BILD my life
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele? Answers: 0.49 0.9 0.09 9.0
0.09
If there are two alleles of a gene, B and b, and the frequency of the B allele (p) is 0.90, the frequency of the b allele (q) is Answers: 0.30. 0.10. 0.81. 0.09. 0.01.
0.10
You want to study divergence of populations, and you need to maximize the rate of divergence to see results within the period of your grant funding. You will form a new population by taking some individuals from a source population and isolating them so the two populations cannot interbreed. What combination of characteristics would maximize your chance of seeing divergence in this study? 1. Choose a random sample of individuals to form the new population. 2. Choose individuals from one extreme to form the new population. 3. Choose a species to study that produces many offspring. 4. Choose a species to study that produces a few, large offspring. 5. Place the new population in the same type of environment as the source population. 6. Place the new population in a novel environment compared to that of the source population Answers: 1, 4, and 6 1, 3, and 6 2, 3, and 5 2, 3, and 6
2, 3, and 6
Rank the following in order from most general to most specific: 1. gametic isolation 2. reproductive isolating mechanism 3. sperm-egg incompatibility in sea urchins 4. prezygotic isolating mechanism
2, 4, 1, 3
Use the following description to answer the question(s) below. On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences. Which two of the following have operated to increase divergence between mosquitofish populations on Andros? 1. improved gene flow 2. bottleneck effect 3. sexual selection 4. founder effect 5. natural selection
3,5
Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend? Answers: 5.0 billion years 3.5 billion years 5.0 million years 3.5 million years
3.5 billion years
If, on average, 46% of the loci in a species' gene pool are heterozygous, then the average homozygosity of the species should be Answers: 54%. 46%. 23%. There is not enough information to say.
54%.
Which of the following describes allopatric speciation? Answers: Two populations of fruit flies are unable to mate because their reproductive organs do not properly fit together. A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. Through time the two subpopulations evolve into two distinct species. A male horse and a female donkey mate, producing a sterile hinny. One population breeds in the fall; another population breeds in the spring. A tetraploid plant species evolves from a diploid ancestor. Both the tetraploid and diploid species are found in the same habitat.
A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. Through time the two subpopulations evolve into two distinct species.
There are those who claim that the theory of evolution cannot be true because the apes, which are supposed to be closely related to humans, do not likewise share the same large brains, capacity for complicated speech, and tool-making capability. They reason that if these features are generally beneficial, then the apes should have evolved them as well. Which of these provides the best argument against this misconception? Answers: Adaptations are often compromises. Advantageous alleles do not arise on demand. Evolution can be influenced by environmental change. A population's evolution is limited by historical constraints.
Advantageous alleles do not arise on demand.
________ are photosynthetic protists. Answers: Parasites Fungi Plants Prokaryotes Algae
Algae
You sample a population of butterflies and find that 56% are heterozygous at a particular locus. What should be the frequency of the recessive allele in this population? Answers: 0.70 0.09 0.08 Allele frequency cannot be determined from this information.
Allele frequency cannot be determined from this information.
You find a wormlike, soft-bodied adult animal in a mud flat. It is bilaterally symmetrical, is segmented and has a complete digestive tract. Based on these characteristics, what phylum does the animal represent? Answers: Annelida Echinodermata Chordata Cnidaria Platyhelminthes
Annelida
Who proposed that organisms are best studied as abstract concepts and variation is unimportant? Answers: Lamarck Darwin Linnaeus Wallace
Aristotle
Who proposed that organisms could be organized into a great chain of being? Answers: Linnaeus Darwin Wallace Aristotle Lamarck
Aristotle
The most numerous, diverse, and widespread animals are the Answers: Annelida. Mollusca. Arthropoda. Nematoda. Chordata.
Arthropoda
Chemoautotrophic bacteria obtain their carbon from ________ and their energy from ________ . Answers: CO2 . . . reactions involving inorganic chemicals organic molecules . . . enzymes CO2 . . . sunlight organic molecules . . . sunlight methane . . . sunlight
CO2 . . . reactions involving inorganic chemicals
Animal life underwent its greatest diversification during the ______, which began about ______ million years ago. Answers: Cambrian . . . 540 Permian . . . 290 Cenozoic . . . 65 Carboniferous . . . 363 Mesozoic . . . 245
Cambrian . . . 540
he first genes on Earth were probably: proteins located within protobionts. Catalytic RNA molecules. DNA molecules whose information was transcribed to RNA and later translated in polypeptides.
Catalytic RNA molecules.
