Behavior in Organizations
According to the A-B-Cs of Organizational Behavior Modification, events preceding the behavior are known as ______.
Antecedents
In terms of individual employee behavior and performance, what is the situation?
Any context beyond the employee's immediate control
When is self-fulfilling prophecy most likely to occur?
At the beginning of a relationship between the supervisor and employee
What is the perceptual phenomenon through which we form beliefs about the cause of behavior, both our own and others?
Attribution process
______ is our ability to perceive, express, understand, reason with, and regulate our emotions as well as others' emotions.
Emotional intelligence
What model depicts the variables of ability, role perceptions, motivation, and situational factors that directly influence a person's voluntary behavior and performance?
The MARS model
Modifying your behavior to be consistent with the required emotions in a particular situation but continuing to hold different internal feelings is known as ______.
surface acting
Studies have shown that people make reliable judgments about another person's trustworthiness after looking at a facial image of that person for as little as ______.
1/20th of a second
Which of the following are directly influenced by organizational inputs and processes? (Choose every correct answer.) -Competitor inputs and processes -Individual outcomes -Team inputs and processes -Individual inputs and processes
-Team inputs and processes -Individual inputs and processes
Executives at Cyber-Form are faced with cutting jobs and reducing employee benefits in order for the company to survive the current recession. These decisions have which of the following? A low ethical sensitivity A foundation of self-enhancement values A low degree of moral intensity A high degree of moral intensity
A high degree of moral intensity
At first it was difficult for Thomas to tell others that he was a stay-at-home dad while his wife worked for a legal office in the city, but now he proudly tells others that he "works full-time as an at-home father raising their three young children." Which aspect of Thomas's self-concept is evident when he confidently describes his role?
Clarity
What term describes the degree to which a person's self-concept is clear, confidently-defined, and stable?
Clarity
Jenna is convinced that the students in her work group are better organized and more disciplined than other work groups in the organization. Which stereotyping process does this exemplify?
Differentiation
______ are intended to motivate and guide employee behavior and signal the importance of ethical conduct.
Ethics codes
Which model identifies core job dimensions that produce psychological states that then affect employees' motivation, satisfaction, and effectiveness?
Job characteristics model
What are the variables depicted by the MARS model?
Motivation Situational factors Ability Role perceptions
What is the process through which we receive stimuli from the external environment and organize and interpret them?
Perception
What term describes our ability to focus attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out other stimuli?
Selective attention
Asked to describe what was most meaningful about his job at the humane shelter, Owen answered, "I make a difference every day to the lives of animals in our community." This is an example of which element of the job characteristics model?
Task significance
True or false: Job specialization can lead to lower work quality.`
True
Employees with higher levels of ______ commitment are more likely to engage in organizational citizenship behaviors.
affective
Loyalty to your employer would be most closely associated with ______ commitment.`
affective
As part of the perceptual process, we put people and objects into preconceived categories that are stored in our long-term memory. This is known as ______.
categorical thinking
You see a group of young adults standing outside of a church on Sunday morning and assume that they have just come from Sunday services. This is an example of ______.
categorical thinking
The process of assigning tasks to a job, including the interdependency of those tasks with other jobs, is known as job ______.
design
Norms that require us to exhibit certain emotions and conceal others are known as ______.
display rules
The objective of most theories of organizational behavior is organizational _______. Multiple choice question.
effectiveness
Tameka just found out that a prospective customer she has been working with for months has placed a large order with her company. She thrusts her fist in the air jubilantly and yells "Yes!" Tameka is experiencing a(n) ______.
emotion
Elena failed her last test and blamed it on the fact that the test questions were poorly written and the room was too noisy for her to concentrate, not that she didn't study for the test. Elena is exhibiting a(n) ______ locus of control.
external
Another name for social identity is ______.
external self-concept
Our tendency to think that people within a certain group are similar to one another is referred to as ______.
homogenization
People who value personal freedom, self-sufficiency, and control over their own lives have high ______
individualism
The degree to which employees can tell how well they are performing on the basis of direct sensory information from the job itself is known as ______.
