Bio 1
Scientific white papers are
to guide decision-making and state a position on an issue
osmolarity
total amount of substances dissolved in a specific amount of solution
osmosis
transport of water through a semipermeable membrane according to the concentration gradient of water across the membrane that results from the presence of solute that cannot pass through the memebrane
uniporter
transporter that carries one specific ion or small molecule
symporter
transporter that carries two different ions or small molecules, both in the same direction
antiporter
transporter that carries two ions or small molecules in different directions
Despite the overwhelming amount of rigorous scientific evidence supporting it, and no peer reviewed evidence to the contrary, many people in the US still reject the idea of evolution (T/F)
true
All of the following are food items sold in grocery stores. Which is a wild life species?
tuna and deer
disaccharide
two sugar monomers that are linked together by a glycosidic bond; three common examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose
endocytosis
type of active transport that moves substances, including fluids and particles, into a cell
chitin
type of carbohydrate that forms other the outer skeleton of all arthropods that include crustaceans and insects; it also forms cell walls of fungi
steriod
type of lipid composed of four fused hydrocarbon rings forming a planar structure
purine
type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; adenine and guanine are purines
pyrimidine
type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; cytocine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines
omega fat
type of polyunsaturated fat that is required by the body; the numbering of the carbon omega starts from the methyl end or the end that is furthest from the carboxylic end
alpha-helix structure
type of secondary of proteins formed by folding of the polypeptide into a helix shape with hydrogen bonds stabilizing the structure
scanning electron microscope - SEM
uses smaller beams of electrons to magnify forms 3D images use a computer to color structures
transmission electron microscope - TEM
uses smaller beams of electrons to magnify magnify up to 10,000 times bigger - 10,000X use heavy metal stains to see structures
pinocytosis
variation of endocytosis that imports macromolecules that the cell needs from the extracellular fluid
receptor-mediated endocytosis
variation of endocytosis that involves the use of specific binding proteins in the plasma membrane for specific molecules or particles, and clathrin-coated pits that become clathrin-coated vesicles
potocytosis
variation of pinocytosis that uses a different coating of protein, caveolin, on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane
The term "biodiversity" can refer to the
variety of species, biological communities, ecosystems
microtubule
widest element of the cytoskeleton system; it helps the cell resist compression,provides a track along which vesicles move through the cell, pulls replicated chromosomes to opposite end of a dividing cell, and is structural element of centrioles, flagella, and cilia
A useful scientific hypothesis is one that is:
testable.
nucleoplasm
the "cytoplasm" of the nucleus, which has a special pH to protect the DNA
Endangered Species Act was passed in
the 1970s
What is the most important barrier protecting the inner contents of an animal cell from its exterior environment?
the cellular membrane
Ecology is the study of
the environment and the organisms that inhabit it (ecosystems, communities, populations)
The story of the Pacific Yew was used to describe
the potential for undervalued species to become very valuable in a very short time
A cell's interior is considered isotonic to the surrounding fluid when:
the solute concentrations are the same within and outside the cell.
What cell type in animals has a flagellum?
the sperm cell
If a thylakoid were punctured so that its interior was no longer separated from the stroma which of the following processes would be most directly affected?
the synthesis of ATP
Within the study of thermodynamics a closed system is defined as a system in which energy does not come in and energy does not go out. Which of the following is considered a closed system?
the universe
microtubules
thickest structure in cytoskeleton can disassemble and reassemble as needed made of the protein tubulin form tracks for vesicles to move on make up cilia and flagella
microfilaments
thinnest structure in cytoskeleton made of the protein actin help with muscle contraction also form a band that pinches cell into two cells during cell division
chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA and associated proteins during cell division, they coil up tightly, shorten, condense, and form pairs in the classic "X" shape
Each ATP molecule is composed of three separate subunits. Which of the following is NOT a proper description of one of these subunits?
three carbon-nitrogen rings
tertiary structure
three dimensional conformation of a protein,. including interactions between secondary structural elements; formed from interactions between amino acid side chains
nuclear pores
tiny holes in the nuclear envelope that allows selected materials to go between the nucleus and the cytoplasm RNA goes through these holes
What is an active site of an enzyme?
