Behv 5619 (module 8)

A progressive approach to discrete trial teaching recommends using a flexible prompt fading. What are the guidelines to using flexible prompt fading?

-Assistive prompts are limited as much as possible while ensuring correct responses. -The therapist is free to use any of the prompting types depending on the need of the learner. -Prompts should be faded as soon as possible while making sure the learner is successful.

Which of the following is/are true about instructive feedback?

-Consequence involves more than just reinforcement and punishment. -Present non-target stimuli as part of the consequence. -The learners may acquire secondary targets without direct teaching.

What are the variables that contribute to selecting the data collection system that is most appropriate for the learner and the skill?

-Data collection should be sensitive enough to show progress. -Data collection should not interfere with learning. -The data should help inform changes to programming. -Data collection should not interrupt opportunities for social interactions.

Valentino et al. discusses a procedure for decreasing echolalia of the instruction "say" when teaching echoic behavior. Which of the following describe reasons the article gives as to why a behavior analyst may wish to reduce excessive echoing of verbal behavior? Select all that apply.

-Excessive echoing may lead to undesirable consequences like stigmatization by peers. -Excessive echoing may make it difficult for the learner to establish other verbal operants.

What reasons does Valentino et al. give for why early intensive behavioral intervention programs often focus on developing the echoic repertoire? Select all that apply.

-If an individual echoes, a transfer-of-stimulus control procedure may be used to transfer stimulus control from the vocal model to the verbal antecedent. -A strong echoic repertoire can lead to self-prompting which may be important for complex verbal behavior.

Why is using easier prompting hierarchies more beneficial to practitioners and learners?

-It will make it easier to train new instructors. -The procedure would be implemented more frequently when the instructor is confident and efficient with the procedure.

Which of the following statements are true based on the results of the study reported in Valentino et al.? Select all that apply.

-Results suggest that once effectively established with a single target, the CPP procedure can produce immediate results with subsequent targets. -Results indicate that the CPP procedure could effectively reduce echolalia of the "say" instruction during echoic training and increase correct responding.

Which of the following is/are true about a progressive approach to discrete trial teaching?

-Therapist makes decisions based on learner's responses as they evolve throughout the session. -it does not strictly follow a counter balanced set of trials. -Instructions are given in natural language. -Instructions are varied as soon as possible. -Teaching occurs in a busy environment when necessary. -Use instructive feedback within consequent event of the contingency. -Data collection occurs on a sliding scale.

Strong stimulus control implies __________________________.

-a response that occurs at a much lower frequency in the presence of the SΔ -a response that occurs at a much higher frequency in the presence of the SDr

Delivery principles of Direct Instruction include ________________.

-brisk pacing of questions -specific correction procedures

Which of the following are an advantage of stimulus change?

-it can evoke or suppress a behavior temporarily -you can influence the rate of the behavior by withdrawing a controlling SD -you can influence the rate of the behavior by presenting a controlling SD

Which of the following is/are considered the primary component(s) of discrete trial?

-learner's responses -an instruction from the therapist -a consequence

Which of the following is/are the procedure(s) to transfer stimulus control from prompt to the naturally occurring stimuli?

-most to least prompting -time delay -least to most prompting -graduated guidance

What is/are the factor(s) related to the effectiveness of an intervention?

-precise implementation -consistent implementation

Modeling is _________________________.

-showing -a stimulus control procedure

To help minimize overselectivity of inappropriate SDs _______________________________.

-use the DOR method (differential observing responses) -avoid prompting too long -avoid overprompting

New directions for Direct Instruction include which of the following?

-video disk coursework -low-cost networking -computer-assisted instruction

The McMorrow and Foxx (1986) study cited in Valentino et al. describes the use of which of the following procedures to decrease echolalia and increase correct responding?

CPP ("cues-pause-point")

Which of the following would be considered a disadvantage of using stimulus control?

It's not always dependable.

Goals most likely function as ______________.

MOs

Margaret is on a diet. Before she started, every Friday she usually stopped and bought a piece of her favorite pie at the bakery. This Friday, though, when she walked by the bakery, she stopped and looked at her favorite pie, but did not buy it. This Friday, the pie was most likely a(n) _______________________.

SDp

Every time Joan sees Faz she rushes up and talks to him because Faz always responds nicely. The sight of Faz is a(n) ________________________.

