Behavior Change EPER 222

You come into a room filled with people who are different from you and immediately begin to feel anxious. The antecedent for this emotional behavior is most likely found in your: A. Belief system about people who are different from you. B. Self image and ego. C. Some environmental cue. D. In something someone says to you.

A. Belief system about people who are different from you.

You are starting an exercise program, and have gone to the gym three times a week for 3 weeks. Which stage of change are you in? a. Pre-contemplative stage Contemplative stage Preparation stage Action stage Maintenance

Action stage

Cheating, receiving your movie tickets even when you failed to meet your goal for exercise that week, is likely to be caused by using movie tickets if they hold a disproportionately high value in comparison to your desire to exercise. selection of an exercise goal that is unrealistic for you. selection of a partner who likes to go to the movies but doesn't care whether you exercise or not. All of the above.

All of the above.

You have been thinking about quitting smoking as you are tired of spending so much money on cigarettes. Which stage are you considered to be in? A. Pre-contemplative stage B. Contemplative stage C. Action stage D. Maintenance Stage

B. Contemplative stage

An individual who decides to stop eating sugar solely by exerting their brute will power is illustrating the ___________ theory of self-direction. A. Explanation by Environment B. Explanation by Personal C. Explanation by Person/Situation Interaction D. Explanation by Person/Situation non-Interaction

B. Explanation by Personal

Finding a new location to meditate, when you a have had trouble meditating in your dorm room in the past, is an example of the arranging of new antecedents through: A. building new stimulus control B. new stimulus generation to expand antecedents C. thought substitution D. programming the consequences

B. new stimulus generation to expand antecedents

Which of the following statements best illustrates flexible optimism? A. CSU-Pueblo will never develop more women's sports programs. B. CSU-Pueblo can add as many women's sports programs as they want to. C. CSU-Pueblo can increase the number of women's sports programs if they increase fund raising. D. CSU-Pueblo is not likely to be able to increase women's sports programs because they have limited financial resources.

C. CSU-Pueblo can increase the number of women's sports programs if they increase fund raising.

You want to improve your self efficacy regarding the ability to quit smoking. Which of the skills/tactics is least likely to be helpful? A. A level of smoking reduction you believe you have some control over. B. Separating past smoking mistakes from present behavior. C. Challenging yourself by immediately going to bars, your most common place to smoke in the past. D. Focusing on any smoking reduction, even just a few cigarettes per day, as success. E. Separating how smoking makes you feel emotionally from the behavior of smoking.

C. Challenging yourself by immediately going to bars, your most common place to smoke in the past.

An effective seat belt behavior measurement tool will be: A. Simple to use. B. Accessible when behavior occurs. C. Records the appropriate information. D. All three are correct.

C. Records the appropriate information.

You have decided to stop biting your nails. A period of self-observation of your current nail biting behavior, prior to attempting to change it, is likely to achieve all but which of the following? more accurately evaluate your how often you bite your nails now. learn more about the factors that influence biting your nails. More clearly discern how much actual bite your nails. Cause you to start biting your nails more.

Cause you to start biting your nails more.

You have decided to start wearing your seat belt more often. A period of self-observation of your current seat belt wearing behavior, prior to attempting to change it, is likely to achieve all but which of the following? A. More accurately evaluate your how often you wear your seat belt now. B. Learn more about the environmental factors that influence wearing your seat belt. C. Establish a current base line for wearing your seat belt as a basis for successful goal setting. D. Start wearing your seat belt consistently without further need for modification of environmental factors.

D. Start wearing your seat belt consistently without further need for modification of environmental factors.

Spending time around someone who cues you to feel calm is an example of what type of antecedent stimulus generation or control? A. programming the physical environment B. new stimulus generation to expand antecedents C. thought substitution D. programming the social environment

D. programming the social environment

In a self regulated behavior model, the standard is represented by: A. the emotional response to a behavior B. the consequences C. the antecedents D. the desired occurrence of the target behavior

D. the desired occurrence of the target behavior

Which of the following least illustrates the concept of using self-direction skills to seek adjustment and happiness? Desire to be lose weight coupled with starting a regular exercise program. Desire to be make friends coupled with the development of people greeting skills. Desire to achieve high grades coupled with a disproportionate emphasis on athletics. Desire to be independent coupled with obtaining regular employment.