job feedback
One of the key differences between attitudes and emotions is that attitudes are ______, whereas emotions are experiences.
judgements
The moral intensity of an action is higher when ______.
many people are affected by the action
Knowledge structures that we develop to help us describe, explain, and predict the world around us are known as ______.
mental models
A society that values professions such as teaching, social work, and nursing would likely be considered to have an achievement - ______ orientation.
nurturing
The theory of motivation that explains employee behavior in terms of antecedent conditions and consequences of behavior is known as ______.
organizational behavior modification
Laura is very proud of the fact that she is the first person in her family to earn a college degree. This distinction is part of Laura's ______ identity.
personal
Using information technology, Alyssa works from home as a medical billing specialist for a large corporation. This arrangement is known as ______.
remote work
Assigning the perceived attributes of a group to individuals belonging to that group is referred to as ______.
stereotyping
Lakeisha believes that all men are poor listeners. This is an example of ______.
stereotyping
Someone's self-concept exhibits low consistency if their view of themselves is different from _____.
their basic personality
Alyssa believes that decisions should be made based on facts and logic, not on emotions or subjective factors. According to the MBTI, Alyssa has a(n) ______ orientation.
thinking
Positive expectations you have toward another individual in situations involving risk is known as ______.
trust
Meaningful interaction is strongest when people ______.
work closely together
Which of the following is defined as the natural aptitudes and learned capabilities needed to successfully complete a task?
Ability
What two dimensions do all emotions have?
Activation and evaluation
______ commitment is an employee's attachment to, identification with, and involvement in an organization.
Affective
Organizational ______ refers to how well employees understand the organization's strategic direction, social dynamics, and physical layout.
Comprehension
Which term describes selective thinking in which you tend to notice what is consistent with your beliefs and ignore what contradicts them?
Confirmation bias
What are the three attribution rules people rely on to decide whether someone's behavior is caused by their personality or by the outside environment?
Consensus Distinctiveness Consistency
Which rule of attribution helps us determine how often someone has acted in a particular manner?
Consistency
What term is used to describe our tendency to assign more favorable characteristics to people in the groups to which we belong than to those in other groups?
Differentiation
Which of the following is the best description of scientific management?
Dividing a job into small elements and assigning those tasks to employees who are best qualified to perform them
Which motivation theory proposes that work effort is directed toward behaviors that people believe will lead to desired outcomes?
Expectancy theory
Jacinda is an outgoing, high-energy person, and her friends describe her as the "life of the party." Which personality trait on the five-factor model (FFM) would this describe? Multiple choice question.
Extraversion
What is the perceptual effect that occurs when people overestimate the extent to which others share their beliefs?
False-consensus effect
What are organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)?
Forms of cooperation and helpfulness that support an organization's psychological and social context
Which of the following theories proposes that motivation arises from emotions that are generated by certain drives?
Four-drive theory
Marvin likes people to know he works for Apple, because it is a well-known firm with high prestige. Which social identity factor explains his feelings?
Group status
Anne's boss notices how positive and upbeat she is at work every day and thinks that she is an ideal employee. He fails to notice that she often doesn't complete her work on time. What effect does this exemplify?
Halo
Our perception that appropriate rules in the way employees are treated have been applied throughout a decision process is called ______ justice.
Interactional
An individual's evaluation of his or her job and work context is referred to as ______.
Job satisfaction
In his learned needs theory, McClelland proposed that a person's needs can be strengthened through reinforcement, social conditions, and ______.
Learning
What is the major way that diversity awareness training has been successful?
Making people aware that biases exist
Which theory of motivation asserts that the strongest source of motivation is the lowest unsatisfied need at the time?
Maslow's needs hierarchy
What is defined as the forces within a person that affect their effort for voluntary behavior?
Motivation
"Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation?
Organizational behavior modification
According to expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors: effort-to-performance expectancy, performance-to-outcome expectancy, and ______.
Outcome Valence
______ is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us.
Perception
Which of the following is the most basic need in Maslow's hierarchy? Multiple choice question.
