine b. adenine-> uracil c. adenine -> hypoxanthine d. 5-methylcytosine-> hypoxanthine
c
Correctly pair the terms In vitro : In a living organism In vivo : "In glass" (outside a living organism In vivo : In a living organism None of the above
c
Double-stranded DNA breaks can be repaired in the ____ phase by nonhomologous end joining or in the _______ phase by homology-dependent repair. A) G2; G1 or S B) S; G1 or G2 C) G1; S or G2 D) M; G1 or G2
c
Following division of a stem cell, how many of the daughter cells remain stem cells? Always both None of them At least one Stem cells do not divide
c
How did scientists segregate populations of AML cells into minority and majority populations? A. Western blot B. qPCR C. FACS D. Eastern blot
c
How do stem cells divide when the balance of stem cells is disrupted in the body? a. Asymmetrically b. They do not divide c. Symmetrically
c
How long is a red blood cell's lifespan? a. 40 days b. 80 days c. 120 days d. 160 days
c
How will curing cancer affect lifespan? a. It will dramatically increase lifespan b. It will dramatically decrease lifespan c. It will have little effect because of the likelihood fo having other diseases d. It will have a huge effect due to the unlikelihood of having other diseases
c
In areas of hyperplasia, the rate of epithelial cell division is unusually ____, yielding ____-than-normal epithelia. Low; thicker Low; thinner High; thicker High; thinner
c
In the telomeres of mammalian cells, which strand is longer, creating the overhang? a. A-rich strand b. T-rich strand c. G-rich strand d. C-rich strand
c
Introduction of hTERT gene helps to transforms normal human cells to their tumorigenic state by: a) Allowing cells to inactivate tumor suppressors b) Allowing cells to gain anchorage-independence c) Allowing cells to reproduce infinity d) None of the above
c
Microsatellite instability refers to the: a) Addition of random nucleotides in normally repeated nucleotide sequences b) Formation of loops and bubbles in double helix when undergoing polymerization c) Expansion or shrinking of normally repeated nucleotide sequences d) Miscopying of bases in only the leading strand but not the lagging strand.
c
Some measurements indicate as many as ____ double-stranded DNA breaks occur per cell genome each time the cell goes through S phase. a. 2 b. 5 c. 10 d. 20
c
Sporadic colon carcinomas involve the inactivation of what gene? a. DPS b. 7G-23 c. APC d. CSL
c
The 2 loops that makes up the telomeres are__________ A. t-loop B. d-loop C. A and B D. None of the above
c
The DNA component of each telomere in our cells is composed of .... a.) 5'-GGGATT-3' b.) 3'-TTAGGG-5' c.) 5'-TTAGGG-3' d.) 3'-GGGATT-5'
c
The __________ of HIF-1a expression abolishes ______________ Gli-1 expression and EMT process in breast cancer cells. a) knockdown; promotes b) enhancement; promotes c) knockdown; abolishes d) enhancement; abolishes
c
The deamination of cytosine yields which compound? Hypoxanthine Xanthine Uracil Thymine
c
The fusion of chromosomes at the ends of degraded telomeres pushes the cells to undergo: a) Senescence b) Proliferation c) Apoptosis d) Replication
c
The lack of ________ regulates telomere structure, lack of it causes chromosomal fusion. a. p53 b. FISH c. TRF2 d. TGF-beta
c
The majority of human colon cancers will begin with a mutation to chromosome #? a. 12 b. 17 c. 5 d. 6
c
The onset of senescence is accompanied by _________ expression of specific CDK inhibitors a. Decreasing b. no c. increasing d. none of the above
c
The researchers observed that hypoxia the relative levels of vimentin expression, and E-cadherin expression. A) upregulated; upregulated B) downregulated; upregulated C) upregulated; downregulated D) downregulated; downregulated
c
The use of the FACS technique enables researchers to segregate populations of AML cells in what populations a. Majority b. Minority c. Both A and B d. none of the above
c