Desire to achieve high grades coupled with a disproportionate emphasis on athletics.

An individual who believes they cannot quit smoking because they are entirely controlled by situations and people around them is illustrating the ___________ theory of self-direction. Explanation by Environment Explanation by Personal Explanation by Person/Situation Interaction Explanation by Person/Situation non-Interaction

Explanation by Environment

The individual, among the following, most likely to be successful in sustaining an exercise program is the one who: Finds a way to reward himself by working with a personal trainer Relies solely on will power to get to the gym. Attempts to begin exercise without instruction or support. Punishes himself for not exercising through self-recrimination (self hate).

Finds a way to reward himself by working with a personal trainer

According to the text, happiness consists of three elements: Having frequent positive emotions, having infrequent negative emotions, feeling satisfied with your life. Having frequent positive emotions, not having negative emotions, feeling satisfied with your life. Have frequent positive emotions, reaching all our goals, being satisfied with your life. Having infrequent negative emotions, reaching all of your goals, feeling elated.

Having frequent positive emotions, having infrequent negative emotions, feeling satisfied with your life.

You want to study more. Which of the following statements would be most effective in identifying a specific behavior for change? I want to study more. I want to study 1 hour per day . I want to complete one chapter of reading each night. I want to review and understand each of the chapter and lecture objectives for one lecture each week by studying for at least 1 hour per day.

I want to review and understand each of the chapter and lecture objectives for one lecture each week by studying for at least 1 hour per day.

Long term self-modification involves all of the following except: Expect that old habits may return. Learn from your mistakes. Never be satisfied until your reach your original goal. Sometimes you can be content with something different than the original goal.

Never be satisfied until your reach your original goal.

You have started exercising to lose weight but want to maintain your friendships with several friends people who overeat. Which of the following actions is least likely to be helpful in this process? Not telling your friends that you've started exercising so they won't bother you about it. Trying to meet your friends at another location instead of the cafeteria. Focusing on the negative aspects of fattening foods at the cafeteria. Focusing on your long-term goal of being healthier and living longer.

Not telling your friends that you've started exercising so they won't bother you about it.

You have started exercising to lose weight but want to maintain your friendships with several friends people who overeat. Which of the following actions is least likely to be helpful in this process? Not telling your friends that you've started exercising so they won't bother you about it. Trying to meet your friends at another location instead of the cafeteria. Focusing on the negative aspects of fattening foods at the cafeteria. Focusing on your long-term goal of being healthier and living longer. 0.

Not telling your friends that you've started exercising so they won't bother you about it.

Suppose you have increased your studying to a new, satisfying level, but after a few months notice that hit is dropping back to the old level. This is a problem with: Observation. Planning. Reinforcement. Maintenance. Transfer.

Observation.

Which of the following is not accurate in the principles of transfer? Our personality is the most important factor in transferability. A newly learned behavior will not automatically transfer. We must practice a behavior in different situations to assure transfer. Obstacles to transfer often occur.

Our personality is the most important factor in transferability.

Assuming a person wanted to control stress through self-direction by developing skills in stress management, the individual most likely to be successful would: Read about relaxation breathing. Learn the technique of relaxation breathing. Practice the technique of relaxation breathing. Practice the technique of relaxation breathing in a variety of situations.

Practice the technique of relaxation breathing in a variety of situations.