Physiological
What are emotions?
Physiological, behavioral and psychological episodes experienced toward an object, person, or event that create a state of readiness
George doesn't want to hire a female candidate for a managerial position because he thinks women are less effective managers than men. Which problem of stereotyping is illustrated by George's thoughts?
Prejudice
Nathan was unhappy with the amount of his raise, but after meeting with his boss, he believed that the manner in which the company determined the size of raises was fair. This is an example of ______.
Procedural justice
On a busy highway, even while paying attention to the cars in front of you, you are suddenly hyper aware of the flashing lights and siren of a fire engine behind you. What explains this phenomenon?
Selective attention
The teacher told the students she would open the windows since it was a nice day outside, but they had to ignore the sounds of the children on the playground and focus on what she was saying. What was the teacher asking the students to practice?
Selective attention
What term describes our tendency to attribute our failures to external causes while believing that our successes are due to internal causes
Self-serving bias
When Alec aced his first test, he was convinced it was because he is smart and dedicated to his schoolwork. When he failed the second test, he blamed it on a poorly-written test. What type of bias is demonstrated here?
Self-serving bias
Natalie looks in the mirror and tells her husband, "I'm getting fat." What term is used to describe the feedback she may receive from her husband?
Self-verification
What term describes our tendency to want people to see us as we see ourselves?
Self-verification
Which of the following models proposes that job satisfaction has a positive effect on customer service, which flows on to shareholder financial returns?
Service profit chain model
Rank the following generational cohorts from the oldest to the youngest, with the oldest group listed at the top. Generation X'rs Millenials Silents Baby Boomers Generation Z
Silents Baby Boomers Generation X'rs Millennials Generation Z
Which motivation theory explains how learning and motivation occur by observing and modeling others, as well as by anticipating the consequences of our behavior?
Social cognitive theory
Which discipline has provided OB with much of its knowledge of team dynamics, organizational socialization and power, and other aspects of the social system?
Sociology
______ occurs when an employee "puts on a happy face" and displays an outward appearance that is inconsistent with his or her true feelings about the situation.
Surface acting
______ research typically involves forming research questions, collecting data, and testing hypotheses against those data.
Systematic
What term is defined as an individual's voluntary goal-directed behaviors that contribute to organizational objectives?
Task performance
What are three factors related to group membership that can affect an individual's social identity?
The overall status of the group Your minority status within a group How easily you are identified as a group member
Which statement best describes the contingency anchor of OB? -The situation has little or no bearing on the consequences of an action. -OB theorists seek one-size-fits-all solutions to organizational problems. -Situational analysis is unimportant in selecting a strategy for dealing with an organizational challenge or problem. -The same action in a different situation can yield different consequences.
The same action in a different situation can yield different consequences.
Which illustrates the first step in the self-fulfilling prophecy? Multiple choice question.
The supervisor forms certain expectations about the employee's performance.
"The greatest good for the greatest number" illustrates which ethical principle?
Utilitarianism
What is systematic discrimination?
We rely on a stereotype to establish our concept of the "ideal" person in a role and discount those who don't fit that mold.
McClelland suggested that individuals are influenced by three "learned" needs: achievement, power, and
affiliation
A few minutes before a scheduled conference call, Laura received a meeting reminder in her Microsoft Outlook account. This reminder is an example of a(n) ______.
antecedent
A(n) ______ can be defined as what we believe, how we feel, and how we behave toward a person or an object.
attitude
______ represent the cluster of beliefs, assessed feelings, and behavioral intentions toward a person, an object, or an event.
attitudes
The ______ process involves deciding whether an event is caused by internal factors or by the environment.
attribution
Emotional intelligence involves ______ of our own emotions and the emotions of others.
awareness and management
To better understand business ethics, it is important to consider four distinct types of ethical principles: utilitarianism, individual rights, ethic of care, and ______ justice.
distributive
An organization can influence employees' drive to ______ by implementing team-building programs and providing opportunities for workers to interact socially.
