Behv 5613 (week 2)
The three modes of decision making described in this chapter provide detailed formulas for action.
False
When examining ethical dilemmas, the long-term should always be prioritized over the short-term.
False
On the topic of justice vs. mercy, Rawls talks about love being fine when only one person is in focus. However, "The difficulty is that the love of several persons is thrown into confusion once the claims of these persons are in conflict." It is in this case that.....
Justice must rise above mercy.
According to Amitai Etzioni, "It is through community that we find ______ for our moral inclinations and provide reinforcement to our fellow human beings."
Reinforcement
What is meant by the statement that the behavior analyst is contributing to some sense of the Good?
The behavior analyst is in a privileged social position to raise social consciousness about the human and moral relationships that can be gained for and from communities of disability.
Why is ethical relativism impermissible for dominance of the philosophical tradition?
When pushed to the extremes, ethical relativism doesn't have much substance due to the kinds of implications it would have in society.
What kind of relationship exists between agency and subjects?
a reciprocal relationship
The 9 steps Kidder mentions as underlying ethical decision making?
1.) Recognize that there is a moral issue. 2.)Determine the actor. 3.)Gather the relevant facts 4.)Test for right-versus-wrong issues. 5.)Test for right-versus-right paradigms. 6.)Apply the resolution principles. 7.)Investigate the "trilemma" options 8.)Make the decision. 9.)Revisit and reflect on the decision.
Why is professional relativism permissible in both fact and prudence?
Different professions involve different goals, differential training, specific services to society, and require ethical conduct that adjudicates between philosophical morality, normative ethics, and practical application and contextualization.
Which of the following is true when considering ethics as they apply to specific disciplines and professions?
Each discipline and profession has underlying core values that lend well to the analysis described in this book.
The dichotomy between science and the humanities, objective and subjective is a type of ________ that is enforced by the two-part aptitude exams for college-bound students in the USA.
dualism
Typically, men care most that...
everyone is treated the same
What is one feature of a legitimate profession?
having codified ethics, policies, and appropriate practice
Kidder describes ethical dilemmas in what manner?
right vs. right decisions where two moral values are in conflict
When it comes to environmentalism, conservation vs. development falls mostly under which type of ethical dilemma?
short term vs. long term
What does each level of ethical analysis track back to?
the other levels
The role of the decision process is not always to determine which of two courses of action to take. Sometimes, the best alternative is to find a third course of action which forms the middle ground between two less acceptable solutions. This is referred to in the book as a
trilemma
Loyalty typically involves fidelity to a person or concept(s) that is strong enough to resist belief in contrary facts.
true
Which of the following are included in John Gardner's list of ingredients of successful communities?
-"Wholeness Incorporating Diversity," allowing groups to "face and resolve differences" without fragmenting; -"A Shared Culture," in which "norms and values are explicit" and there are "many opportunities to express values in relevant action" -"Good Internal Communication," through which people "believe that they can have their say" in the presence of "neutral convenors" such as churches and universities; -"Caring, Trust, and Teamwork," by which members are nurtured and protected, leading to "a feeling that when the team wins everybody wins" -"Group Maintenance and Government," including formal governing mechanisms and nongovernmental leadership opportunities; -"Participation and the Sharing of Leadership Tasks," encouraging "individual involvement in the pursuit of shared purposes" -"Development of Young People," through which successor generations "learn to take some responsibility for the well-being of any group they are in" -"Links with the Outside World," lest the community be tempted to "draw boundaries to protect its integrity" and ignore relations with "the larger communities of which it is a part."
What are some truths in the relationship between agency and subjects for a behavior analyst and her client?
-A goal of the behavior analyst is to increase the client's moral agency because without this the client is left in an undignified condition -There is diminished moral agency for the client, but it is not completely absent -The behavior analyst still has moral obligations to the client, but the client does not have to reciprocate
What tests can be applied to determine whether wrongdoing is involved?
-Are codes of conduct involved? -Would somebody I look up to for their moral character do this? -Is lawbreaking involved? -How would you feel if your actions became public? -Does it go against your personal moral code?
Why does Socrates stand out in the history of the study of ethics?
-He introduced the meaning of the "Good Life" and tried to figure out the goal of human life. -He used consistent, universal, non-relative, and predictive answers in his study of ethics rather than supernatural answers.
Which of the following does Josiah Royce list as being reasons that people show loyalty?
-I'm loyal because I am being paid. -I'm loyal for emotional reasons. -I'm loyal due to my allegiance to a group. -I'm loyal due to my political beliefs.
Recognizing that there is a moral issue requires us to discriminate between which of the following questions?
-Is this actually a question about manners and social conventions? -Is this actually a question about conflicting economic, technological, and aesthetic values? -Is their truly a moral issue being faced?
Can we do science without ethics?