The part of the enzyme to which reactants (or substrates) bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
Define primary structure of proteins.
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
What is a double helix?
The spiraling ladder-like structure of DNA composed of two strands of nucleotides.
Biology
The study of life
biology
The study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environmnets
Describe the physical interaction between an enzyme and its substrate.
The substrate binds to a portion of the enzyme called the active site, which has a shape complementary to the substrate much like the complementary shapes of a lock and a key.
What is the "backbone" of DNA
The sugar-phosphate backbone.
Define tertiary structure of proteins.
The unique and complex three-dimensional shape formed by multiple twists of the secondary structure of a protein as amino acids come together and form hydrogen bonds (or covalent sulfur-sulfur bonds).
Hypothesis
Making an educated guess about the question posed based on observation and research
The Scientific Method
Method by which questions can be answered and hypotheses can be tested; 6 steps: observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experimentation, conclusion
Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from free-living bacteria that were incorporated into eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis. Which of the following pieces of evidence for this hypothesis is INCORRECT?
Mitochondria can survive and reproduce independently when removed from the host cell.
Which of the following facts supports the claim that mitochondria developed from bacteria that, long ago, were incorporated into eukaryotic cells by the process of phagocytosis?
Mitochondria have their own DNA.
What are carbohydrates?
Molecules that contain mostly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are the primary fuel for running all of the cellular machinery and also form much of the structure of cells in all life forms.
What is the simplest carbohydrate called?
Monosaccharide
Which of the above agencies originally had a strictly preservationist mission? Motorcycles, ATVs, mining, and logging are not allowed in most lands controlled by this agency.
National Park Service
Does the number of chromosomes determine the complexity of the organism or its IQ?
No, dogs have 78 chromosomes as compared to the 46 chromosomes humans have
control group
Normal/ typical conditions, used for sake of comparison
controlled variables
Not being studied but must be consistent between the control and experimental groups
The number of electrons
Number of protons equals...
What are lipids?
One of four of the macromolecules which are insoluble in water and greasy to the touch.
What are amino acids?
One of twenty simple organic compounds that contain both a carboxyl and amino group and are strung together like beads on a string, resulting in a protein that has a unique structure and chemical behavior.
When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP what happens?
One phosphate is removed.
What are the responsibilities of the steroid hormones estrogen and testosterone that are build through slight chemical modifications to cholesterol?
They are the primary molecules that direct and regulate sexual development, maturation, and sperm and egg production.
What are monosaccharides used for?
They cannot be broken down and are building blocks of more complex carbohydrates.
What is the function of the pigment molecules in photosynthesis that are not at the center of a photosystem?
They gather photons and transfer energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll.
Why do carbohydrate molecules function so well as fuel for the body?
They have many carbon-hydrogen bonds that store a great deal of energy. The bonds are easily broken, and the energy can be captured by organisms.
Why are lipids insoluble in water?
They tend to have long chains consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms which in contrast to water, are nonpolar.
Histology is the study of
Tissues
How many amino acids joined together form a dipeptide?
Two
Define quaternary structure of proteins and give an example.
Two or more polypeptide chains bonded together in a single protein. An example is hemoglobin.
Which agency is under the department of Agriculture? The directive of "multiple use" guides this agency.
US Forest Service
Protista
Organisms: algae, slime molds, protozoans Cell number: mostly unicellular but some algae are multicellular Cell type: eukaryotic (only guarantee) Nutrition: slime molds and protozoans are heterotrophs whole algae are autotrophs Motility: algae and slime molds are non motile whole protozoans are motile Cell wall/ composition: algae have cell walls of cellulose, slime molds have cells walls of chitin, and protozoans lack cells walls
Animalia
Organisms: animals Cell number: multicellular Cell type: eukaryotic Nutrition: heterotrophs Motility: motile Cell wall/ composition: no cell walls
Monera
Organisms: bacteria and cyanobacteria Cell number: unicellular Cell type: prokaryotic Nutrition: bacteria are heterotrophs while Cyanobacteria are autotrophs Motility: most are non motile Cell wall/ composition: cell walls of peptidoglycan
Fungi
Organisms: mushrooms, molds, mildews, and yeast Cell number: mostly multicellular, but yeast are unicellular Cell type: eukaryotic Nutrition: heterotrophs Motility: non motile Cell wall/ composition: cell walls of chitin
Plantae
Organisms: plants Cell number: multicellular Cell type: eukaryotic Nutrition: autotrophs Motility: non motile Cell wall/ composition: cell walls of cellulose
What is "trans fat?"