Triple negative breast cancer accounts for what amount of breast cancer cases? A) 3-5% B) 9-15% C) 15-20% D) 25-35%
c
Tumor stroma formed by myofibroblasts is called a desmoplastic stroma by pathologists. What does the term desmoplastic mean in this case ? a) Flexibility of the tumor b) Softness of the tumor c) Hardness of the tumor d) Elasticity of the tumor
c
Tumors possessing relatively _________ telomeres are strongly associated with poor long-term prognosis, while tumors carrying ________ telomeres are associated with far better prognosis a) long, short b) short, repeated c) short, long d) long, deleted
c
What are MeV vaccine strands a powerful tool for? a. epigenetic regulation b. histone methylation c. transgene delivery d. upregulating apoptosis
c
What are highly repeated sequences, carrying 100 or more nucleotides per repeat unit called a. rocket sequences b. orbit sequences c. satellite sequences d. astrid sequences
c
What converts guanine into O-ethylguanine? a) JRL b) DJJ c) ENU d) MGMT
c
What do fibrin bundles do during wound healing? a. They break up bundles which allows more bleeding to occur b. They are part of platelets c. They entwine around platelets to stop bleeding d. They staunch bleeding all on their own
c
What happens to mice that are genetically deprived of BRCA1? a. They live longer than usual b. They develop multiple different cancers c. They die in embryogenesis d. They are born with many defects
c
What is the distance at which Oxygen can effectively diffuse through living tissues? a) 0.5 mm b) 0.1 mm c) 0.2 mm d) 1 mm
c
What is the simplest strategy for restoring the structure of chemically altered DNA? a) Remove all the altered bases and replace them with new ones b) It can't be restored, the cell undergoes apoptosis c) An enzyme-catalyzed reversal of the chemical reaction that initially created the altered base d) None of the above
c
What is the third step of tumorigenesis? a.) initiation b.) promotion c.) progression d.) termination
c
What kind of inhibitor is JQ1? A.Inhibitor of a writer of histone lysine acetylation B.Inhibitor of an eraser of histone lysine acetylation C.Inhibitor of a reader of histone lysine acetylation D.Inhibitor of a writer of histone lysine methylation E.Inhibitor of a writer of histone arginine methylation
c
What term is used to describe the state in which telomeres are not long enough to protect DNA end sAnaplastic DNA Prophase dysjunction Subtelomeric DNA None of the above
c
What was the IC50 value of apigenin in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436 cells? a) 20 and 25 uM b) 35 and 38 uM c) 33 and 30uM d) 40 and 37uM
c
When is/was the peak in lung cancer mortality? A. 1990-2000 B. 2050-2060 C. 2020-2030 D. 1980-1990
c
Which cell line would you expect to lose the ability to prevent senescence? A) HEK cells + mutant LT that lacks pRb-inactivating ability B) HEK cells + mutant LT that lacks p53-inactivating ability C) HEK cells with wild type Large T antigen D) None of the above.
c
Which is considered the most fixed/ unchagable component of a cell? A. Cytoplasm B. Actin C. DNA sequence D. Protien
c
Which of the following defines "senescence"? a) the dying of cells b) the constant and unstopping replication of cells c) the nongrowing and viable state of cells
c
Which of the following describes strategies for detecting and removing miscopied nucleotides from the DNA replication process? A) The exonuclease activity of ligases B) RNA polymerases and their proofreading system C) Mismatch repair enzymes D) Apoptotic pathways
c
Which of the following is NOT commonly present at high levels in senescent cells? A. p16INK4A B. p21Cip1 C. SV40 large T antigen D. β-galactosidase enzyme
c
Which of the following is an example of depurination? A chemical bond linking a thymine base to deoxyribose breaks spontaneously An amine group protruding from a cytosine ring is lost. A chemical bond linking an adenine base to deoxyribose breaks spontaneously. A thymine replaces a cytosine. A guanine replaces a thymine.