Bob decides to quit smoking because his father has died recently from a smoking related disease. He knows that he smokes 20 cigarettes daily and decides to cut this down to 10 as his first goal. He also decides to chew a piece of nicotine gum as a replacement behavior for smoking. Which of the following should Bob also do to improve his chances of success. Selects a behavior he is highly motivated to change. Defines that behavior as precisely as possible. Observes the behavior before initiating change. Provide rewards for the new behavior as it occurs.

Provide rewards for the new behavior as it occurs.

Bob decides to quit smoking because his father has died recently from a smoking related disease. He knows that he smokes 20 cigarettes daily and decides to cut this down to 10 as his first goal. He also decides to chew a piece of nicotine gum as a replacement behavior for smoking. Which of the following should Bob also do to improve his chances of success. Selects a behavior he is highly motivated to change. Defines that behavior as precisely as possible. Observes the behavior before initiating change. Provide rewards for the new behavior as it occurs.

Provide rewards for the new behavior as it occurs.

Which of the following statements best illustrates flexible optimism? The Denver Broncos will win the Super Bowl. The Denver Broncos will not win the Super Bowl. The Denver Broncos can win the Super Bowl if they are able to keep injuries to a minimum and develop a strong running game. The Denver Broncos won't win the Super Bowl because they have a weak running game and many injured players.

The Denver Broncos can win the Super Bowl if they are able to keep injuries to a minimum and develop a strong running game.

You are playing basketball on a team and the coach blows a whistle signaling the need for a team meeting. Everyone comes in to the coach, where upon he says good work?. Match the following components of the operant behavior model to respective actions in the example. A The Whistle C The coaches response. B Athletes coming in to meet A Antecedent B Behavior C Consequence

The Whistle - Antecedent Athletes coming in to meet - Behavior The coaches response - Consequence

Factors that increase the reliability and validity of nail biting measurements include all but which of the following: defining nail biting recording every occurrence of nail biting recording the occurrence as soon as possible after it happens. The decrease in nail biting due to the reactive effect.

The decrease in nail biting due to the reactive effect.

You are currently addicted to nicotine as a result of smoking two packs of cigarettes per day. You are looking for a replacement behavior for smoking. You choose the use of a nicotine patch (delivers nicotine through the skin/capillaries). Which characteristic is contributing most to this being an effective behavior replacement choice. The use of a nicotine patch carries reinforcement comparable to smoking. The use of a nicotine patch will directly change your current perceptions about smoking. The use of nicotine patch is incompatible with smoking. The use of a nicotine patch creates a punishment for smoking.

The use of a nicotine patch carries reinforcement comparable to smoking.

Suppose you have been able to quit smoking at work, but are unable to avoid smoking when with friends. This is a problem with: Observation. Planning. Reinforcement. Maintenance. Transfer.

Transfer.

We must practice a behavior in different situations to assure transfer. True False

True

An athlete on the team arrives late for practice. Consequently you require him to complete maintenance task for the team such as cleaning the equipment room. This is an example of: positive reinforcement negative reinforcement Type I punishment Type II punishment

Type I punishment

Your child kicks the cat. Consequently you apply a time out thereby removing his freedom temporarily. This is an example of: positive reinforcement negative reinforcement Type I punishment Type II punishment

Type II punishment

Building resistance to extinction would: Stop self-modification and rely on will power. Continue the same schedule for reinforcement. Use an intermittent reinforcement schedule. none of the above

Use an intermittent reinforcement schedule.

All of the following are natural reinforcements except: Having more energy after you lose weight. Watching TV after studying. Being able to run faster after you maintain an exercise program. Getting into graduate school after you get good grades.

Watching TV after studying.

After identifying the environmental factors that contribute to nail biting through observation, future success in avoiding nail biting will result from your: ability to measure how often nail biting is occuring. ability to reward avoiding nail biting. ability to establish a cue for avoiding nail biting. a combination of all of the above.

a combination of all of the above.

A potential reactive effect in your nail biting project will be associated with: a decrease in biting nails as a result of observation. an increase in biting nails as a result of observation. no change in biting your nails as a result of observation.

a decrease in biting nails as a result of observation.