While wading in the ocean, you look down into the water and notice an umbrella-shaped, translucent animal. It swims by pulsing its body, and long tentacles trail behind it. One of them brushes your leg. Ouch! You feel a burning sensation where it touched you. To what phylum does this creature probably belong? Answers: Platyhelminthes Cnidaria Nematoda Mollusca Porifera
Cnidaria
______ have radial symmetry. Answers: Cnidarians Roundworms Flatworms Annelids Sponges
Cnidarians
Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection? Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable. Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success. Condition 3: Individuals pass on all traits they acquire during their lifetime. Answers: Condition 1 only Condition 2 only Conditions 1 and 2 Conditions 2 and 3 Conditions 1, 2, and 3
Conditions 1 and 2
If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms C, D, and E belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology? Answers: D and E B and C A and D B and D
D and E
What was the prevailing belief prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin? Answers: Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations gradually change. Earth is billions of years old, and populations rapidly change. Earth is billions of years old, and populations are unchanging. Correct Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging. Earth is billions of years old, and populations gradually change.
Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.
______ are seedless vascular plants. Answers: Bryophytes Grasses Ferns Angiosperms Gymnosperms
Ferns
How many of these statements regarding populations are true? 1. Mature males and females of a population can interbreed with each other. 2. Populations are sometimes geographically isolated from other populations. 3. Biological species are made up of populations. 4. Members of a population tend to be genetically more similar to each other than to members of other populations. 5. Populations have genomes, but not gene pools. Answers: Only one of these statements is true. Two of these statements are true. Three of these statements are true. Four of these statements are true. All five of these statements are true.
Four of these statements are true.
Which of the following would be useful in creating a phylogenetic tree of a taxon? I) morphological data from fossil species II) genetic sequences from living species III) behavioral data from living species Answers: I II III I, II, and III
I, II, and III
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life? I. formation of protobionts II. synthesis of organic monomers III. synthesis of organic polymers IV. formation of DNA-based genetic systems
II, III, I, IV
Why was Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection revolutionary? Answers: It proved that individuals acclimated to their environment over time. It was the first time a biologist had proposed that species changed through time. It dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations.
It dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations.
Who suggested that giraffes developed their long necks over time by stretching? Answers: Cuvier Plato Lamarck Wallace Darwin
Lamarck
______ is a chemical that hardens cell walls and supports the physical structure of terrestrial plants. Answers: RuBP Parenchyma Calcium carbonate Lignin Mesophyll
Lignin
What is true of natural selection? Answers: Natural selection is a random process. The only way to eliminate harmful mutations is through natural selection. Mutations occur at random; natural selection can preserve and distribute beneficial mutations. Mutations occur when directed by the good of the species; natural selection edits out harmful mutations and causes populations to adapt to the beneficial mutations. Natural selection creates beneficial mutations.
Mutations occur at random; natural selection can preserve and distribute beneficial mutations.
For natural selection to occur, there must be competition for resources, competition for survival, or different reproductive success. Why is this so? Answers: The struggle of competition makes individuals stronger. Natural selection acts on the different abilities of individuals to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation. Without competition, there is no pressure to mutate. Populations evolve to preserve the species and don't change unless they must.
Natural selection acts on the different abilities of individuals to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation.
Which highly reactive gas was probably absent from the Earth's primitive atmosphere? Answers: methane O2 (oxygen gas) nitrogen water vapor carbon dioxide
O2 (oxygen gas)
The largest extinction, measured as a percentage of species that disappeared, occurred at the end of which geological period? Answers: Devonian Permian Cretaceous Tertiary Silurian
Permian
Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus? Answers: The environment is responsible for natural selection. Earth is more than 10,000 years old. Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows. Technological innovation in afood production will always permit exponential growth of the human population. Earth changed over the years through a series of catastrophic upheavals.
Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows.
________ are membranes containing concentrated organic molecules and have some lifelike properties, but are not alive. Answers: Ribozymes Pseudocells Polypeptides Prokaryotes Protobionts
Protobionts
________ are heterotrophic protists; ________ are photoautotrophic protists. Answers: Protozoans . . . plants Fungi . . . plants Protozoans . . . protoplants Protozoans . . . algae Fungi . . . algae
Protozoans . . . algae
Which of the following statements is consistent with the assertion that protists are paraphyletic? Answers: Some protists evolved into other eukaryotic groups. Protists are all more primitive than land plants and animals. Protists all share a common set of synapomorphies. Protists do not share a single common ancestor.
Some protists evolved into other eukaryotic groups.
How do sponges differ from all other animals? Answers: Sponges exhibit radial symmetry. Sponges are not animals. Sponges lack true tissues. Sponges are autotrophs.
Sponges lack true tissues.
______ is the study of the evolutionary relationships of organisms, past and present. Answers: Epistemology Systematics Tautology Taxonomy Biogeography
Systematics
Which of the following statements best describes the history of life on Earth? Answers: The Earth had single-celled life-forms for most of its history. The Earth was lifeless far longer than it had living things. The Earth had animals for most of its history. The Earth had photosynthetic organisms about 100 million years after it formed.