c
Which of the following is/are needed for the lagging strand synthesis? A. DNA polymerase B. RNA polymerase C. Both D. Neither
c
Which of the inflammatory conditions leads to bronchial carcinoma?a) asbestos b) chronic bronchitis c) silica d) prostatitis
c
Why are nude mice used in research? a. they live long b. they have a strong immune system c. they do not have an immune system d. both a and b
c
______ is when the amine groups that protrude from cysteine, adenine, and guanine rings of the bases are lost. a. depurination b. depyrimidination c. deamination d. transversion
c
________ factors provide directional cues to motile cells rather than mitogenic stimulation a. apoptotic b. growth c. chemotactic d. none of the above
c
the first step in development of almost all sporadic colon carcinomas involves the inactivation of the __________ gene? a. hTERT b. CCND1 c. APC d. CDK4
c
which hexanucleotide sequence is repeated in the "G-rich" strand of telomere DNA? a. 5'-CCCTAA-3' b. 3'-TTAGGG-5' c. 5'-TTAGGG-3' d. 3'-CCCTAA-5'
c
which layer of cells is the site of most of the pathological changes associated with the development of colon carcinomas? a. basal cells b. endothelial cells c. epithelial cells d. none of the above
c
A mega chromosome A. Is formed by chromosomes that have lost their functional telomeres B. Can cause virtually all chromosomes in a cell to fuse into one giant chromosome C. Possesses two or more centromeres D. All of the above
d
Abnormal activation of YAP/TAZ is involved in a. epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) b. metastasis c. tumorigenesis d. all of the above
d
Conditions that have strong effects on cultured cell longevity include: a) Levels of reactive oxygen species b) Types of media cells were grown in c) Levels of CDK expression d) All of the above
d
Crisis in a cell A. Is when a cell reaches the allowed number of replicative doublings B. Can induce senescence in a cell C. Can cause apoptotic death in most cells in a population D. All of the above
d
Fibroblasts avoid senescence through a. expression of SV40 large T oncoprotein b. repression of SV40 large T oncoprotein c. SV40 large T binding to and inactivating p53 d. a and c
d
If one of these factors are missing or inactivated, without which of these can apoptosis still occur? A. p53 B. p16 C. p14 D. All of these factors are necessary for the cell cycle to stop E. All of these factors can be inactivated
d
In TNBC, high YAP/TAZ activity correlates with... a) bioactivities of CSCs b) high-grade histology c) metastasis d) all of the above
d
In early tumor development, the defense mechanism deployed by the tissue includes... a) Depriving tumor cells of growth factors b) depriving tumor cells of adequate oxygen c) depriving tumor cells of the ability to eliminate metabolic waste via the musculature d) All of the above
d
In multicellular organisms, where can most cells be traced back to? a. Virus b. egg c. sperm d. fertilized egg
d
In normal tissues, heterotypic signaling channels depend on the exchange of a. Mitogenic growth factors b. Growth inhibiting signals c. trophic factors d. All of the above
d
In patients with CML, which hematopoietic cell(s) could carry the Ph1 chromosome? A. lymphoid cells B. neutrophils C. granulocytes D. All of the above
d
In what phase of the cell cycle does double-strand DNA breaks get repaired? a) G1 b) S c) G2 d) All of the above
d
PKC-α is activated by binding TPA, which in turn activates multiple signaling pathways to drive proliferation of keratinocytes. Which of the following are major consitutents of these signalling pathways? A) NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors B) MAPK enzyme C) pRB D) A and B E) All of the above
d
Passenger mutations are A) Genes that are not inherited with the functional alleles of the cancer cell genome B) Mutant genes that combat the effects of "driver mutations" C) Mutant genes relevant to the tumor's progression D) mutant genes that are heritable components but have no influence on cancer cell phenotype
d
Phagocytes kill infected cells in part by releasing bursts of a powerful mix of oxidants, including ____ a.) Nitric Oxide (NO) b.) Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) c.) Hypochlorite (OCl-) d. all of the above
d
Ras oncogenes cannot collaborate with a. SV40 Large T oncogene b. mutant p53 gene c. polyoma large T oncogene d. Raf oncogene
d
Select the correct order of the inflammation pathway elicited by TPA treatment. A) PKC-a ->-> TPA -> IKK ->-> INF-kB-> TNF-a -> inflammation B) TPA -> TNF-a ->-> IKK ->-> INF-kB-> PKC-a -> inflammation C) IKK -> PKC-a ->-> TPA ->-> INF-kB-> TNF-a -> inflammation D) TPA -> PKC-a ->-> IKK ->-> INF-kB-> TNF-a -> inflammation
d
Select the correct phrases that make this statement true. When the ras oncogene is strongly expressed in ALT cells amounts of transformed cells emerge. When hTERT expression is forced in the same cells, amounts of transformed cells emerge. A) large, large B) small, small C) large, small D) small, large
d
Select the true statement a) Human cells can be transformed by a pair of oncogenes, while this pair fail to transform rodent cells b) Both human and rodent cells can be transformed by a pair of oncogenes c) Neither human or rodent cells can be transformed by a pair of oncogenes d) Rodent cells can be transformed by a pair of oncogenes, while this pair fail to transform human cells