Partially hydrogenated unsaturated fat.
Name an animal that uses lipids for long-term energy and insulation.
Penguins, walrus, or seal.
Which one of the following statements best represents the relationship between respiration and photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it.
This law established an 11% tax on arms and ammunition to support wildlife conservation; it was developed and supported by hunters and gun manufacturers
Pittman-Robertson Act
Biosphere
Planet earth; sphere of life
Botany is the study of
Plants
Which of the following cell membrane components are present in plant cells but absent in animal cells?
Plasmodesmata
Compared to prokaryotic cells, EUKARYOTIC cells...
...are larger - 10 to 100 micrometers across ...are structurally more complex - nucleus, membrane bound organelles ...have coiled, linear strands of DNA in a nucleus ...are in Domain Eukarya
Compared to eukaryotic cells, PROKARYOTIC cells...
...are smaller - 1 to 10 micrometers across ...are structurally simpler - no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles ...have circular DNA floating in cytoplasm ...are in Domains Bacteria and Archaea
Cells are small because...
...because they must have enough SURFACE AREA for the uptake of nutrients and removal of wastes ...small cells must have a HIGH surface-to-volume ratio meaning surface area must always be bigger than volume
To use sucrose, what must a body do?
1) break the bond linking the glucose and fructose 2) break down the individual monosaccharides into their component atoms 3) harvest and use the stored energy in the chemical bonds.
Name four ways an enzyme can reduce the activation energy and initiate a chemical reaction.
1) stressing critical chemical bonds in substrate molecule 2) directly participating in the reaction 3) creating a micro-habitat that favors reaction 4) simply orientating or holding substrate molecules in place so they can be modified.
5 functions of the plasma membrane
1. maintains INTEGRITY of the cell by forming a BOUNDARY between inside and outside of the cell 2. REGULATES movement of substances in and out of the cell 3. provides RECOGNITION between cells with unique glycoproteins on the membrane 4. provides COMMUNICATION between cells with RECEPTORS 5. STICKS cells together to form tissues or organs
What is a reasonable working estimate of the number of species on Earth?
10 million
What is the source of most of our circulating cholesterol?
10% comes directly from foods we eat while nearly 90% is produced in our liver from saturated fats.
Humans been ecologically important in North America for about how many years?
13,000
This was about the time scientists first began discussing the potential for global warming as a consequence of burning fossil fuels
1950s-1970s
Silent Spring was published in the
1960s
Silent Spring exposed the dark side of science by describing the consequences of irresponsible use of pesticides. The author was
R. Carson
tRNA
RNA that carries activated amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on the ribosome
mRNA
RNA that carries information from DNA to ribosomes during protein synthesis
rRNA
RNA that ensures the proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes during protein synthesis and catalyzes the formation of the peptide linkage
What is RNA
Ribonucleic acid serves as a middleman in the process of converting genetic information in DNA into proteins.
Modern humans (Homo sapiens) arose in Africa about how many years ago?
200,000
Cellular respiration is an efficient process that captures around 35% of the energy in glucose. From one molecule of glucose it yields:
30 to 32 ATP depending on the tissue and organism.
About how many people live in the US?
325 million
number of chromosomes a human has
46 - in 23 pairs
How much virgin forest remains in the US?
5%
The lysosomes in a human cell contain approximately ________ type(s) of digestive enzymes.
50
How many rotations of the Calvin cycle are required for the production of one glucose molecule?
6
What is a fatty acid?
A chain of carbon-hydrogen molecules that form the "tail" region of a fat molecule.
What is an activator?
A chemical with a cell that binds to an enzyme, altering its shape or structure in a way that causes the enzyme to catalyze a reaction.
What is an inhibitor?
A chemical within a cell that binds to an enzyme or substrate molecule and in doing so, reduces the enzyme's ability to catalyze a reaction.
What is glycogen?