drive to bond
Hardwired characteristics of the brain that attempt to maintain internal equilibrium by correcting deficiencies are known as ______, or primary needs.
drives
You hear an old song on the radio and suddenly feel happy, remembering where you were and what you were doing when the song was popular. This is because your brain attached a(n) ______ to the song.
emotional marker
"I feel your pain" best describes ______.
empathy
What term describes understanding and being sensitive to the feelings, thoughts, and situations of others?
empathy
Monica is the only person in her office who speaks Spanish, so she always assists those customers who speak Spanish. Her ability to speak a language that no one else in her office can speak is an example of Monica's ______.
personal identity
The bundle of characteristics that makes us similar to or different from other people is our ______.
personality
Many human resources managers report that a decision to hire an individual is made within the first 3 to 5 minutes of an interview. What effect is illustrated by this tendency?
primacy
The saying "You never get a second chance to make a first impression" is most applicable to the ______ effect.
primacy
Your boss calls you into her office to chastise you for taking longer breaks than allowed. This is an example of ______.
punishment
What effect occurs when the most recent information about a person or event dominates our perceptions?
recency
The ______ occurs when our expectations about another person cause him or her to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations.
self-fulfilling prophecy
Elena, a Hispanic-American, graduated with a nursing degree from Xavier University and works at Cincinnati Children's Hospital. These attributes are part of her ______ identity.
social
According to the exit-voice-loyalty-neglect (EVLN) model, ______ is an attempt to change rather than escape from a dissatisfying workplace situation.
voice
The concept that people have consistent physiological responses to stressful situations which helps them to cope is called the ______. Multiple choice question.
well being General adaptation syndrome
The three major challenges facing organizations are increasing workforce diversity, emerging employment relationships, and ______.
work-life integration
Which are elements of ability? (Choose every correct answer.) Learned capabilities Directional efforts Natural talents Persistence
Learned capabilities Natural talents
______ refers to an individual's belief about whether outcomes are the result of what they do or are determined by events outside of their control.
Locus of control
Tasha loves to travel, especially internationally. She loves to try new cuisine, see new things, and meet new people from different cultures. Which personality dimension of the five-factor model (FFM) does this best describe?
Openness to experience
Which of the following is directly affected by individual and team/interpersonal outcomes? Individual process Organizational effectiveness Organizational input Competitor process
Organizational effectiveness
______ is the relatively stable pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize an individual.
Personality
What are problems frequently caused by absenteeism? (Choose every correct answer.) Poorer customer service Increased workloads for coworkers Lower performance by fill-in staff Increased workplace bullying
Poorer customer service Increased workloads for coworkers Lower performance by fill-in staff
______ refers to the degree that people are willing to accept an unequal distribution of power within a society or organization.
Power distance
______ refers to the degree that people are willing to accept an unequal distribution of power within a society or organization. Multiple choice question.
Power distance
Jorge has a fever and a persistent cough, but he goes to work anyway because he needs to finish a major project before the end of the week. What is this an example of?
Presenteeism
Personal values indirectly motivate decisions and behavior by framing our perceptions of __.
Reality
Margot has worked as an accountant for the same company for almost 15 years. She knows exactly what she needs to do each month and how to prioritize those tasks to complete her job in a manner that satisfies her employer's expectations. What does Margot have?
Role clarity
what are the 3 elements of self evaluation?
Self esteem, self efficacy, and locus of control
What term is used to describe an individual's self-beliefs and self-evaluations?
Self-concept
People are indirectly motivated to align their personal values with which of the following?
Self-concept Self-presentation
Which statements about organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) are true? They are often directed toward people outside the organization, such as customers. They must be included in an employee's job requirements to be true OCBs. They are sometimes discretionary behaviors that employees may choose to perform. They may be directed toward individuals, such as sharing resources with a coworker.
They are sometimes discretionary behaviors that employees may choose to perform. They may be directed toward individuals, such as sharing resources with a coworker.
Which statement is true about highly collectivist people? They have a high level of individualism. They emphasize making decisions based on what is best for the group. They value assertiveness, competitiveness, and materialism. They feel threatened by ambiguity and prefer structure and rules.
