Behavior-Based Motivation Theories Quiz MOB

Motivation =

(E-->P Expectancy) x [(P-->O Expectancy) x Valence]

What are work outcomes?

Compensation for individual's contribution to employment exchange

What is E-->P Expectancy?

Depends on the employees belief that a given level of effort will lead to the desired level of performance

What three factors according to expectancy theory do you need to provide motivation?

E-->P Expectancy, P-->O Expectancy, and valence

What is P-->O expectancy generated for?

Each potential work outcome that can be extrinsic or intrinsic

What does the perception of inequity cause?

Employee tension, emotion and motivation

What response with result in a perception of equity?

Employees will produce satisfaction due to no motivation to restore equity leading the employee increasing productivity

What are examples of behavior-based theories of motivation?

Equity Theory, Expectancy Theory, Reinforcement Theory, and Goal-Setting Theory

Equity theory is when...

Individuals are motivated by their desire to be fairly treated in work relationships (fairness = _____)

How is equity determined in the workplace?

Individuals will compare their own employment exchange with that of some referent other (coworker or management)

What is the catch with reinforcement theory?

Managers must be careful to ensure that employee's experience managers' reactions to employee performance as intended (reward or punishment)

What are examples of needs-based theories of motivation?

Maslow's Need Hierarchy, ERG Theory, and Two-Factor Theory.

How many valid theories are there of motivation in MOB?

More than 10

Will a valence be the same for every outcome and person?

No, it will differ across employees and across time depending on the situation

What is expectancy theory?

People choose among alternative forms of behavior based on the expected outcomes of the behavior.

What is a reinforcement schedule?

Speaks to the frequency and pattern of reinforcement and different ones serve different purposes

Goal Setting Theory: SMART goals

Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Time-Related

Christine Grace Theory: SMART goals

Specific Measurable Actionable Realistically difficult Time-Related

What are behavior-based theories of motivation based on?

The premise that managers can promote or inhibit certain behaviors in employees by creating conditions that support or deter those behaviors.

What is reinforcement theory?

The same as expectancy theory, people choose among alternative forms of behavior based on the expected outcomes of the behavior.

Overpayment vs. Underpayment

The threshold fo recognizing overpayment is higher than that for recognizing underpayment due to overpayment being easier to rationalize compared to underpayment.

What does contingency theory support?

There is no "one best theory" for all people or all situations (different theories explain different people's motivation)

How do mangers support the contingency theory?

They do not limit themselves to only one motivational approach when inspiring motivation from others

What happens after certain needs are satisfied?

This develops other unfulfilled need.

How are people motivated by the challenge to achieve difficult goals?

When these objectives are set for an employee, the proper tools are provided to accomplish those objectives and positive feedback is given, the employee feels satisfaction with the performance and the reward

What does employment exchange equal?

Work Outcomes/Work Inputs (O/I)

Are the determinants of P-->O expectancy the same as E-->P expectancy?

Yes work situation, communication from others, past experiences in similar situations.

Reinforcement schedule: -continuous reinforcement

a reward is given for each correct response, excellent for teaching new behaviors.

Reinforcement schedule: -Intermittent reinforcement

a reward is given only for a specific correct response every-time, or the reward is given after a number of correct responses

Examples of work inputs...

ability, skills, experience, education, effort, time, etc.

What are primary needs?

aid in safety and survival (physiological)

What are secondary needs?

aid social and personal development (psychological)

What are work inputs?

an individual's contribution to employment exchange

Perception of inequity: underpayment tension --> _____ --> ________________________

anger --> motivation to restore equity

What is positive punishment?

application of unfavorable consequence

According to reinforcement theory, people are motivated to...

begin/continue behavior that was previously reinforced (rewarded), or stop behavior that was previously punished (or ignored)

How is motivation determined?

by the calculation of the value of expected outcomes

What are the possible means of restoring equity?

change personal inputs and outcomes, attempt to change inputs or outcomes of referent other, cognitively reevaluate own or other's ration, then last, leave the job

In behavior-based theories of motivation, conditions that support productivity include:

clearly defined tasks, tools to aid getting the job done, clearly communicated expectations, reward and recognition for performance

Motivation

drive or willingness to start, continue, or stop behavior

What is valence associated with in expectancy theory?

each potential performance outcome could be positive or negative

What is the element of effective goal setting referring to goal acceptance/commitment?

employee acquiring of a goal is necessary for improved performance

What is P-->O Expectancy?