A complex carbohydrate consisting of stored glucose molecules and when it breaks down, it releases the glucose for needed energy.
What is chitin (kite-in)?
A complex carbohydrate, indigestible by humans, that forms the rigid outer skeleton of most insects and crustaceans (i.e. lobster's exoskeleton).
What is cellulose?
A complex carbohydrate, indigestible by humans, that serves as the structural material for a huge variety of plant structures. It is the single most prevalent organic compound on earth.
What is a carboxyl group?
A functional group characterized by a carbon atom double-bonded to one oxygen atom and single-bonded to another oxygen atom.
What are sterols?
A group of lipids that play an important role in regulating growth and development. They include cholesterol and steroid hormones such as testosterone and estrogen.
What are micromolecules?
A large molecule that is made up of smaller building blocks or subunits.
What are phospholipids?
A lipid that is the major component of the membrane that surrounds the contents of a cell and controls the flow of chemicals into and out of the cell.
Autotrophs
Self-feeders; produce their own glucose (plants)
What is an amino group?
A nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen atoms (usually two or three).
In the nucleic acid structure, what are the three parts?
A phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogen-containing base.
What is an enzyme?
A protein that initiates and accelerates a chemical reaction in a living organism.
Organism
A single individual
What is a glycerol?
A small molecule that forms the "head" region of a fat molecule.
Salt
A synonym for an ionic compound
How are phospholipid molecules that make up the surface membrane of a cell organized?
A two-layered structure is formed with the hydrophobic tails facing in to each other sandwiched between the hydrophilic heads that face the interior of the cell and the exterior environment.
Science
A way of investigating phenomena
The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with:
ATP and NADPH & H+.
Irritability
Ability of an organism to respond to a stimulus (can be environmental or organismal -> shiver from cold vs running from a predator)
Homeostasis
Ability to change in order to remain the same (regulation, control, balance, consistency)
Reproduction
Ability to produce viable offspring (asexual or sexual)
How many pounds of water molecules does a pound of glycogen have?
About four pounds, the reason dieters lose a lot of "water weight" during the first days of a diet.
In DNA, what is the complimentary pair of adenine and guanine?
Adenine is thymine and guanine is cystosine.
Name the four nitrogen-containing bases.
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine.
Phycology is the study of
Algae
Different steps in cellular respiration occur in different locations in the mitochondria. Which of the following does not properly match a step of respiration to its proper location?
All of the above are correct matches between function and location.
Cellularity
All organisms are comprised of cells
nutritional requirements
All organisms must require nutrients (glucose= used to produce energy)
Data collection
All variables must be measurable and measurements of independent and dependent variables must be taken and then statistically analyzed
Where is most of our cholesterol produced?
Almost 90% of the circulating cholesterol is produced in our liver by transforming the saturated fats in our diet.
Prediction
An if/then statement
What is cholesterol?
An important component of most cell membranes and is an essential molecule for living organism.
Anatomy is the study of
An organism's structure ( systems, organs, tissues, cells)
Zoology is the study of
Animals
Mutation
Any change that occurs in the genetic material or DNA of a cell or organism (most are neutral and have no effect)
when water is the solvent
Aqueous solution
The number of protons
Atomic number equals...
How many amino acids joined together form a polypeptide?
Several (more than two).
Tissue
Sheet or sheets of cells that work together to achieve a common function (muscle, connective, nervous, etc)
Before a long study session, why is it wise to consume oatmeal rather than fresh fruits?
Simple sugars in the oatmeal will become available only gradually as complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars.
What gives short term energy, simple sugars or complex carbohydrates?
Simple sugars such as fructose because the energy is easier to break down.
What is another name for monosaccharides?
Simple sugars.
A substance that is desolved
Solute
The dissolving agent
Solvent
Bacteriology is the study of
Bacteria
Theodor Engelmann broadcast light that had been passed through a prism onto a mat of algae. This exposed different parts of the algae to different wavelengths of light. When he added aerobic bacteria to the system he noted that the largest groups of bacteria aggregated in the areas of the algae illuminated by the blue and red light. What did Engelmann discover from this experiment?
Bacteria aggregated in the area in which the most oxygen was being released.