d
The Ras oncogene has complementary collaborating effects with...? a. Myc b. E1A c. Raf d. A and B e. All of the above
d
The conclusion that tumorigenesis is a multi-step process can lead to what assumptions? A) A sequence of unlikely events is necessary for tumor development B) The events involved in tumorigenesis occur at comparable frequencies C) Duration of exposure is not a factor involved with the formation of tumors D) A and B E) The multi-step process involves only exogenous carcinogens, not spontaneous actions in the body
d
The cytokines released as a manifestation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype include: Cytokines that promote senescence Cytokines that recruit pro-inflammatory cells of the innate immune system Cytokines that promote apoptosis Both A and B
d
The development of malignant neoplasias often rely on the increased self-renewal of cells that is achieved by: a) Decreased differentiation of stem cells b) increased differentiation of stem cells c) increased conversion specifically to highly differentiated cells d) None of the above
d
The formation of mesothelioma and skin cancers is largely dependent on A. Extended exposure to carcinogens B. Repeated exposure to carcinogens C. The age of the individual D. Only A and B E. All of the above
d
The knockdown of TAZ sensitized Triple-Negative breast cancer (NBC) cells to apigenin treatment, with what percent decrease in IC50? A) 10% B) <1% C) The knockdown did TAZ did not sensitize the TNBC cells D) 50-70%
d
The number of doublings exhibited by cultured cells before they reach scenescence is dependent on which of the following? A. The species from which the cells were prepared B. The tissue of origin C. The age of the donor organism D. All of the above
d
The onset of senescence is accompanied by increased expression of which CDK inhibitor(s)? P16ink4A P15ink4B P21cip1 A and C B and C
d
The protein complex that apigenin disrupts in order to reduce the stem cell like activity in TNBC cells is the: a) YAP-TEAD Complex b) TAZ-TEAD Complex c) CTGF-TEAD Complex d) Both a and b e) both b and c
d
The role of p16INK4A is supported by what kinds of experiments? A) Inactivating copies of the p16INK4A gene and studying the escape of senescence. B) Shutting down p16INK4A expression. C) Measuring CDK4 levels D) All of the above.
d
The therapeutic potential of chemotherapeutics are limited by which of the following? a. Considerable toxicity b. The occurrence of therapy resistance c. A lack of durable disease control d. All the Above
d
This class of drugs has been found to aid in the inhibition of tumor progression as it blocks the acitivity of the potent tumor-promoting enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). a. benzodiazepines b. NSAIDs c. tetracyclines d. cholinergic drugs
d
Tumor promoters act trough mechanisms involving___________ a) Cytogens b) Mitogens c) Inflammation d) All of the above
d
What are senescent cells? a. Cells that stop growing after a predetermined number of divisions b. Cells that remain metabolically active but cannot reenter the cell cycle c. Cells that have no telomeres but continue to grow d. A and B e. None of the above
d
What cell lines were used in the Apignenin paper as TNBC models? A) MDA-MB-231 and HEYA8 B) MDA-MB-436 and MDA-MB-231 C) MDA-MB-436 and OVCAR8 D) MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436
d
What cytokeratin(s) is expressed in luminal breast cancer and used to identify the origin in immunofluorescence? a. Cytokeratin 5 b. Cytokeratin 8 c. Cytokeratin 18 d. B and C
d
What does heterotypic signaling depend on? a. Mitogenic growth factors b. Growth inhibitory signals c. Starvation of cells d. A and B e. B and C
d
What is atrophy? a.) loss of energy b.) loss of mass c.) loss of heat d.) loss of cells
d
What is the correct function of the telomerase enzyme? A) Phosphorylate telomeric DNA B) Shorten telomeric DNA C) Methylate telomeric DNA D) Elongate telomeric DNA
d
What is the function of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs)? Link electrophilic compounds to glutathione for detoxification, metabolism, and secretion To detoxify carcinogens To defend the cell against mutagenic carcinogens All the above.
d
What is the likelihood for Americans who live to age 65 to develop non-melanoma skin cancer at least once? A.1% B.15% C.30% D.40-50%
d
What mutagenic process do DNA molecules undergo? a. Replication of DNA sequences by DNA polymerase during the S phase of the cell cycle b. Spontaneous chemical changes within nucleotides c. Attack by various mutagenic agents d. All of the above
d
What procedure can be used to measure telomere length? a. qPCR b. Luciferase assay c. Viability assay d. Gel electrophoresis
d
What strategy is used to protect stem cells from transformation? a. The relative infrequent replication of stem cell DNA b. The placement of stem cells in anatomically protected sites c. The longer telomere length in stem cells d. A and B e. All of the above
d
When using the SRB protein assay to study the effects of apigenin on the proliferation of TNBC cells, it was found that apigenin: a) promoted cell proliferation. b) inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. c) inhibited cell proliferation in a time-dependent manner. d) Both B and C are correct.