They emphasize making decisions based on what is best for the group.`
Which statements about counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs) are true? (Choose every correct answer.) They are relatively minor concerns with little potential to harm an organization. They include harassing coworkers and wasting resources. They may harm an organization either directly or indirectly. They do not include intentional actions.
They include harassing coworkers and wasting resources. They may harm an organization either directly or indirectly.
How is the implicit association test (IAT) used?
To detect subtle racial, age, and gender biases by associating words with specific demographic groups
True or false: Although technical skills are important, skills such as problem solving and effective communication are often considered to be even more important by employers. True false question.
True
The theory that suggests that we define ourselves by the groups to which we belong or to which we have an emotional attachment is ______ theory.
social identity
University of Iowa alumni Tyler proudly sports a bumper sticker on his car that reads, "It's great to be a Hawkeye!" His emotional attachment to the University of Iowa would be an example of ______.
social identity theory
The subdivision of work into separate jobs assigned to different people is referred to as job ______.
specialization
The conceptual anchor that suggests that OB should be studied using evidence-based management and methodical research techniques is the ______ anchor.
systematic research
John believes that his coworker didn't make her sales quota because she is lazy, whereas he missed quota because of the slowing economy. This is an example of ______.
the fundamental attribution error
The job design model stating that certain job factors lead to psychological states that affect work outcomes is known as ______.
the job characteristics model
The "can do" facet of our personality is referred to as ______.
self-efficacy
______ focuses primarily on assertiveness, the acquisition of wealth, and competition.
Achievement orientation
Which statement is consistent with the concept of the contingency anchor of OB? -Managers need to diagnose the problem, not the situation. -While situations may vary, consequences of a particular action will remain the same. -Actions may have different consequences in different situations. -Managers need to ignore the situation and let employees figure out solutions.
Actions may have different consequences in different situations.
Tyler works in a call center for a large credit card company, and his job involves constant interaction with cardholders who have problems with their accounts. Which of the following personality characteristics would be best suited for such a role?
Agreeableness
Which statement regarding contemporary challenges for organizations is true? -The changing composition of the workforce is of minimal consequence to organizations. -One of the most profound challenges affecting organizations is the slowing pace of technological innovation. -Changes in the external environment require organizations and employees to alter business strategy and everyday workplace activities. -Only very large organizations are affected by global competition.
Changes in the external environment require organizations and employees to alter business strategy and everyday workplace activities.
What are the 3 dimensions of self - concept?
Complexity, Consistency, and Clarity
Juliette knew she could never become a police officer like her brother because she didn't like to put herself in situations that might cause harm to others. Which dimension of self-concept helps Juliette come to this conclusion?
Consistency
Which type of employee behaviors have the potential to indirectly or directly harm the organization?
Counterproductive work behaviors
Which type of diversity encompasses differences in the psychological characteristics of people, such as their personalities and values?
Deep-level diversity
Historically, workers had what kind of employment?
Full-time, permanent jobs
What term is used to describe the internal forces that affect a person's direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior?
Motivation
Which five-factor model (FFM) personality dimension would be associated with feelings of anxiety, anger, or depression?
Neuroticism
Which statement best describes the multiple levels of analysis anchor? Only major organizational events relate to multiple levels of analysis. OB topics should be understood from individual, team, and organizational perspectives. Employees view organizational events from a different perspective than managers. OB should be based on methodical research.
OB topics should be understood from individual, team, and organizational perspectives.
What term describes our tendency to magnify our positive attributes and attribute successes to our own capabilities?
Self-enhancement
_______ can be described as a person's overall sense of self-worth or personal value
Self-esteem
What is role perception?
The degree to which an individual understands the job duties assigned to or expected of him or her
Which statement best defines work-life integration? The degree to which people are engaged in their work and nonwork roles and their ability to minimize conflict between the two domains The combination of people's work and nonwork lives into a single cohesive whole so that they are never totally at work or at home The ability of people to effectively separate their work and nonwork roles so that the two do not overlap or conflict with each other The degree to which people's employers interact with them on a personal level outside of the work environment
The degree to which people are engaged in their work and nonwork roles and their ability to minimize conflict between the two domains
Which statement describes an employee from a culture with a high power distance?