A structured diary, created to observe nail biting, will be the most successful in helping you to create change in nail biting if it includes: a measure of how frequently you bite your nails. a measure of how intensely you bight your nails a notation of each occurrence of biting your nails, listing possible antecedents and possible consequences.

a notation of each occurrence of biting your nails, listing possible antecedents and possible consequences.

You are trying to start exercising, yet one day you get distracted and fail to go to the gym. This mistake is: reflective of your inherent lack of willpower. to be avoided at all costs. a result of a mismatch between your current skills regarding this behavior and the current environment. reflective of environmental influences you can't change.

a result of a mismatch between your current skills regarding this behavior and the current environment.

The most effective overall tool for describing the occurrence of an emotional response such as depression would be: a rating scale. a structured diary. a structured diary with a rating scale.

a structured diary with a rating scale.

Once you are in the maintenance stage of behavior change, how should you deal with challenging situations? Create a plan for challenging situation. Develop coping skills for high risk situations. List challenging situations and rate your confidence level. all are correct.

all are correct.

Reasons to not punish yourself for watching TV as a mechanism by which you increase your exercise behavior include: creates little motivation for adopting exercise. focuses only on the removal of TV watching behavior. if the punishment is not effective in reducing TV watching, it strengthens the behavior you are trying to reduce. all of the above

all of the above

Humans typically identify life goals in which of the following areas? experiencing positive emotions such as relaxation and happiness. maintaining positive self-evaluations (self image). feeling connection and acceptance by others. being physically active and energetic. all of the above are correct.

all of the above are correct.

An effective behavior measurement tool will be: simple to use. accessible when the behavior occurs. records the necessary information to determine baseline behavioral patterns. all of the above.

all of the above.

Elements of successful behavior change plans include: goals and sub-goals use of formal observation tools means of getting feeback to evaluate progress all of the above.

all of the above.

Relapse in undesired behavior occurs when: we lack effective coping response for high risk situations we interpret mistakes as failures rule violation effect comes into play all of the above.

all of the above.

You are trying to improve your ability to take tests calmly and find yourself saying "This test is too hard." Successful strategies to overcome this problem might include: planning to say to yourself "I have taken tests successfully in the past". focusing on calming thoughts or images. reviewing your past record of successful tests to change your belief. all of the above. none of the above.

all of the above.

You decide to use the Premack principle to reinforce you exercise behavior. This would be best illustrated by selecting which of the following means of reinforcement for desired behavior: receiving money that you set aside and put in someone else's control. receiving acknowledgement of your improving fitness from friends as a result of exercising. allowing yourself to engage in watching TV as a result of completing your exercise. punishing yourself with self-recriminations for watching TV when you "should" be exercising.

allowing yourself to engage in watching TV as a result of completing your exercise.

Key points for the successful use of visualization include all but which of the following: use only positive images and self statements regarding performance. always practice with no distraction. create a clear picture of successful performance of the target behavior. plan to practice systematically (on a regular basis).

always practice with no distraction.

To achieve mastery in the basic skills of karate, ultimately the most effective practice scenario will be: modeling the techniques presented by the instructor. using visualization to practice the techniques. applying the techniques with a partner in a controlled practice setting. applying the techniques in a real world setting such as sparring (controlled combat).

applying the techniques in a real world setting such as sparring (controlled combat).

Your child comes home from school telling jokes. He has most likely learned this behavior by: respondent conditioning. association of a positive reinforcing consequence with a antecedent and its matched behavior. association of a punishing consequence with a given behavior. all of the above

association of a positive reinforcing consequence with a antecedent and its matched behavior.

The best example of an irrational belief system leading to an inappropriate behavioral response is: responding to a teachers question with your own thoughts. hitting someone who has deliberately shoved you. assuming that you a poor student if you do poorly on a single quiz. feeling sad when a pet dies.

assuming that you a poor student if you do poorly on a single quiz.