The Earth had single-celled life-forms for most of its history.
Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is true? Answers: Deuterostomes always lack a body cavity. Deuterostomes lack true tissues. Deuterostomes have only two tissue layers. The opening that forms during deuterostome gastrulation becomes the anus. The opening that forms during deuterostome gastrulation becomes the mouth.
The opening that forms during deuterostome gastrulation becomes the anus.
Pharyngeal slits are present in the embryos of organisms as diverse as fish, chickens, and humans. Why would organisms as different as these have similar embryonic structures? Answers: The organisms shared a common ancestor, which did not have the slits, but natural selection created similar changes in the embryos over time. The pharyngeal slits is an acquired characteristic that just happens to look similar in different species. The organisms shared a common ancestor whose embryos had pharyngeal slits. The pharyngeal slits develop into gills because all species need to survive in a water environment at some point in their life cycle.
The organisms shared a common ancestor whose embryos had pharyngeal slits.
Which of the following statements is an example of typological thinking? Answers: The perfect giraffe type is spotted and has a long neck. The type of beak that is most advantageous varies depending on how much rain falls in a given year. The variety of dog shape and size is truly amazing. It is best to choose the seeds from the plants with the largest fruits to set aside for next year's plantings.
The perfect giraffe type is spotted and has a long neck.
Which one of the following will prevent significant genetic drift? Answers: There is genetic variation. The population size is large. Gene flow is absent. Variation in a particular trait is heritable. There is mutation.
The population size is large.
After surviving a bottleneck, a population recovers to the point where it consists of as many individuals as it did prior to the bottleneck. Which of the following statements is most likely to apply to this population? Answers: The postbottleneck population exhibits more genetic variation than the prebottleneck population. The postbottleneck population has less of a chance of going extinct than did the prebottleneck population. The bottleneck subjected the population to stabilizing selection. The postbottleneck population has the same probability of going extinct as did the prebottleneck population.
The postbottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the prebottleneck population.
Which of the following supports the argument that viruses are nonliving? Answers: Their DNA does not encode proteins. They do not evolve. They have RNA rather than DNA. They are not cellular.
They are not cellular.
A bacterium living in an underground septic tank thrives by absorbing organic compounds from decomposing wastes. What is it? Answers: a chemoautotroph a chemoheterotroph a photoheterotroph a photoautotroph a hemotroph
a chemoheterotroph
Charles Darwin was the first person to propose Answers: that population growth can outpace the growth of food resources. a mechanism for how evolution occurs. that evolution occurs. a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence and quickly accepted by many prominent biologists. that Earth is older than a few thousand years.
a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence and quickly accepted by many prominent biologists.
A reproductive barrier that prevents species from mating is an example of ______. Answers: a pre-zygotic barrier zygote mortality reduced hybrid fertility a post-zygotic barrier reduced hybrid viability
a pre-zygotic barrier
Which of the following is a defining characteristic that all protobionts had in common? Answers: RNA genes the ability to synthesize enzymes the ability to replicate RNA a surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure
a surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure
Many crustaceans (e.g., lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish) use their tails to swim, but crabs have reduced tails that curl under their shells and are not used in swimming. This is an example of _____. Answers: natural selection a vestigial trait a homologous structure an adaptation
a vestigial trait
What type of reproductive isolating mechanism is described by a situation in which female fireflies only mate with males who emit light in a particular pattern? Answers: habitat isolation reduced hybrid viability behavioral isolation temporal isolation mechanical isolation
behavioral isolation
The gene pool for a particular gene would include: Answers: all the alleles for a particular gene in all the individuals in the population. the sum of all the alleles for all the traits in the population. all the alleles for a given trait in a particular individual organism of the population. the sum of all the phenotypes in the population.
all the alleles for a particular gene in all the individuals in the population.
How are two different species most likely to evolve from one ancestral species? Answers: allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations sympatrically, by a point mutation affecting morphology or behavior sympatrically, due to extensive inbreeding allopatrically, due to extensive inbreeding
allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations
The most ancestral living tetrapods are ________ derived from ________. Answers: amphibians . . . hagfish reptiles . . . amphibians mammals . . . reptiles amphibians . . . lobe-finned fishes
amphibians . . . lobe-finned fishes
You are a geologist looking for minerals in a desert during the dry season. While digging for samples, you happen upon a strange organism that seems to be mummified in a membranous sac. You break the sac open to find that the organism has four limbs and is clearly a vertebrate. It has smooth, rather moist skin with no obvious scales, hair, or feathers. You place your specimen in a cardboard box in the shade on the back of your truck. When you check on it after a couple of hours, the creature is dead and as dry as a crust of bread. It is probably Answers: a monotreme. a reptile. an amphibian. a hairless mammal. a featherless bird.
an amphibian.