SDr

What was the result of the MacKay et. al's study?

There was not a statistically significant difference between the efficiency of the most to least prompting with 2-s delay procedure and manual guidance with 2-s delay procedure, with respect to the number of trials to mastery.

Instructional demand refers to which of the following?

a change in behavior due to how the instructions are presented

Models are more likely to be imitated who are prestigious. Prestigious models during high-school are most likely to be _____________________.

a peer who receives an above average portion of reinforcers from peers and supervisors

Video modeling is used _______________________.

across various broad populations

Direct Instruction places its emphasis on ___________________.

antecedent stimuli

Based on your knowledge of modeling and staff training when starting your consultation to have maximum impact institution-wide, you should NOT select consultees that ______________________.

are in real need of help because they lack skills

Research evidence suggests which of the following is most likely to accelerate acquisition of skills?

assistance before the response rather than correction after the response

When using stimulus change effectively, you should ___________________________.

combine it with other procedures

A rule stipulated by a classroom teacher is students who have a question are to raise their hand and wait quietly to be called upon. The teachers, though, frequently call on those who call-out their questions. The calling-out is probably _____________________.

contingency shaped

Which of the following is an example of the "show" or modeling procedure?

demonstrating how to pick up a ball with your left hand

Of the following, which is NOT incorporated in the Direct Instruction program?

developing language-experience charts

When stimulus control is weak, you should __________________________.

differentially reinforce the correct response under the correct conditions

Which of the experimental conditions below is best described by the following statement? "A picture was placed on the table and the therapist presented the verbal instruction and targeted word, allowing 3 s for a response. A correct response was followed by verbal praise while incorrect responding or echolalia of "say" was ignored."

echoic with tact prompt baseline

One means of strengthening imitative responding of a target behavior is _________________________________.

ensuring simplicity of the behavior to be modeled

Discrete trial teaching is commonly implemented in a .

fixed manner

Which of the following is NOT a basic tactic for promoting imitation?

highlight dissimilarities

Generalized imitation involves ___________________________.

imitating in both familiar and novel contexts

Continually maintaining prompts ________________________.

may lead to the absence of the behavior if all prompts are abruptly withdrawn

Jose doesn't go directly to his seat after recess. Racquel does. Jose's teacher wants to teach him to sit down immediately. She compliments Racquel when Racquel sits down immediately. The procedure used on Jose's behavior is called?

modeling

Mr. Novak asks Fatima to check with him before leaving for her tutoring session. Five minutes later Mr. Novak calls on Fatima to score her paper, and, upon looking around, he discovers that Fatima has already left. Mr. Novak turns to Ms. Pope and exclaims (quietly): "Damn it! I've seen Fatima imitate others who have checked with me before, but she never checks with me when I ask her to do it!" The above indicates that ___________________________.

modeling is an SDr for checking with the teacher

Individuals are _________ sensitive to unannounced changes in contingencies that were formulated through contingency shaping over those acquired through rule governance.

more

Which prompting strategy is probably best to use when the client's learning history is unknown?

most to least with delay

It is important to select multiple models because ______________________.

multiple models exert greater influence over the behavior

When using physical guidance, it is important to _________________________________.

not use it with a highly resistive client

Stimulus change involves ____________________________.

presenting or withdrawing an antecedent stimulus to change a specific behavior's frequency

Response fluency _____________________.

reduces effort

Which of the following is NOT a basic consideration in model selection?

rehearsal

Prompts are NOT ____________________.

the S+

Which of the following is NOT a reason as to why stimulus change may fail?

the behavior you are trying to evoke is well established

Video self-modeling involves ______________________________.

the client viewing his or her own optimal or best behaviors

People may follow inaccurate rules (not receiving the expected reinforcement from their behavior) because _____________________________.

they are less aware of the direct contingencies

What was the purpose of the study done by MacKay et. al (2014)?

to assess the effectiveness and efficacy of most to least prompting with 2-s delay compared to manual guidance with 2-s delay

Which of the following is a technique to help a teacher increase his/her use of modeling?

use minor disruptive behaviors as cues to look for appropriate behavior and reinforce it

One advantage of stimulus control is that ___________________________.

when a strong antecedent stimulus is controlling the behavior, the rate can be managed by presenting or withholding the stimulus