Conclusion
Based on statistical analysis of data, either accept or reject hypothesis; if accepted, write report to share findings
Cell
Basic unit of life
Levels in the hierarchy of organization in nature
Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, system, organ, tissue, cell, chemical/molecular
formula for cellular respiration
C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + 34 ATP glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy note that oxygen is breathed in and carbon dioxide is breathed out
What is the molecular composition of glucose?
C6H12O6 (C6 and 6 units of H2O).
Organ
Structure composed or compromised of numerous tissues that work together to achieve a common function (brain, stomach, etc)
Name some of the ways proteins are used?
Stucturally (hair, fingernails, feathers, horns, cartilage, tendons), protectively (fight invading microorganisms, coagulate blood), regulatory (control cell activity, constitute some hormones), contractile (allows muscles to contract, heart to pump, sperm to swim), and transporting (carry molecules such as oxygen around a body).
What is a disaccharide?
Carbohydrates formed by the union of two simple sugars (i.e. sucrose [table sugar] and lactose [sugar found in milk]).
Name the four types of micromolecules that are essential to the building and functioning of living organisms.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What are some of the health risks of trans fat?
Caused the body to produce more cholesterol, raising the risk of heart disease, and reducing the body's production of the type of cholesterol that protects against heart disease.
How are lysosomes distributed among different types of eukaryotic cells?
Cells that process a lot of larger nutrients such as liver cells have larger amounts of lysosomes than other cells.
Eukaryotic
Cells with a nucleus as a container holding DNA
Prokaryotic
Cells without a nucleus
Characteristics of life (8)
Cellularity, reproduction, nutritional requirements, growth and development, irritability, homeostasis, mutation, adaptation
If cellulose is indigestible, why is it still important to human diets?
Cellulose in our diet is known as "fiber" or "roughage" and as it passes through our digestive system, it scrapes the wall of our digestive tract, stimulating the rapid passage of food and unwanted (harmful) products of digestion through our intestines.
How many and what are essential amino acids?
Ten amino acids that humans cannot manufacture (so it is essential they are supplied through diet).
What are the two distinct components of fats?
The "head" region and two or three long "tails."
Physiology is the study of
Chemical interactions that occur within the body of an organism (focus on the function)
Biochemistry is the study of
Chemicals/ molecules important to life (organic)
What is Manifest Destiny?
The belief that the United States had the RIGHT and the DUTY to expand west.
Chemical/ Molecular
The chemicals/ molecules of cells (oxygen, water, glucose, DNA, etc)
What are proteins?
The chief building blocks of life and controls the levels of sugar and other chemicals into the bloodstream and carry oxygen from one place in the body to another. They are constructed of unique combination of 20 amino acids.
Define secondary structure of proteins.
The corkscrew-like twists or folds formed by hydrogen bonds between amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
What is denaturation?
The disruption of protein folding, in which secondary and tertiary structures are lost. It is caused by exposure to extreme conditions in the environment such as heat or extreme pH.
Si: 2,8,4
The element Silicon has 14 electrons, how would that be written?
Which statement is NOT part of the modern cell theory?
The first cell arrived on earth from outer space.
A covalent bond forms when atoms complete their outer shells by sharing electrons. When atoms complete their outer shells by gaining or losing electrongs it leaves the atoms as ions which form an ionic bond
Compare covalent and ionic bonds
What are the two types of inhibitors?
Competitive (blocks reaction) and noncompetitive (bind to enzyme altering its shape) inhibitors.
What is a polysaccharide?
Complex carbohydrates formed by the union of many simple sugars.
What is nucleic acid?
DNA and RNA store genetic information in unique sequence of nucleotides.
How many strands does a molecule of DNA have and how do they interact?
DNA has two strands and they wrap around each other, each turning in a spiral.
Genetics is the study of
DNA, it's structure, inheritance, and mutations
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid carries information about the production of particular proteins in the sequences of its nucleotide bases.
Experimentation
Develop a method to test prediction; includes control group and experimental group
independent variable
Direct control by researcher and part of the 'if' portion of prediction (amount of light or drug dosage)
Ecosystem
Distinct geographical region with specific biota (living) exposed to specific abiotic conditions (non living enviro aspects like weather or ph)
An atoms attraction for shared electrons
Electronegativity
A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means
Elements
Which of the following terms is a more extreme form of human centeredness than the other?