Typical animal embryos have ________, or external cell layer, and ________, which lines the digestive tract. Answers: an ectoderm . . . an endoderm an ectoderm . . . a blastula a mesoderm . . . a gastrula a blastula . . . a gastrula an endoderm . . . an ectoderm
an ectoderm . . . an endoderm
Pollen production by the anthers of a flower is characteristic of: Answers: mosses. ferns. ginkgos. angiosperms. conifers.
angiosperms
The biological species concept cannot be applied to ______. Answers: simple plants that reproduce sexually animals that use asexual and sexual reproduction bacteria that only reproduce asexually fungi that live on land complex plants that have flowers
bacteria that only reproduce asexually
on what basis are populations assigned to the same biological species? Answers: being able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring a very similar appearance having 99% of their genes in common relating to the environment in the same way sharing a common ancestor
being able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are ________ and typically have ________. Answers: bilaterally symmetrical . . . a complete digestive tract with a mouth and anus bilaterally symmetrical . . . a true coelom all parasites . . . no digestive system radially symmetrical . . . no digestive system bilaterally symmetrical . . . a gastrovascular cavity with one opening
bilaterally symmetrical . . . a gastrovascular cavity with one opening
Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures? Answers: eyelessness in the Australian mole and eyelessness in the North American mole owl wing and hornet wing bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb bat wing and bird wing
bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb
Which of the following correctly illustrates the sequence of the origin of modern groups of plants? Answers: ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms, bryophytes bryophytes, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms gymnosperms, ferns, bryophytes, angiosperms ferns, gymnosperms, bryophytes, angiosperms bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
evolution answers: must happen whenever a population is not well adapted to its environment. requires the operation of natural selection. requires that populations become better suited to their environments. must happen, due to organisms' innate desire to survive. can happen whenever any of the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met.
can happen whenever any of the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met.
Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan that: Answers: causes malaria. causes intestinal distress. can switch between plant and animal lifestyles. is closely related to fungi.
causes malaria.
Which of the following features are characteristic of fungi? Answers: cell walls, feeding by absorption, and usually filamentous bodies no cell walls, parasitic, heterotrophic cell walls, chemosynthetic, heterotrophic cell walls, photosynthesis, and usually filamentous bodies no cell walls, feeding by absorption, chemosynthesis
cell walls, feeding by absorption, and usually filamentous bodies
Genetic drift is the result of ______. Answers: environmental variation differential reproductive success chance natural selection a large gene pool
chance
Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution? Answers: inheritance of acquired characters descent without modification survival of the fittest change in the genetic composition of a population over time
change in the genetic composition of a population over time
Fungal cell walls are different from plant cell walls because fungal walls contain: Answers: glycogen, while plant walls have cellulose. cellulose, while plant walls have pectin. chitin, while plant walls have cellulose. cellulose, while plant walls have chitin. glycoprotein, while plant walls have starch.
chitin, while plant walls have cellulose.
he ________ is a flagellated cell that sweeps water through a sponge's body. Answers: choanocyte amoebocyte spicule spongin sessile body
choanocyte
To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree, _____. Answers: choose the tree with the fewest branch points choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible
choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology
The role that humans play in artificial selection is to Answers: determine who lives and who dies. train organisms to breed more successfully. Correct choose which organisms breed, and which do not. create the genetic variants, which nature then selects. perform artificial insemination.
choose which organisms breed, and which do not.
Homology is evidence of ______. Answers: punctuated evolution convergent evolution paedomorphosis common ancestry stasis
common ancestry
Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of _____. Answers: homology parsimony a synapomorphy convergent evolution
convergent evolution
The process through which species not closely related may come to resemble one another if they live in a similar environment is known as Answers: coevolution. paedomorphosis. homology. similar evolution. convergent evolution.
convergent evolution.
The ______ helps plants retain water. Answers: skin lignin hypha cuticle mycorrhizae
cuticle
Which of the following areas/conditions would be favored by thermophiles? Answers: the arctic tundra the stomachs of herbivores anaerobic conditions deep-sea volcanic vents
deep-sea volcanic vents
Which of the following would be least likely in the fossil record? Answers: desert earthworms marine-dwelling clams marsh-dwelling crabs dinosaurs
desert earthworms
he same basic internal organs (kidneys, stomach, heart, lungs) are found in frogs, birds, snakes, and rodents. This is primarily an example of _____. Answers: developmental homology structural homology genetic correlation inheritance of acquired characteristics
developmental homology
Which three groups of protists all produce hard mineralized skeletal structures or cell walls that contribute to marine sediments and form fossils? Answers: amoebas, trypanosomes, and apicomplexans dinoflagellates, diatoms, and green algae diplomonads, radiolarians, and apicomplexans green algae, brown algae, and diatoms diatoms, forams, and dinoflagellates
diatoms, forams, and dinoflagellates
The most immediate effect of sexual displays and contests in animals (such as bighorn sheep bashing their heads together) is: Answers: differential mating success. mutations. stabilizing selection. disruptive selection.
differential mating success.