d
Which can be considered stromal cells? A. Fibroblasts B. Myofibroblasts C. endothelial cells D. All of the above
d
Which chromosome gene was identified as the p53 tumor suppressor gene? Chromosome 5q21 gene Chromosome 18q14 gene Chromosome 8p18 gene Chromosome 17p13 gene
d
Which gene(s) are the target genes of YAP/TAZ? A. GTGF B. CYR61 C. GAPDH D. Only A and B
d
Which of the following are roles of myofibroblasts? a) enable wound contraction b) stimulate angiogenesis c) Generate abundant stromal ECM d) All of the above
d
Which of the following can the erosion of telomeres cause? a) end-to-end chromosomal fusion b) karyotypic chaos c) cell death d) all of the above
d
Which of the following is NOT an activator of angiogenesis? a) VEGF-A b) FGF1 c) PDGF d) Collagen IV
d
Which of the following is a characteristic of HIF-1a? Sensitive to hypoxia Expression inhibited by hypoxia, therefore inhibiting Snail expression Important upstream regulator of the EMT process Both A and C are correct.
d
Which of the following is a function of myofibroblasts? Enable wound contraction Stimulate angiogenesis Generate stromal ECM all of the above
d
Which of the following is a result of a microsatellite instability mutation? Expansion of the microsatellite repeat sequence Contraction of the microsatellite sequence Partial or complete deletion of the microsatellite sequence Both a and b
d
Which of the following is true regarding the Lgr5 protein? A) The protein is a useful marker for identifying stem cells B) The protein can be located in the small intestine crypts C) Lgr5 presence indicates cells capable of self-renewal D) All of the above
d
Which of the following terms best describes the state of having both alleles mutate into a loss-of-function mutant Hemizygous Mutoheterozygous Mutohomozygous Nullizygous
d
Which of the following treatments can MeV successfully combine with? a. Radiotherapy b. systemic immunotherapies c. chemotherapy d. all of the above
d
Which oncogene pair is associated with Rat Schwann cells? a.) src + myc b.) raf + myc c.) v-sea + v-ski d.) ras + SV40 large T
d
Which oncogene pair is associated with rat fibroblasts? a.) ras + myc b.) bcl-2 + myc c.) none of the above d.) all of the above
d
Which pair makes up the 2 subunits of the telomerase holoenzyme?RNA polymerase and a DNA template Reverse transcriptase and a protease RNA polymerase and an RNA template Reverse transcriptase and an RNA template
d
Which protein is responsible for the active excretion of florescent dye molecules used in drug studies? A. Abl B. BCL2 C. CD36 D. Mdr1
d
Why are differentiated epithelial cells vulnerable to damage? A) They often line walls of cavities containing toxic material B) Epithelial cells are scattered throughout the extracellular matrix, not closely packed together C) Fecal contents and highly corrosive bile can damage epithelial cells D) A and C
d
Wild type MeV use which receptors to enter immune cells? A. CD150 B. SLAMF1 C. PVRL4 D. A and B
d
_____ play a major role in attracting blood vessels to tumors. VEGF PDGF Angiogenin All of the above factors
d
a(n) ______ is a replacement of a purine by a pyrimidine a. isobase b. duplication c. mismatch repair d. transversion
d
in normal tissues, these heterotypic signaling channels do not depend on the exchange of what? a. mitogenic growth factors b. growth inhibitory signals c. trophic factors d. it depends on all of these
d
what is correct about telomeres? a. theyre located at the end of chromosomes b. theyre located at the center of the chromosomes c. they prevent end to end fusion of chromosomes d. both a and c e. both b and c f. none of the above
d
what is true of the basement membrane? a. assembled by proteins secreted by the epithelial cells and stromal cells b. in epithelial organs, it forms part of the ECM c. epithelial cells are anchored to it d. all of the above
d
During epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) epithelial cells lose _________? a. cell polarity b. cell to cell junction c. nothing d. the ability to grow e. both a and b
e
Select the correct tumor promoters and their associated sites of action. A) Estrogen; endometrium B) Estrogen/progesterone; breast C) Testosterone; prostate D) Chronic ulcerative colitis; esophagus E) A, B, C F) All of the above
e
Senescent cells A. Are metabolically active B. Are in active cell cycle C. Are unable to re-enter the active cell cycle D. All of the above E. Only A and C