How long should you gather your baseline data? as long as you think. for at least a week. until you determine your baseline and patterns in behavior. at least a week but you should continue until you can determine your baseline and patterns in behavior.

at least a week but you should continue until you can determine your baseline and patterns in behavior.

Concentrating on warmth and heaviness most closely resembles: yoga breathing progressive muscle relaxation autogenics meditation

autogenics

You want to stop going to bars so that you will not drink alcohol. You are least likely to change your perception of the bar as an antecedent for consuming alcohol by: replacing negative self-talk with positive self-talk regarding your ability to not drink. avoiding the bar completely. attending to only those aspects of the bar that are annoying, such as the smoke in the room. thinking about the bar as a cold dreary place populated by alcoholics versus a warm cheery place populated by fun seekers.

avoiding the bar completely.

A rating scale would be most applicable in the measurement of: becoming anxious. exercising. drinking beers. watching television.

becoming anxious.

Self-direction regarding one's own behavior most requires: ambivalence will power money behavior change skills

behavior change skills

The stage in behavior development in which internal self talk becomes the controlling element in behavior is: behavior regulation by others behavior regulation by self automated behavior not self regulated behavior

behavior regulation by self

Effective means of dealing with high risk behaviorial situations include: avoiding them building skills to deal with them both are correct none of the above.

both are correct

You want to improve your self efficacy regarding the ability to change habits (behaviors) you wish you didn't have. Which of the skills/tactics is least likely to be helpful? separating your emotional response from your behavior. separating past mistakes from present behavior. picking a target behavior you believe you have some control over. challenging yourself in the most difficult situations first. focusing only on the outcomes.

challenging yourself in the most difficult situations first.

The least important consideration in using a the nail biting structured diary is to: record entries immediately to remember important details. changing the definition of nail biting once it is established. record entries long enough to establish a baseline and determine controlling factors. use the entries to figure out the basis for your behavior.

changing the definition of nail biting once it is established.

Which of the following behaviors would likely be most effective in replacing the habit of smoking? eating a snack whistling a happy tune chewing nicotine gum stretching

chewing nicotine gum

You engage in a strategy of risk taking versus playing the odds in playing card games. This rarely results in winning. The reinforcement for this negative behavior may not be obvious because: winning with the strategy only occurs intermittedly, but is very rewarding when it does occur. you engage in this behavior to avoid having to stay in the game and be late, hence getting punished by your spouse. could be a or b. none of the above are plausible.

could be a or b.

You want to start an exercise program so that you can release weight. Among the following, the best skill/tactic to help you with achieving this goal would be to: create a self contract to exercise with another person important to you after you have observed yourself. keep your exercise program private until you reach your goal weight. stick to your original exercise program regardless of setbacks. focus primarily on how important is to reach an ideal weight you've pre-established.

create a self contract to exercise with another person important to you after you have observed yourself.

You decide to start an exercise program. Currently you watch TV instead of exercising. Watching TV is very relaxing to you. The basic formula for developing this new positive behavior involves: creating a contingent relationship between exercise and a reward for successfully engaging in it. creating a contingent relationship between exercise and the discomfort associated with it. removing the contingent relationship between exercise and a reward. removing the contingent relationship between watching TV (instead of exercising) and guilt for doing so.

creating a contingent relationship between exercise and a reward for successfully engaging in it.

The behavioral practice example below where imagined rehearsal might be least necessary is: downhill skiing with a limited number of opportunities each season. developing skill in meeting and greeting people. fear associated with flying. stress management during the Olympic games.

developing skill in meeting and greeting people.

From among the following, the type of problem behavior for which avoidance is most likely to be the only effective means of antecedent control initially, is: drinking too much in a bar with friends on Saturday night and driving drunk. smoking in a wide variety of locations throughout the day. fear upon seeing spiders. drinking too much coffee with cream and sugar.

drinking too much in a bar with friends on Saturday night and driving drunk

Which of the following is the least important point regarding the practice of stress management techniques: the techniques must be practiced to be most effective. each technique must be practiced separately to be effective. the most effective practice occurs when actual stress is present. the techniques should be practiced in multiple situations for the most transfer to occur.

each technique must be practiced separately to be effective.