The employee expects superiors to make decisions with little input from employees.
What are the two main influences that the situation has on individual performance and behavior?
The job environment provides cues to motivate and guide employees & The work context constrains or facilitates performance and behavior.
Executives of a company believe that laying off 15 percent of its workforce will help it stay in business long-term and protect the remaining jobs in the company. Such an action is most consistent with which ethical principle?
Utilitarianism
What term describes the ability of employees to minimize conflict between their work and nonwork roles? Work-life integration Work optimization Satisficing Virtual work
Work-life integration
People believe some values are more important than others and thus have a hierarchy of preferences, known as ______.
a value system
The field of organizational behavior relies on a set of basic beliefs or knowledge structures known as ______.
conceptual anchors
How similar a person's values hierarchy is to the values hierarchy of the organization, a coworker, or another source of comparison is known as values ______.
congruence
The quadrant of Schwartz's values circumplex that represents a person's motivation to maintain the status quo and the degree to which he or she values stability and security is known as ______.
conservation
Tony lost his job after 28 years with the company, and he is devastated because he defines himself almost entirely by his work. In terms of self-concept, Tony has ______.
low complexity
The degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles is referred to as ______.
moral intensity
The ______ anchor suggests that OB should benefit from knowledge, research, and theories from other fields, rather than relying solely on its own research base.
multidisciplinary
People who have an obsessive belief in their superiority and entitlement are considered ______.
narcissists
An old song states, "You've got to accentuate the positive, eliminate the negative, and latch on to the affirmative." What phenomenon is described by these lyrics?.
self enhancement
When asked how she would describe herself, Sandi responds, "Being a mom is the most important thing in the world to me. My kids are everything to me." This is a reflection of Sandi's ______.
self-concept
Even though Temika has received good performance reviews from her boss, she is plagued with self-doubt and often worries that she doesn't have the knowledge or experience to do her job well. Temika has low ______.
self-efficacy
Barbara feels good about herself. She believes she is a caring person, a good mother, and a trustworthy employee. Barbara has high _______.
self-esteem
An employee who is most comfortable if there are rules, policies, and procedures in place that dictate how jobs are supposed to be done would likely have a high ______.
uncertainty avoidance
The number of distinct and important roles that a person perceives about himself or herself is the self-concept dimension of _______.
Complexity
Which of the drives in the four-drive theory would be best met by an organization by improving its compensation system and linking pay with performance?
Drive to acquire
The primary needs of human beings are also referred to as ______.
Drives
Which statements about employee turnover are true? (Choose every correct answer.) Although employee turnover can impact an organization's productivity, it cannot affect competitive advantage. Losing an employee always has a negative effect on an organization's effectiveness. Employee turnover has some benefits, including opening up positions for new hires with fresh ideas. When quality employees quit, the company loses resources that take time for new staff to acquire.
Employee turnover has some benefits, including opening up positions for new hires with fresh ideas. When quality employees quit, the company loses resources that take time for new staff to acquire.
Which actions can support ethical behavior within an organization? (Choose every correct answer.) Pressuring employees to meet unrealistic deadlines and business objectives Employing an ethics ombudsperson to receive ethics complaints anonymously Maintaining an anonymous hotline for employees to report wrongdoings Establishing a written code of ethics for the organization
Employing an ethics ombudsperson to receive ethics complaints anonymously Maintaining an anonymous hotline for employees to report wrongdoings Establishing a written code of ethics for the organization
Why does a company need to make sure that the employees it hires stay with the company? Human capital is the primary source of competitive advantage for a company. It usually experiences negative effects if it does not retain enough qualified employees. When employees leave, they take with them valuable knowledge, skills, and relationships. Even if a few employees lack critical skills, it is still better to have more people as part of the company's workforce.