Which of the following is most likely to produce an African butterfly species in the wild whose members have one of two strikingly different color patterns? Answers: sexual selection stabilizing selection directional selection disruptive selection artificial selection
disruptive selection
Prokaryotes are classified into Answers: domain Bacteria and domain Archaea. kingdom Bacteria and kingdom Archaea. domain Bacteria and domain Monera. kingdom Protista and kingdom Monera. domain Monera and domain Archaea.
domain Bacteria and domain Archaea.
A change in the genetic makeup of a population is called: Answers: uniformitarianism. artificial selection. natural selection. evolution.
evolution
An individual with a novel adaptation has evolved that adaptation. Answers: true false
false
Bacteria are considered to be a type of protist.
false
Most bacteria present in the human intestines are pathogenic.
false
Survival is the single most important process in evolution by natural selection. Answers: True False
false
The simplest eukaryotes are the bacteria.
false
Of the following taxonomic levels, species found within the same ______ are the most closely related. Answers: order domain phylum class family
family
Over the past 500 million years, ________ mass extinctions have occurred in which at least ________ of the species on Earth became extinct. Answers: two . . . 50% twelve . . . 96% two . . . 25% five . . . 25% five . . . 50%
five . . . 50%
When imbalances occur in the sex ratio of sexual species that have two sexes (i.e., other than a 50:50 ratio), the members of the minority sex often receive a greater proportion of care and resources from parents than do the offspring of the majority sex. This is most clearly an example of sexual selection. balancing selection. frequency-dependent selection. disruptive selection. stabilizing selection.
frequency-dependent selection.
he restriction enzymes of bacteria protect the bacteria from successful attack by bacteriophages, whose genomes can be degraded by the restriction enzymes. The bacterial genomes are not vulnerable to these restriction enzymes because bacterial DNA is methylated. This situation selects for bacteriophages whose genomes are also methylated. As new strains of resistant bacteriophages become more prevalent, this in turn selects for bacteria whose genomes are not methylated and whose restriction enzymes instead degrade methylated DNA. The outcome of the conflict between bacteria and bacteriophage at any point in time results from evolutionary imbalance. frequency-dependent selection. neutral variation. heterozygote advantage. genetic variation being preserved by diploidy.
frequency-dependent selection.
In plants, the haploid, multicellular organism is the: Answers: gamete. sporophyte. zygote. gametophyte. spore.
gametophyte.
Over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declines and some species have become extinct. Scientists suspected that local human activities such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution, and deforestation were the main reasons for these losses. However, research over the past 20 years reveals significant amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. These global declines suggest widespread problems including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. In Switzerland, for example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction. When most populations of a wide-ranging amphibian species are lost and the few remaining populations are widely separated, we expect to see that ______. Answers: gene flow between populations is reduced mutations become less important in the evolution of the species the founder effect becomes increasingly important artificial selection becomes a greater factor in microevolution microevolution no longer occurs
gene flow between populations is reduced
Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing Answers: nonrandom mating. gene flow. genetic drift. geographic isolation.
gene flow.
Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence? Answers: gene flow natural selection nonrandom mating genetic drift mutation
genetic drift
Speciation requires ______. Answers: a mass extinction so that new environmental opportunities will be available to the survivors geographic isolation genetic isolation long periods of time periods of rapid evolutionary change
genetic isolation
The genetic makeup of any organism is its ________, which determines the physical characteristics called its ________. Answers: genotype; phenotype gene pool; alleles genotype; alleles phenotype; genotype
genotype; phenotype
Which of the following options lists taxonomic categories in the correct order from most specific to most general? Answers: genus, family, order, class, phylum family, genus, class, order, phylum genus, phylum, family, order, class family, genus, order, phylum, class genus, family, class, order, phylum
genus, family, order, class, phylum
A mountain lion, or puma, has the scientific name Felis concolor. Felis is the: Answers: order. family. kingdom. species. genus.
genus.
Sympatric speciation specifically excludes ______. Answers: post-zygotic barriers geographic isolation temporal isolation mechanical isolation behavioral isolation
geographic isolation
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. What keeps the two populations separate? answers: temporal reproductive isolation behavioral reproductive isolation habitat isolation lack of hybrid viability
habitat isolation
Gametophytes are ______; sporophytes are ______. Answers: an adaptation to an aquatic existence . . . an adaptation to a terrestrial existence not a component of the angiosperm life cycle . . . a component of the angiosperm life cycle male . . . female haploid . . . diploid the dominant stage of the conifer life cycle . . . the less obvious stage of the conifer life cycle
haploid . . . diploid
Mammals Answers: evolved from birds. all lay eggs. are ectothermic. have hair and mammary glands. all give birth to live young.
have hair and mammary glands.