-No, and we don't lose objectivity as a science when we engage in ethics; our virtues of objectivity get higher. -science is a profession and has inherent interests and values that are fine-tuned into it.
Why does Dr. Figueroa refer to science and ethics as "fraternal twins," beginning with much activity in Ancient Greece?
-Philosophers studying science and ethics ignored the common customs and questioned them. -Philosophers were using reason to answer their questions about science and ethics. -Philosophers were asking questions about science and ethics that the average person couldn't ask.
What our some rights of behavior analysts?
-Right to maintain ethical code on my profession -Right to not accept gifts if pressured by clients -Right to not be harmed -Right to not change my data if pressured by colleagues
What is meant by the statement that behavior analysts have ethical obligations to address the social significance of certain treatments, such as aversive treatments in more severe behavioral disabilities?
-Scientific knowledge must allow for both fallibility and alternatives, regardless of the continued success. -A moral position must be adjudicated with the data reports.
What are some ethical problems for behavior analysts in regards to problems, conundrums, paradoxes, and obligations?
-The behavior analyst must abide the disabled individual as a moral subject -The behavior analyst must assess the levels of moral agency available to the individual and how to appropriately adjust treatments -The behavior analyst represents a moral example to the individual -The behavior analyst must adjudicate between professional generalizations in ethical codes and individual instances.
What happens as we move through the levels of the analysis of ethics?
-The field is narrowed and practicality of the rules becomes more apparent. -We take our moral rules and make them usable to practitioners. -Moral virtues operate differently.
Why can it sometimes be problematic to consider the stakeholders when determining the actors?
-They may only consider ends-based utilitarianism. -They may fail to consider care-based and rules-based thinking as part of their decision.
Matter is the subject matter of natural philosophy, and The Good is the subject matter of ethics. What are some similarities between how these disciplines approach their subject matter?
-They were skeptical of Manifest Images (human nature). -They are approached with a universal and logical consistency, maintaining their elements/nature in all instances. -They are anti-common sense; they did not rely upon cultural myths to answer their questions. -They are anti-relativism.
In what ways is the truth typically misreported?
-We report things happened that did not happen. -We don't report the entire truth or we leave out important details. -We obscure a relevant and important truth with other less important truths.
Why is it important to eventually revisit your decision?
-adjusts the moral compass -builds expertise -provides new examples for moral discussion
What is one result of our obligation to serve society?
-certain privileges -larger moral obligations
Ends-based thinking
-do what's best for the greatest number of people -utilitarianism -right and wrong can be assessed by examining consequences -teleological philosophy
Which of the following "imponderables" factor into ethical decision making?
-judgement -perception -character -moral awareness -discrimination
Rule-based thinking
-our actions conform to certain large patterns which can be converted into universal principles of action -act on our highest sense of inner conscience -follow your highest sense of principle -deontological -I ought never to act except in a way that I can also will that my maxim should become universal law
What is natural philosophy?
-philosophy that asks questions about the nature of nature -philosophy that uses natural terms and keeps these terms consistent, using logical reasoning
What is included in the second set of ethical problems for a behavior analysis? What is included in the second set of ethical problems for a behavior analysis?
-practitioners -science -advocacy
Care-based thinking
-putting ourselves in another's shoes -do what you want others to do to you -Golden Rule -criterion of reversibility
According to Kidder, which of the dilemmas involve counting?
-short term vs. long term -self vs. community
After determining that you are not deciding between right and wrong, what are the next two steps?
-test for right vs. right paradigms to help guide you -consider the three resolution principles
To whom do moral rules apply?
-to those who are autonomous -to those who have an empathetic imagination -to those who are self-conscious -to those who are aware of and concerned for actions that may harm others
What are some ways to avoid harm, disrespect, and abuse of power when using our code of ethics as professionals?
-we will know if our code isn't good enough if it is hindering our work, or that we are not using our code of ethics properly -by acting as a critic of our own ethics and time
Natural philosophy and ethics were born of the same parentage of anti-relativism. Today, it is becoming harder to objectively define The Good, a problem that Socrates and his colleagues also shared. Why is this so?
because they have so many ethical levels and there are many different cultures to account for
How do we determine moral agency/ who is a moral agent?
by determining if there is a moral psychology present: can they do the things we ask of them in our moral theory?
The most satisfactory way to resolve ethical dilemmas is to examine things in what manner?
by finding a middle ground between subjective and objective
Generally speaking, women tend towards an ethics of...
care
Generally speaking, men tend towards an ethics of...
justice
What is legal relativism?
laws devised by different societies and contexts relative to the contextual social ethics and moral justifications
Does cultural relativism imply ethical relativism?
no
Typically, women care most that...
no one is hurt
Which level of the analysis of ethics is of our most concern as behavior analysts?
practical ethics