Human capital is the primary source of competitive advantage for a company. It usually experiences negative effects if it does not retain enough qualified employees. When employees leave, they take with them valuable knowledge, skills, and relationships.
Which types of employment have had the greatest labor-market growth over the past two decades?
Indirect and Contract
What are the multiple levels of analysis? (Choose every correct answer.) -Society -Individual -Team -Organization
Individual Team Organization
Which of the following has made it possible to work away from the company's traditional offices? Tall organizational structure Government regulations Information technology Maslow's theory of needs
Information technology
What is the attribute common among effective leaders that refers to a person's ethical standards?
Integrity
Which traits are common among narcissists?
Intensely envious of others Grandiose, inflated self-view Excessive need for attention
Andre tends to be an imaginative, "big picture" person. He sees the world in terms of impressions rather than facts and relies on his interpretations of what is happening. Which MBTI dimension or orientation does this describe?
Intuitive
The internal tension we feel when our behavior and attitudes are inconsistent with each other is referred to as ______.
cognitive dissonance
Despite the fact that the overall value of his stock portfolio has decreased and the stock market is struggling, Dan sees that a couple of his stock picks have done well and thinks his investment strategy is sound. This is an example of ______.
confirmation bias
Tyler works at the front desk of a large hotel and often deals with travelers who are tired and irritated, so he frequently masks his own irritation and "puts on a happy face." This is an example of ______.
emotional labor
Job ______ is the practice of giving employees more responsibility for scheduling, coordinating, and planning their own work.
enrichment
The motivation theory that explains how people develop perceptions of fairness in the distribution and exchange of resources is known as ______ theory.
equity
___ is the study of moral principles or values that determine whether actions are right or wrong and outcomes are good or bad.
ethics
People with positive emotions typically have higher emotional stability and are more ______ than their counterparts who experience negative emotions.
extroverted
Bella was frustrated with her organizational behavior class and thought it was a waste of time. She was surprised to learn many classmates thought it was the best class they had taken in a long time. This is an example of the ______ effect.
false-consensus
The philosophy of positive organizational behavior suggests that ______.
focusing on positive rather than negative aspects improves success and employee well-being
The process of motivating employees and clarifying their role perceptions by establishing performance objectives is referred to as ______.
goal setting
The ____ effect occurs when one predominant characteristic of a person distorts our general impression of him or her
halo
The ______ area in the Johari Window refers to information that is known to you but not to others.
hidden
An individual who is enthusiastic or elated would be experiencing a ______ emotion.
high-activation, positive
Alexis assumes that people who live in Utah are Mormons. This is an example of ______.
homogenization
When John learned that his cousin had been diagnosed with lung cancer, he decided to try to quit smoking. This is an example of which component of social cognitive theory?
learning behavioral outcomes
Employees who have high levels of continuance commitment tend to have ______ job performance compared to employees with high levels of affective commitment.
lower
Janey is unhappy with her new boss, but she has been with the company for a long time and has seen bosses come and go. She plans to just "wait it out" and hopes things will eventually improve. According to the EVLN model, Janey's response to her job dissatisfaction is ______.
loyalty
Despite the fact that Joel has attained his sales goals for most of the year, his annual performance review is heavily influenced by the fact that Joel didn't attain his sales goal during the past month. This is due to the ______ effect
recency
he stage of the general adaption syndrome in which a person develops coping mechanisms to overcome or remove the source of stress is the ______ stage.
resistance
Alyssa works in the accounting department for a large automotive parts supplier. During the first week of each month, she works in Accounts Payable. During the second week, she works in Accounts Receivable, and during the third week, she works in Payroll. This enables her to have skills in multiple areas and gives her employer more staffing flexibility. This practice is referred to as job ______.
rotation
Systematically partitioning work into its smallest elements and standardizing tasks to achieve maximum efficiency is referred to as ______.
scientific management
The extent to which people tolerate or feel threatened by ambiguity is referred to as ______.
uncertainty avoidance
Perceptions about what is good or bad and right or wrong are referred to as our ______.
values
The model that attempts to organize values into clusters in a circular model is referred to as the ______.
values circumplex