Most adult insects have three major body parts or sections. They are the Answers: head, legs, and wings. antennae, head, and abdomen. head, body, and legs. head, thorax, and abdomen. legs, wings, and body.
head, thorax, and abdomen.
Structures that evolved from the same structure in a common ancestor are Answers: homoplasies. analogous. homologous. heterologous. convergent adaptations.
homologous
The wing of a bald eagle is ______ the wing of a penguin. Answers: convergent with identical to unrelated to homologous to analogous to
homologous to
The common ancestors of birds and mammals were very early (stem) reptiles, which almost certainly possessed three-chambered hearts (two atria, one ventricle). Birds and mammals, however, are alike in having four-chambered hearts (two atria, two ventricles). The four-chambered hearts of birds and mammals are best described as _____. Answers: vestiges structural homologies homoplasies the result of shared ancestry
homoplasies
Which bird adaptation is probably less well-developed in flightless birds such as penguins and ostriches? Answers: presence of feathers amniotic egg honeycombed and very light bone structure vertebrae the tetrapod body plan
honeycombed and very light bone structure
Phylogenetic trees can always be regarded as ________ about evolutionary relationships. Answers: hypotheses guesses facts none of the above
hypotheses
Genetic variation _____. Answers: is created by the direct action of natural selection in a sexually reproducing population comes primarily from mutation must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population arises in response to changes in the environment
in a sexually reproducing population comes primarily from mutation
The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect ______. Answers: involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population requires a small population can only occur on an oceanic island colony affects an entire population is a type of natural selection
involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population
A bacterium that is pathogenic: Answers: benefits from living inside humans and produces nutrients for us. is flexible regarding use of metabolic pathways. has genes similar to viruses. is a disease-causing organism.
is a disease-causing organism.
Which of the following organisms is a marsupial? Answers: echidna kangaroo whale zebra monkey
kangaroo
The major weakness of Charles Darwin's theory during his lifetime was the: Answers: fact that, at certain points in embryonic development, diverse species all have structures known as pharyngeal gill slits. lack of variation in natural populations. lack of a mechanism to explain how traits were passed to offspring intact when most believed inheritance worked through blending. fact that populations do not promote competition but rather promote sharing.
lack of a mechanism to explain how traits were passed to offspring intact when most believed inheritance worked through blending.
The duck-billed platypus and other monotremes differ from other mammals in that they Answers: have hair. have a backbone and cranium. are aquatic. lay eggs. have mammary glands.
lay eggs.
Which of the following conditions would tend to make the Hardy-Weinberg equation more accurate for predicting the genotype frequencies of future generations in a population of a sexually reproducing species? Answers: a tendency on the part of females to mate with the healthiest males frequent interbreeding with individuals from a second population with different values of p and q mutations that alter the gene pool a small population size little to no migration with surrounding populations
little to no migration with surrounding populations
A pollen grain is a ______. Answers: type of seed sporophyte female gametophyte megaspore male gametophyte
male gametophyte
The mobile stage of the cnidarian life cycle is the ______ stage. Answers: tadpole polyp instar medusa radula
medusa
Which of the following is a member of the domain Archaea? Answers: methanogens spirochetes gram-positive bacteria chlamydias proteobacteria
methanogens
intestinal gas is evidence of active ________ in one's digestive tract. Answers: halophiles yeast cultures digestive enzymes thermophiles methanogens
methanogens
n response to environmental conditions, the average beak size in a population of birds may change between successive generations. This process of change is referred to as ________. Answers: speciation microevolution coalescence sequestration macroevolution
microevolution
Gene flow is accomplished by ______. Answers: migration natural selection genetic drift mutation sexual recombination
migration
A phylogenetic tree grouping that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants is known as a ________ group. Answers: polytomy paraphyletic monophyletic polyphyletic
monophyletic
In ______ the gametophyte is more obvious than the sporophyte. Answers: ferns conifers grasses mosses angiosperms
mosses
Which of the following lack vascular tissue? Answers: mosses ferns Ginko biloba flowering plants
mosses
Which of the following characteristics differentiates plants from green algae? Answers: photosynthetic pigments starch chloroplasts multicellular, dependent embryos cellulose
multicellular, dependent embryos
Which of the following is ultimately responsible for introducing new alleles into a population? Answers: natural selection mutation sexual selection genetic drift
mutation
Over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declines and some species have become extinct. Scientists suspected that local human activities such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution, and deforestation were the main reasons for these losses. However, research over the past 20 years reveals significant amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. These global declines suggest widespread problems including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. In Switzerland, for example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction. Chytridiomycosis is a fungal disease first identified in 1998 as a cause of massive amphibian deaths. In some severely impacted populations, a few individuals have survived, perhaps because of some natural resistance. If these resistant individuals continue to survive and prosper, new resistant populations might emerge. This would be an example of ______. Answers: sexual selection artificial selection the founder effect natural selection genetic drift