e
What cellular respiratory circuits must be changed before human cells can grow in immunocompromised mice? a. The mitogenic signaling pathway must be controlled by Ras b. The cell cycle checkpoint must be controlled by pRb c. The alarm pathway must be controlled by p53 d. The telomere maintenance pathway must be controlled by hTERT e. All of the above
e
What happens if the gene encoding VEGF is selectively deleted from the islet cells through genetic engineering? a. The islets survive b. The early steps of tumor progression proceed normally c. The angiogenic switch is never tripped d. A and C e. All of the above
e
What pro-inflammatory cytokines do senescent cells release? a. Several interleukins b. IGFBPs c. TGF-B d. B and C e. All of the above
e
Which of the following is not a cancer-causing mechanism? A) Inactivation of APC gene on chromosome 5q B) K-ras mutations C) LOH on chromosome 17p involving p53 D) LOH on chromosome 18q E) Activation of the type II TGF-B receptor
e
Which of the following sequences would be blocked by the mismatch repair system? A. AAAAAAAA B. AGCTATCG C. AGAGAGAG D. All of the above E. Only A and C
e
Which oncogenes can the ras oncogene collaborate with in cell transformation? SV40 large T oncogene Mutant p53 gene Myc oncogene polyoma large T oncogene All of the above
e
Why were MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436 cells used to investigate the functions and mechanisms of Apigenin on TNBC cells? a. Cell lines under express TAZ b. Cell lines over express TAZ c. Cell lines possess a high number of CD44+/CD24- cells d. A and C e. C and B
e
Which factors stimulate lymphangiogenesis? a) VEGF-A b) VEGF-B c) VEGF-C d) VEGF-D e) A and B f) C and D
f
CMMRD can be avoided by finding a partner who has no Lynch prevalence family history.
false
T/F: The expression level of the Ras oncogene is a key factor in either inducing cell proliferation or senescence. Low expression of this oncogene leads to senescence and high expression results in proliferation.
false
True or False: It is possible to accuratley determine the amount of growth/ division cycles cell lineages of the human body pass through?
false
True or False: Mutagens that are the least potent are called alkylating agents.
false
True or False: The copies of DPC4/MADH4 are present in all copies of all colon cancers.
false
True or False: Tumor cells replicate exponentially
false
True or False: base-excision repair (BER) repairs lesions in that DNA that derive from exogenous agents.
false
True or False? Deuterium (2H) can be used for autoradiography.
false
True or False? Knockdown of Gli-1 expression mitigates the hypoxia-enhanced EMT process but not invasion of breast cancer cells.
false
True or False? Long telomeres explain aspects of tumorigenesis and aging in laboratory mice? a.) True b.) False
false
True or False? Lysosomes are cytoplasmic bodies that are involved in the oxidation of various cellular constituents, notably lipids.
false
True or False? The NER system is only one way by which cells deal with methylated bases
false
True or false. Inflammation can only have mitogenic consequences, not mutagenic.
false
True or false: When human mammary epithelial cells are propagated in a standard medium, their entrance into the senescent state can be postponed for many weeks. True False
false
True or false: p53, when induced, acts in a cytostatic fashion to accelerate cell proliferation
false
True or false? In human colon cancer, there is only one pathway of gene alterations that cause tumor progression. a. True b. False
false
true or false: chromosomal breakage, fusion and bridge formation occur when telomeres become longer
false
In about 1 of every 5 breast cancers, the cancer cells have extra copies of the gene that makes the HER2 protein. A. True B. False
true
T/F: Cells lacking MSH2 and MLH1 mismatch proteins cannot recognize damage from alkylating mutagens that would normally induce apoptosis.
true
T/F: Senesce is as affective as apoptosis in preventing cells from contributing further to tumorigenesis.
true
TRUE OR FALSE: Transient-amplifying cells create the bulk of mitotic activity in many tissues
true
The immune infiltration of tumors is closely related to clinical outcomes. The composition of tumor-infiltrating immune cells can serve as biomarkers for predicting response to treatment since the immune infiltrates have anti-tumor functions.
