Bible in the Qur'an Final

Shema

"Hear, O Israel, Yahweh is our God, Yahweh is one"

Trinity = which language? why is lang significant?

"Trinity" is Latin, not Greek (never occurs in the New Testament)

Council of Nicaea: when?

(325 CE)

Council of Constantinople: when?

(381 CE)

New Testament: (Proper) Diet and drink

Acts 10-15 no strangled meats no eating blood no things sacrificed to idols (meat usually sold in marketplace after sacrifice) John 2: oinos/wine okay: turned water into it. drink a little oinos; but NO drunkenness

Council of Nicaea: divinity of Jesus? who won?

Arius: Jesus not divine Athanasius: Jesus divine: WON

Angels Gabriel and Michael: which texts?

Both angels in all, and in apocalyptic lit OT: Angels are God's messengers that perform various missions. Not references often except for in the book of Daniel where they are mentioned by name. NT: Jude mentions Michael as an archangel against the devil and Daniel references both Michael and Gabriel. Michael means "who like God" in Hebrew, and Gabriel means "God is my strength." Always depicted with larger wings than other angels. Qur'an: Gabriel considered an archangel that delivers God's messages to the prophets. Reveals Quran to Muhammed. Michael is archangel of mercy who delivers thunder and rain to the earth.

Nathan the Wise: narrative

During 3rd Crusade (late 1100s AD) Nathan, a wealthy merchant Jew, returning from Babylon to home in Jerusalem Recha is his 18 year old daughter, being watched over by Daja, a governess There was a fire and Recha almost died but was saved by a Templar Knight Knight was a Christian from Germany who came to fight Muslims and Jews in Jerusalem Recha fell in love with him, but she's Jewish and he's Christian Daja supports Recha's love Templar Knight avoids Recha because he loves her too but felt that marriage would be morally/religiously improper Saladin needs money for dad and brother, plans to talk to Nathan for help Saladin's sister Sitlah tells him to "box Nathan in with a question he won't be able to answer; out of guilt he'll give you the money" Saladin asks Nathan: "Which religion is true?" Nathan responds with the parable of the rings Saladin gripped by answer, decided not to ask money of Nathan Daja wants to go to Europe so conveys fact to Templar Knight Templar Knight learns that Recha is technically a baptized Christian since she was adopted by Nathan Templar Knight (Roman Catholic) goes to patriarch of Orthodox church to ask hypothetically, if a Jewish person raised daughter as Jewish woman, but she's Christian and he knows it? Patriarch declares that the Jewish woman who's actually Christian must be burned finds a friar and asks him to follow the Templar Knight to determine if the hypothetical q was actually true friar goes to Nathan, tells him about the patriarch's investigation friar had given Recha to Nathan!! her mom had died, her dad Wulf went off to war and was killed fighting Muslims Nathan named her, and was only supposed to be a temporary parent Nathan's backstory: had a wife and 7 kids, but were killed by Crusades was angry with God filled his void with Recha, esp. since she was an orphan Templar Knight asks for Nathan's blessing to ask Recha's hand in marriage Nathan doesn't want to, avoids it Templar Knight had been captured in Tyre by Saladin's armies was about to die, but Saladin said that he looked like his brother Assad who had been killed, so let him go Assad had a son (Leu) and daughter (Blanda) with a Christian woman Templar Knight was nephew of Saladin Conrad and Recha are Leu and Blanda, so are blood-related siblings marriage could not proceed, Nathan was wise LESSING trying to say that everything including religion is connected, humanity transcends religious sects, we're all children of the same God

Slavery: embraced or repudiated by which texts?

Embraced by all 3 texts (fact of life) OT: Exodus 21: 3-11: rules for male debt slavery, embrace of debt slavery. Exodus 21:20: if you beat a slave to death you will be punished. If he lives, that is your right as he is your property. NT: Ephesians 6:5-9: slaves should obey their masters Quran: throughout

Capital Punishment: embraced or repudiated by which texts in Hebrew Bible and New Testament?

Embraced by both Hebrew Bible: Deuteronomy (stone child), Numbers New Testament: Revelations and Paul in Romans 12 (government makes laws by God, they don't hold the sword in vain)

NT material regarding the divinity of the Holy Spirit?

IT DOESN'T...the closest we get is Matthew 28:19-20, triune baptismal statement: "Jesus said, 'go forth and baptize them in the father, son and holy spirit, teaching them to obey as I've commanded you.'"

OT: virgin birth reference in which text and scenario??