natural selection
A proficient engineer can easily design skeletal structures that are more functional than those currently found in the forelimbs of such diverse mammals as horses, whales, and bats. The actual forelimbs of these mammals do not seem to be optimally arranged because _____. Answers: natural selection has not had sufficient time to create the optimal design in each case, but will do so given enough time though we may not consider the fit between the current skeletal arrangements and their functions excellent, we should not doubt that natural selection ultimately produces the best design in many cases, phenotype is determined by genotype and the environment natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species
natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species
A proficient engineer can easily design skeletal structures that are more functional than those currently found in the forelimbs of such diverse mammals as horses, whales, and bats. The actual forelimbs of these mammals do not seem to be optimally arranged because Answers: natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species. in many cases, phenotype is not merely determined by genotype, but by the environment as well. though we may not consider the fit between the current skeletal arrangements and their functions excellent, we should not doubt that natural selection ultimately produces the best design. natural selection has not had sufficient time to create the optimal design in each case, but will do so given enough time.
natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species.
The best classification system is that which most closely _____. Answers: reflects evolutionary history unites organisms that possess similar morphologies reflects the basic separation of prokaryotes from eukaryotes conforms to traditional, Linnaean taxonomic practices
reflects evolutionary history
To be a successful cell evolutionarily, the earliest cells had to: Answers: have mitochondria. photosynthesize. consume oxygen. reproduce.
reproduce.
The peppered moth provides a well-known example of natural selection. The light-colored form of the moth was predominant in England before the Industrial Revolution. In the mid-nineteenth century, a dark-colored form appeared. The difference is produced by a dominant allele of one gene. By about 1900, approximately 90% of the moths around industrial areas were dark colored, whereas light-colored moths were still abundant elsewhere. Apparently, birds could readily find the light moths against the soot-darkened background in industrial areas and, therefore, were eating more light moths. Recently, use of cleaner fuels has greatly reduced soot in the landscape, and the dark-colored moths have been disappearing. Should the two forms of moths be considered separate species? Answers: Yes, because they are reproductively isolated based on habitat. Yes, because they have completely different coloration. Yes, because natural selection has affected the frequency of the two different forms. No.
no
A major difference between bacteria and eukaryotes is that bacteria have: Answers: a rod-shaped nucleus. faster mitosis as their method of sexual reproduction. no ribosomes. no membrane-bound organelles.
no membrane-bound organelles.
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in a population is equal to Answers: 2pq. p2. q or p. 2p.
p2
A group consisting of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants is known as a ________ group. Answers: polytomy monophyletic polyphyletic paraphyletic
paraphyletic
Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of _____. Answers: reinforcement polyploidy natural selection colonization
polyploidy
If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed? Answers: flowering plants protists prokaryotes grasses
prokaryotes
What organisms are most numerous on Earth? Answers: eukaryotes plants archaea insects prokaryotes
prokaryotes
Which of the following cellular structures is characteristic of amoebas? Answers: microvilli cilia flagella stereocilia pseudopodia
pseudopodia
When two frog species, Rana pipiens and Rana sylvatica, mate, the offspring die early in embryonic development. This is an example of ____. Answers: reduced hybrid fertility hybrid sterility behavioral isolation mechanical isolation reduced hybrid viability
reduced hybrid viability
Recall that cuticle seals plant surfaces and helps plants conserve water and that the seed helps derived plant groups to reproduce effectively on dry land. The analogous adaptations in reptiles are ________ (analogous to cuticle) and ________ (analogous to the seed). Answers: claws . . . lungs scales . . . the amniotic egg moist skin . . . jellylike egg masses scales . . . jellylike egg masses scales . . . aquatic larvae
scales . . . the amniotic egg
Which of these adaptations to a terrestrial existence evolved most recently? Answers: cuticle stomata vascular tissue seeds
seeds
Which of the following are important reproductive adaptations that allow plants to disperse to dry terrestrial environments? Answers: seeds and pollen roots and leaves flowers and leaves leaves and stems gametophytes and sporophytes
seeds and pollen
In accordance with the principle of parsimony, scientists prefer Answers: phylogenetic trees to nonphylogenetic classifications. the Linnaean system of nomenclature to the use of common names. complex phylogenetic trees in which adaptations repeatedly arise, disappear, and reappear. simpler phylogenetic trees that minimize the number of evolutionary changes. phylogenetic trees with many small clades to those with a few major clades.
simpler phylogenetic trees that minimize the number of evolutionary changes.