employee's belief that the desired level of performance will lead to a given outcome

What does avoidance do?

encourages employees to stay away from unwanted behavior

Employment exchange outcome: (Self) O/I = O/I (referent) ==>

equity

Expectancy =

estimated probability of occurrence (a person's belief)

According to Behavior-Based theories of motivation, motivation is primarily ______ meaning is is _____ a person.

extrinsic; outside

What are the impacts of effective goal setting on motivation?

focuses employee attention, fosters development of strategies and action plans, allows employee to regulate efforts, and increases employee persistance

What is the element of effective goal setting referring to goal difficulty?

goal should be moderately difficult, challenge is the key

What is the element of effective goal setting referring to goal specificity?

goal should be unambiguous and quantifiable

What are the elements of effective goal setting?

goal specificity, goal difficulty, goal acceptance/commitment, employee participation in goal setting, and feedback on progress towards goal

What are examples of secondary needs in the workplace?

good relationships with management and co-workers, achievement, and power

Perception of inequity: overpayment tension --> _____ --> __________________________

guilt --> motivation to restore equity

What is the element of effective goal setting referring to employee participation in goal setting?

indirectly aids in improving performance by facilitating goal acceptance

How is motivation viewed in regards to Goal Setting Theory?

intrinsic, it comes from within employees themselves having the challenge to try to accomplish goals

According to Needs-based motivation theories, motivation is ______ meaning it is _____ a person.

intrinsic; within

According to expectancy theory people will be...

motivated to put forth a higher level of effort when they believe their efforts will result in higher performance (thus better rewards)

What does Equity Theory, Expectancy Theory, and Reinforcement Theory have in common?

motivation is viewed as extrinsic, meaning it is influenced by factors outside the employee

Examples of negative reinforcement?

no longer being nagged by boss, getting off probation, being removed from an unpleasant assignment

What are examples of negative punishment?

no pay raise, removal of privileges

In the employment exhange analysis, what is the referent other?

others in the same organization, others in different organizations, historical self, collective bargaining, agreement with boss

employment exchange =

outcomes/inputs (O/I)

Employment exchange outcome: (Self) O/I > O/I (referent) ==>

overpayment inequity

Examples of positive reinforcement?

pay raises, bonuses, promotions, awards, public recognition

Examples of work outcomes...

pay, benefits, status, recognition, personal growth, etc.

Every human being has innate needs. What are needs?

physiological or psychological insufficiencies that provoke some form of behavior

What is the element of effective goal setting referring to feedback on progress toward goal?

provides information regarding whether employee is "on track" or needs to adjust focus, effort, or strategies

An employee is removed from a given job because s/he does not do it well?

punishment (but can also be an award based on the employee)

What is negative punishment?

removal of favorable consequence

What does extinction do?

removing the reinforcement, a employee's behavior gradually decreases over time

What are examples of positive punishment?

reprimand, being put on probation, pay cut, or demotion

An employee is given additional responsibilities in recognition of good performance?

reward (but can also be a punishment based on the employee)

What are examples of primary needs in the workplace?

safe working conditions, job security, healthcare

What are factors that perceived as work inputs and outcomes?

seniority, responsibility

What are the determinants for valence towards an outcome?

the ability of an outcome to satisfy needs, and the equity (fairness) of the outcome

What is positive reinforcement?

the application of a favorable consequence

What is negative reinforcement?

the removal of unfavorable consequence

What is the valence element of expectancy theory?

the value an employee places on each performance outcome

According to reinforcement theory, what does avoidance and extinction have in common

they use reinforcement to encourage desired behavior as alternative

Why is punishment used according to reinforcement theory?

to decrease frequency of undesirable behavior (2 types)

Why is avoidance used according to reinforcement theory?

to decrease frequency of undesirable behavior, sets forth negative consequences (positive or negative punishment)

Why is extinction used according to reinforcement theory?

to decrease the frequency of behavior, ignores previously reinforced behavior (avoidance) and withdraws reinforcement (negative punishment) from previously reinforced behavior

What is reinforcement used for according to reinforcement theory?

to increase frequency of desired behavior (2 types)

Employment exchange outcome: (Self) O/I < O/I (referent) ==>

underpayment inequity

Employees are motivated by _________ ______ in order to satisfy their overall human needs.

unfulfilled needs

What are the determinants of E-->P expectancy?

work situation (role perception), communication from others, employee traits (knowledge, skill and abilities), and past experiences in similar situations