true
True or False. A holoenzyme is assembled from multiple subunits that collaborate to mediate enzymatic activity.
true
True or False. Cell immortalization appears to be required for the development of all human cancers.
true
True or False. Complete carcinogens function as both initiators and promoters of tumorigenesis.
true
True or False. Display of the Fas death receptor on endothelial cells has been found to be suppressed once they have formed mature capillaries and retreated into quiescence.
true
True or False. E-cadherin expression is suppressed in epithelial cells that are situated around edges of a wound site.
true
True or False. Increased efficacy of MeV in combination with Geldanamycin (GA) was caused by GA-induced inactivation of RhoA and the following downstream dysregulation of cytoskeletal dynamics, transcriptional processes, and cell cycle progression.
true
True or False. Mismatch repair enzymes monitor recently synthesized DNA to detect miscopied sequences that have been overlooked by the DNA polymerase proofreading mechanism.
true
True or False. Tumors with the K-ras oncogene rarely have mutant p53.
true
True or False: 0.2mm is the distance that oxygen can effectively diffuse through living tissues.
true
True or False: Embryonic stem cells are the only type of wild-type cells that are tumorigenic
true
True or False: Histones serve to decrease our risk of cancer by contributing to DNA repair
true
True or False: Hypomethylation can cause widespread chromosomal instabililty
true
True or False: In a oncogene collaboration the first oncogene encodes a cytoplasmic oncoprotein while the second oncogene encode a nuclear oncoprotein
true
True or False: MeV did not interfere with the pharmacological function of resminostat as an HDAC inhibitor.
true
True or False: Single stranded DNA are between 100- to 1000-fold more vulnerable to mutations then corresponding bases in double stranded DNA.
true
True or False: Telomeres act like a protective shield to prevent the end to end fusion of chromosomal DNA molecules
true
True or False: The cell that has exited the stem cell state is often termed a progenitor cell
true
True or False: The deamination of 5-methylcytosine represents a major source of point mutations in human DNA
true
True or False: glioblastoma patients that maintain telomeres through the ALT mechanism survive longer than patients whose tumors rely on hTERT.
true
True or False: is hTERT a catalytic subunit
true
True or False? Centromeres are specialized chromosomal structures that become attached during meiosis to the fibers of the mitotic spindle? a.) True b.) False
true
True or False? HeLa stand for Henrietta Lacks, the name of the patient they were taken from.
true
True or False? The aim of oncolytic immunotherapy is to increase the immune system's anti-tumor response, as well as to antagonize the immunosuppressive TME? a.) true b.) false
true
True or False? The mismatch repair system is important when sequences carry repeats of one nucleotide.
true
True or False? Within a given tumor mass, different subclones will carry distinct sets of genetic alterations? a.) true b.) false
true
True or False? YAP/TAZ is required to sustain self-renewal of cancer stem cells.
true
True or false. Cells undergoing chromosomal breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycles would normally be inactivated by p53 induced apoptosis.
true
True or false: DNA polymease borrow sequence information from second chromosome on order to incorporate it into the newly synthesized copy of the first chromosome.
true
True or false: MMR enzymes monitor recently synthesized DNA in order to detect miscopied DNA sequences that have been overlooked by the proofreading mechanisms of the DNA polymerase.
true
True or false: endogenous mutagens make greater contributions than exogenous mutagens to genome mutation.
true
True or false: mutant ras and B-raf oncogenes are never found together in the same colonic polyps.
true
True or false? Engineering a target of oncolytic MeV can either take place at entry level, or post-entry level.
true
True or false? Repeated exposures of initiated cells and localized proliferation is encouraged by a promoter agent, ultimately leading to "progression" to a malignant state.
true
True or false? The process of depurination involves the spontaneous breaking of a bond between a purine base and deoxyribose.
true
True or false? Transit amplifying cells can revert back to stem cells when the stem cell pool has been reduced.
true
VEGF can be produced by tumor cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and stromal cells. A. True B. False
true
true or false: Measels Virus (MeV) causes more than 100,000 deaths per year worldwide
true
true or false: a high rate of LOH in a particular chromosomal region provides strong indication this region harbors a tumor suppressor gene
true
true or false: in epithelial tissues, the ECM separates the epithelial cells from the stroma
true
true or false: myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), is a hyperproliferative disorder of the bone marrow that often results in acute myelogeneous leukemia (AML)
true