A population becomes isolated from other populations of the same species, and then genetic divergence occurs that prevents them from breeding with other populations. What has happened? Answers: directional selection speciation mechanical incompatibility formation of genetic drifts
speciation
In plants, the diploid, multicellular organism is the: Answers: sporophyte. zygote. gamete. gametophyte. spore.
sporophyte
Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer, or more, than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation? Answers: sexual selection stabilizing selection disruptive selection artificial selection directional selection
stabilizing selection
In protostomes, Answers: there is no endoderm. the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the mouth. the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the anus. there is no body cavity. there is no ectoderm.
the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the mouth.
In a hypothetical situation, a certain species of flea feeds only on pronghorn antelopes. In the western United States, pronghorns and cattle often associate with one another in the same open rangeland. Some of these fleas develop a strong preference for cattle blood and mate only with other fleas that prefer cattle blood. The host mammal can be considered as the fleas' habitat. If this situation persists, and new species evolve, this would be an example of _____. Answers: sympatric speciation and habitat isolation sympatric speciation and temporal isolation allopatric speciation and habitat isolation allopatric speciation and gametic isolation
sympatric speciation and habitat isolation
When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human _____. Answers: the Plasmodium oocyst undergoes meiosis the Plasmodium cells infect the human liver cells the Plasmodium gametes fuse, forming an oocyst the Plasmodium cells cause lysing of the human red blood cells
the Plasmodium cells infect the human liver cells
Scientists believe that a major factor promoting the adaptive radiation of mammals was probably Answers: internal fertilization. the mass extinction of most dinosaurs, an event that opened up new ecological opportunities. their tetrapodal body plan, which gave mammals new capabilities. the origin and diversification of flowering plants. their development of fur.
the mass extinction of most dinosaurs, an event that opened up new ecological opportunities.
About 3 million years ago, the Isthmus of Panama (a narrow strip of land connecting North and South America) formed, dividing marine organisms into Pacific and Caribbean populations. Researchers have examined species of snapping shrimp on both sides of the isthmus. Based on the morphological species concept, there appeared to be seven pairs of species, with one species of each pair in the Pacific and the other in the Caribbean. The different species pairs live at somewhat different depths in the ocean. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences, the researchers estimated phylogenies and found that each of these species pairs, separated by the isthmus, were indeed each other's closest relatives. The researchers investigated mating in the lab and found that many species pairs were not very interested in courting with each other, and any that did mate almost never produced fertile offspring. (N. Knowlton, L. A. Weigt, L. A. Solorzano, D. K. Mills, and E. Bermingham. 1993. Divergence in proteins, mitochondrial DNA, and reproductive incompatibility across the Isthmus of Panama. Science 260:1629-32.) Refer to the paragraph about the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. The sister populations on opposite sides of the isthmus are true species under which species concept? Answers: the biological species concept the morphological species concept the phylogenetic species concept the morpholoogical species, biological species, and phylogenetic species concepts
the morpholoogical species, biological species, and phylogenetic species concepts
A systematist includes a lizard in a phylogenetic analysis of relationships among bird families. In this analysis, the lizard would be treated as Answers: a derived group. the outgroup. an independent origin of avian traits. an analogous group. the ingroup.
the outgroup.
Which of the following represents a pair of homologous structures? Answers: the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly the antennae of an insect and the eyes of a bird the feathers of a bird and the wing membrane of a bat the wing of a bat and the scales of a fish
the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale
Most protists are unicellular.
true
Organisms from two separate species can look anatomically similar. True or False?
true
Polyploidy is an important mechanism of speciation in plants. True or False?
true
Some bacteria can obtain their nutrition by photosynthesis.
true
Traits with low heritability are more affected by environmental variation than by genetic variation. Answers: True False
true
The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having Answers: radial or bilateral symmetry. true tissues or no tissues. diploblastic or triploblastic embryos. a well-defined head or no head.
true tissues or no tissues.
With what other idea of his time was Cuvier's theory of catastrophism most in conflict? Answer: extinction uniformitarianism the scala naturae special creation
uniformitarianism
Viruses _____. Answers: metabolize food and produce their own ATP use the host cell to copy themselves and make viral proteins manufacture their own ATP, proteins, and nucleic acids use the host cell to copy themselves and then viruses synthesize their own proteins
use the host cell to copy themselves and make viral proteins
You decide to bake bread from scratch. Which of the following is required to make your dough rise?Answers: a mutualistic fungus yeast a saprophytic fungus a mycorrhizal fungus a multicellular fungus
yeast