To apply the process of shaping to the development of techniques in karate one should do all but which of the following: create a reasonable approximation of the technique initially. expect continual constant progress in achieving stripes and belts master each level of skill before progressing to the next. focus on what skills you can do currently as opposed to those you ought to be able to do.

expect continual constant progress in achieving stripes and belts

Acquiescence (full relapse) is avoided following a lapse by all but which of the following: creating a plan for lapses developing coping skills for high risk situations in which lapses are likely to occur re-instituting self observation focusing on short term rewards of a negative behavior

focusing on short term rewards of a negative behavior

You believe that all people who smoke are really stupid and must be weak. This belief system stimulates anxiety when you are around people who smoke. This antecedent to anxiety is best changed by: identifying that the belief system stimulates the behavior. getting more experience with people who smoke. learning more about people who smoke. Observing whether the facts and experience fit with your conclusions. All of the above.

getting more experience with people who smoke.

The best example of a high-risk situation from among the following: giving a speech for someone who is shy. going to a bar for someone who has quit drinking alcohol going to a swimming pool for someone who is learning to overcome fear of the water. eating in the cafeteria for someone who is trying to consume more water in replacement for soda.

going to a bar for someone who has quit drinking alcohol

The most effective techniques to ensure long term maintenance of new behavior from among the following: creating self punishments if the undesired behavior occurs during a mistake. gradually thinning the external rewards you've used initially and replacing with intrinsic ones. relying heavily on extrinsic forms of reinforcement. avoiding communication with those who resist your changes as a means of punishment for their behavior

gradually thinning the external rewards you've used initially and replacing with intrinsic ones.

Applying the concept of non-contingent reinforcement to your efforts to increase your exercise (#1) would be best exemplified by: replacing TV watching behavior with exercise behavior. increasing exercise by finding some enjoyable activity to do just because you enjoy it. reducing TV watching by applying a monetary fine. increasing exercise by giving yourself a cash reward.

increasing exercise by finding some enjoyable activity to do just because you enjoy it.

Which of the following is the best behavioral or process goal? increasing muscle mass. winning a 5K road race. lowering body fat. increasing the amount of carbohydrate eaten to support training.

increasing the amount of carbohydrate eaten to support training.

The negative behaviors at the most risk for returning after behavior modification are: modeled behaviors simple behaviors like chewing fingernails respondent conditioning behaviors like fear of spiders inherently self rewarding behaviors like smoking all of the above

inherently self rewarding behaviors like smoking

Which of the following examples represents the person who has achieved the greatest degree of adjustment or balance relative to human behavior is a: physical education teacher who avoids exercise. mechanic who likes to get dirty and work with tools. health promoter who likes to smoke cigarettes. bartender who dislikes smoking and drinking alcohol.

mechanic who likes to get dirty and work with tools.

An example of a stress management/reduction method that emphasizes a mental approach over a physical approach: progressive muscle relaxation yoga breathing exercise meditation

meditation

Early slips or mistakes in new behavior development control most often result from: ambivalence mismatch in needed skill temporary loss of concentration lack of will power

mismatch in needed skill

Choosing a single undesirable place to smoke is an example of: avoidance. narrowing antecedent control. re-perceiving antecedents providing reinforcement for new behavior

narrowing antecedent control.

You successfully complete a full semester with a grade point above 2.0 and have your academic suspension removed. This is an example of: positive reinforcement negative reinforcement Type I punishment Type II punishment

negative reinforcement

Using the example in number 8 above to achieve mastery, one should begin sparring in karate: never immediately once a few basic skills are presented. once reasonable mastery of basic skills has been achieved through the other techniques.

once reasonable mastery of basic skills has been achieved through the other techniques.