Isaiah 7:14 Syro-Ephraimite War (735-732 BC) Prophet Isaiah sent to calm King Ahaz of Judah kings rezim (damascus) and pekah (israel) against tp3 (Tiglath-Pileser III), and want child of tabil on Ahaz's throne Ahaz makes move to protect country by contacting tp3, who is happy to take tribute. Isaiah talks to ahaz, takes son Shaar-Yashuv/("a remnant shall return"), ask for a sign, ahaz doesn't wanna test God, Isaiah is disturbed and asks if weary mortals would weary god as well Isaiah says look for a sign: behold the hinne alma (here's the young woman) she's preggo and will name child emmanuel (god is with us). sure enough, before he grows up syria (732) and israel (722) fall. Hebrew word for virgin: bethulah NOT used in Isaiah (Septuagint (LXX) is Greek trans of HB: parthenos) connotation manipulated by changing alma (young woman) to parthenos (virgin) in Greek translation. if intention in OT to say virgin would've used "bethulah" eventual interpretation that Emmanuel must be jesus, the parthenos must be Mary

Holiest city of Judaism

Jerusalem

NT: Divinity of Jesus?

John 1:1 and 2: "the word was God": logos is jesus John 20:28: Thomas wouldn't believe Jesus would be resurrected unless he saw him and felt where the spears and nails were, Thomas did and said "my Lord and my God" Philippians 2: "He was in the morphe of God but did not consider equality ...and so he humbled himself and became flesh, became bondservant and later crucified"

Christianity: major feasts and festivals / which in texts?

Lent and Easter Advent Christmas No declared holidays in NT

Hebrew Bible: (Proper) Diet and drink

Leviticus 2 no fish/shellfish (fins and scales) but exceptions (suckerfish, eels, crustaceans) only insects with 4 eyes and joint above foot and can fly (so locusts ok) no blood no strangled animals (not properly slaughtered) no split hooves and chew cud (=multiple stomachs, so pig sheep goat and cow ok but not horse) Exodus 23: "you shall not boil a kid in its mother's milk". no meat/dairy simultaneously:

NT: virgin birth. texts and scenarios

Mat. 1-3, Luke 1-2 Matthew: Jesus born to virgin Mary and Joseph, wise men, magi go to a house by following a star in Bethlehem Luke: Jesus born to virgin Mary and Joseph, angels, shepherds, manger

Three holiest cities of Islam

Mecca Medina Jerusalem

Significance of Armageddon

Mountain of Megiddo; many battles there; said to be place of apocalyptic battle

Qur'an: Divinity of Jesus?

NO: surah 4:155 contradict monotheism

Nathan the Wise: characters

Nathan (the Wise) Daja Recha (Blanda) Templar Knight Conrad (Leu) Saladin Sitlah Assad friar

significance of number 666 in Revelation

Nero Caesar (each letter in Hebrew has meaning in numbers) Revelations 13:8: mark of the beast is 666 why? because persecution of Christians (cannibals) by Emperor Nero of Rome

what did Council of Nicaea say about Holy Spirit?

Nicaea 3:25 said jesus was divine but not holy spirit

Did Jesus die on cross?

Not according to Qur'an reference to Jesus as not dying on the cross (surah 4, verse 155); but eventually died (not divine) --------------------------------------- Not according to all sects of (early) Christianity: Docetics "dokeo" = "to seem" Jesus was divine, seemed to be human/die on cross/have a body flesh is bad

Apocalyptic literature

OT: Genesis 3: snake; Isaiah 14: King of Babylon fell from heaven NT: Revelations 12: believe the King to be Lucifer, another name for the devil is made Revelations 19-20: Devil in hell (after persecuting early Christians) (Michael helped contain and release him) Dead Sea Scrolls: devil is Belial, who lead the forces of evil in 7 battles, eventually defeated by God

Judaism: major feasts and festivals

Pilgrimage/Hag: -Pesah/Passover (desire to be in Jerusalem at seder) -Shavvot/Weeks/Pentecost (7 weeks after Passover) -Sukkoth/Tabernacles other -Hanukkah (festival of dedication; rededication of temple of Juda Maccabee) POST BIBLICAL except in Daniel 7-12 -Rosh Hashanah ("head of the year," new year) -Yom Kippur (day of atonement, only day where high priest can enter holiest part of temple) -Tisha Baav (9th month)

Islam: major feasts and festivals / in text?

Ramadan (fasting) Eid al-Fitr (end of Ramadan; contribution of Zakat) Eid al-Adhah (commemorate Abraham's near sacrifice of son Isaac/Ishmael in Genesis XXII will sacrifice goat (4 people max) or ram (7 people) Muharram (new year) Surah 4: sacred festivals

five pillars of Islam

Shahadah (there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet) Salat (prayer) Zakat (giving of alms; charity) Sawm (fasting) Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

Judaism: places of worship / which in texts?

Temple Synagogue oral tradition; syn-="with" ; agogo="to go soon" Hebrew Bible never refers to synagogue; arose in late Second Temple (5th ct BC)) temple as alternate name

Whether or not Islam was the first of the Abrahamic traditions in which women sometimes wore veils?