Regulation theory presumes that most human behavior is: always consciously controlled unchangeable operant or automatic based on inherent reflexes

operant or automatic

The provision of extra TV time when your child is completing chores successfully is an example of: positive reinforcement negative reinforcement Type I punishment Type II punishment

positive reinforcement

You respond to a question from the teacher in class and receive a supportive comment regarding the worth of your answer. This is an example of: positive reinforcement negative reinforcement Type I punishment Type II punishment

positive reinforcement

You find you are having trouble getting started with a morning exercise program. You decide to exercise in the afternoon instead and have better success. This is an example of: removing antecedents early in the chain building in a pause between stimuli and behavior applying punishment following the behavior. rearranging parts of the chain into a different sequence

rearranging parts of the chain into a different sequence

Changing your dorm room setting, by removing your TV when you want to study is an example of using _______ for new antecedent generation. using thought substitution reprogramming the physical environment replacing negative self instructions with positive self instructions applying a reward

reprogramming the physical environment

Which of the following tactics is least likely to be helpful in improving your study behavior? select one study method right away and stick with it regardless of success. observe others who are successful in getting good grades with less studying. objectively observe your own behavior when you are studying. list concrete examples and details concerning of how you currently study.

select one study method right away and stick with it regardless of success.

You tell yourself to be prepared and calm when you are going to an interview for a job you really want. This is an example of using _____________ to stimulate behavior. belief system self instruction emotion imagery

self instruction

You pat yourself on the back when you complete each exercise session and tell your friends about it. This ?elf-reinforcement is most likely to be helpful as a result of: improving your ego. teaching others how to reinforce you. serving as a strong extrinsic material reward. all of the above.

teaching others how to reinforce you.

In a self regulated behavior model, the standard is represented by: the emotional response to a behavior the consequences the antecedents the desired occurrence of the target behavior

the desired occurrence of the target behavior

You choose going to the movies once weekly as your reward for your new exercise program (#1). You accomplish this by giving your roommate 20 dollars at the beginning of the week, which he may keep if you don't meet that weeks goal. This represents which principle in the application of reinforcement? the reinforcement occurs after the new behavior occurs. the reinforcement occurs only when the behavior doesn't occurs. the reinforcement is not freely available. the reinforcement gradually becomes intermittent.

the reinforcement is not freely available.

The least important element of creating a successful reward for exercising (#1) from among the following, is: the reinforcement must occur as close in time following the behavior as possible. the reinforcement must occur only when the desired behavior occurs. the reinforcement must not be freely available. the reinforcement must occur every single time the desired behavior occurs.

the reinforcement must occur every single time the desired behavior occurs.

You decide you need someone to "help" you get going in your exercise program. Important points to consider when selecting this person to assist in providing reinforcement include all but which of the following: they believe that exercise will be beneficial. they will be able to withhold reinforcement when you fail to meet your goal. they engage successfully in exercise themselves. they have valuable financial resources within their control.

they have valuable financial resources within their control.

Transfer of your new behavior to new situations will occur: naturally. in most situations. through specific practice. over time.

through specific practice.

Most fear of spiders evolves from: antecedents and consequences modeling behavior of others transfer of reflexive responses (i.e. fear, anxiety) to new antecedents

transfer of reflexive responses (i.e. fear, anxiety) to new antecedents

Lack of self efficacy in in changing high risk behavior is best ovecome by: using shaping principles to ensure early and progressive successes. identifying the pro and cons of engaging in the new behavior. using self-observation communicating with those around you who support the undesired behavior about your intent to change.

using shaping principles to ensure early and progressive successes.

The example where classic thought substitution (above and beyond simple self instructions) is likely to be most helpful: when attempting to follow the complex instructions on a model your are building.. when fear paralyzes your ability to move on the ropes course. when first learning how to juggle. when wearing your seatbelt.

when fear paralyzes your ability to move on the ropes course.