Veils are rooted in all 3 Abrahamic religious traditions Hebrew Bible (Rebekah in Genesis 24:65) New Testament (1 Corinthians 11:2-16)

Nathan the Wise: parable of the rings

a magical ring is inherited, passed down to a favorite son a father had 3 sons, and loved them all the same commissioned replicas and gave one to each son brothers find out and fight, see a judge judge doesn't think it matters, since their dad gave them rings in the first place asks the brothers which other they love the most, none can answer person with ring WOULD HAVE said "I love them equally" judge says "i don't think any of you have the true ring, maybe one day eventually another judge will render a verdict" "to find out whether one of them had the real ring it was up to them to live in such a way that their ring's powers could prove true, to live a life that is pleasant in the eyes of God and mankind rather than expecting the ring's miraculous powers to do so. Nathan compares this to religion, saying that each of us lives by the religion we have learned from those we respect."

translation/alt. name for Jerusalem

a.k.a Al-Quds ="the holy place"

Significance of Babylon

aka Rome in Revelations Nero's persecution of Christians

Warfare/Violence: which texts?

all 3 Hebrew Bible: 1st and 2nd kings Joshua 6:17: rules of warfare, submit Jericho to God for destruction. everyone dies Joshua 8:26: Ai destroyed in same manner as Jericho Joshua 10:40: Joshua utterly destroyed all that breathed at the command of God. Holy war because people didn't worship God of Israel. 1 Samuel 15: Saul didn't kill all of the Malechites. Samuel says because of this, Saul will lose kingdom. Joshua 7:24: Aachan and whole family were stoned and burned as a form of punishment NT: Revelation/Romans 13 government established by God, so shouldn't resist government, which doesn't use sword in vain. Even if we concede that Qur'an is full of violence throughout, the bible and OT are full of it as well!!!!!!

Jesus birth? death?

birth (ca. 4 BCE) death (ca. 30 CE)

Muhammad birth? death ?

birth (ca. 570 CE) death (ca. 632 CE)

Christianity: place of worship and lead by whom? when?

church, lead by priests Greek word for church is ecclesia: "called out" no church buildings until Constantine declared Christianity a legal religion Met in synagogues and temples or home churches

Widows, Orphans, and the Poor: which texts?

in all 3 texts, Motif of social justice/concern in religion OT: gleaning Exodus 22:21: can't charge poor people any interest on loans NT: Acts 4-5: nobody had any needs because rich would sell property and give money to apostles who would then distribute it among the poor Qur'an: Surah 2:234-40: regulations regarding widows Surah 2:177: truly pious people are concerned about the poor, orphans, widows, travelers

Moses lived?

lived (ca. 13th century BCE)

Islam: place of worship?

mosque

minaret?

part of the mosque where call to prayer is given/announced

muezzin

person who gives 5 calls to prayer at the minaret

imam

person who leads the mosque

Judaism: titles of leaders

priest rabbi priest/cohen = Hebrew word meaning descendants of Aaron (brother of Moses) worked and lead 1 temple (destroyed 586 BC and 70 CE) where animal sacrifice. Zadak and Levite synagogues are lead by rabbis (could be any man) for worship and teaching

what did Council of Constantinople say about Holy Spirit?

reaffirms divinity of jesus, holy spirit, the lord the giver of life, who proceeds from the father and the son, with them he is worshiped and glorified

Qur'an: (Proper) Diet and drink

surah 2: 173 no carrion (already dead) no blood no animals over which any other god's name has been pronounced NO PIG (from Jewish tradition) no drunkenness; forbidden to drink wine (?)

the growth of "virgin birth" tradition in the early centuries of Christianity

virgin birth Paul: Galatians: born under a woman, born under the law perpetual virginity No references siblings of Jesus interpreted to be his cousins or other sons of Joseph pre-marriage to Mary immaculate conception of Mary Mary born without sin, so can't pass onto Jesus Augustine, Bishop of Hippo (4th century belief in original sin): "you inherit sin of Adam and Eve and can get baptized." Assumption of Mary: Went to heaven after she died. ← some degree of divinity. (Apotheosized)

Jesus had siblings?

yes brothers and sisters

Qur'an: Virgin birth? Mary's name?

yes! surah 3:5/42-51; Surah 19 named after Maryam Zachariah raised Maryam in a temple (virgin), angels protected her, brought her food, said "you will give birth to a son named Jesus and he will be the Messiah" even though she had not known a man, and gives birth in wilderness under a date tree Messiah = "to anoint" Mary says ask kid: jesus says im SERVANT of god After a few years Jesus makes clay birds and they fly away; in NT Apocrypha (infancy gospel of Thomas) as well Similar to Hagar and birth of Ishmael story in Genesis XVI: water, dates in wilderness, no man present Maryam daughter of Imran in Quran; in NT her dad is unnamed (tradition: Joakim). Sister of Moses is named Maryam as well; father of Moses and Aaron is Amram =confusion Mary visits Elizabeth in NT Luke, leaps in womb In quran mary is entrusted to priest Zachariah in temple. The angels are providing her which is NOT in NT. Woman who lived in temple was Anna (gospel of luke)