Eurocentric
Adaptation
Evolution or appearance of a new feature or characteristic that better suits an individual for survival (due to a beneficial mutation)
Membrane-bound vesicles containing a substance synthesized by a cell fuse to the outer cell membrane and release their contents to the outside world. What is this process called?
Exocytosis
What is a triglyceride?
Fats having three fatty acids (tail) linked to the glycerol (head) molecule.
What are the three fates of "blood sugar?"
Fuel for cellular activity, stored temporarily as glycogen, and converted to fat for long term energy storage.
If the DNA base sequence of one of the spirals is CCCCTTAGGAACC, what is the complimentary sequence?
GGGGAATCCTTGG
If the RNA base sequence is CCCCUUAGGAACC, what is the complimentary sequence?
GGGGAAUCCUUGG
What is "blood sugar?"
Glucose that circulates in your blood at a concentration of about 0.1%.
Name some common monosaccharides.
Glucose, fructose, and galactose.
System
Group of organs working together to achieve a common function (digestive, nervous, etc)
What is happening when an egg white changes its color and consistency when cooked?
Heat breaks hydrogen bonds and disrupts their secondary and tertiary structures, altering these shapes. The denatured proteins now appear white and solid instead of clear and semi-liquid.
"In wilderness is preservation of the world." is a famous quote by this author who also wrote the book Walden
Henry David Theoreau
Because the number of Protons determines the type of atom
If you were to take a proton away from He (Helieum) it would become H (Hydrogen) why is this?
What are the functions of lipids?
Important in energy storage and insulation (fats), membrane formation (phospholipids), and regulating growth and development (sterols).
Heterotrophs
Incapable of producing glucose and must absorb or ingest it
Growth and Development
Increase in body size and cells begin to differentiate into different body parts
No, it is made up of Hydrogen and Oxygen. Therefore it is a compound
Is water an element?
What are the "good" about hydrogenation?
It improves a food's taste, texture, and shelf-life (but at a health cost).
What makes the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough?
It is covered with ribosomes.
Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is FALSE?
It is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
What is the main function of the nucleolus?
It is the site of ribosome-subunit synthesis.
Which of the following statements about glycolysis is INCORRECT?
It requires oxygen.
This preservationist was the founder of Sierra Club and is considered the "Father of the National Parks."
John Muir
Person(s) very important in land and forest conservation in the late 1800s and early 1900s
John Muir and Gifford Pinchot
This law prohibited the transport of illegally taken wildlife across state lines. It was the first wildlife law enacted by the US Congress
Lacey Act
A molecule
When two or more atoms are held together by a covalent bond, what does it form?
In stars as they live
Where are many of the natural elements made?
In stars as they die/explode
Where are the rest of the natural elements made?
nuclear envelope
double membrane surrounding the nucleus
DNA
double-helical molecule that carries the hereditary information of the cell
nuclear envelope
double-membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus
do all the cells of an organism have the same DNA?
Yes, but certain genes get turned on and off during development so cells can become specialized with the right structures for their functions
Seventy to ninety percent of the genetic material in a gamete made in your body could be inherited from your mother. How could this be?
You receive many mitochondria which have their own genome from your mother but not from your father.
An element: a. is a substance that cannot be broken down chemically into any other substance. b. is an atom that has lost either a proton or an electron. c. must occur naturally on earth somewhere. d. is a component of an atom. e. All of the above
a
Glucose that circulates in your blood has one of three fates: it is used to fuel cellular activities, it can be converted into fat, or it can _______. a. serve as a buffer b. be converted into starch c. be broken down into simple sugars d. be converted into fructose and linked together e. be stored temporarily as glycogen
e
Which of the following is NOT a form of kinetic energy?
a covalent bond linking phosphate molecules
Tay-Sachs disease
a disease caused by a lack of the enzyme Hex A, which breaks down lipids in nerve cells the result is the lysosomes swell with undigested lipds causes paralysis and eventual death by age 4 or 5 there is a gene for this disease that can be passed on by a carrier parent
Which of the following is a cellular characteristic of ALL eukaryotes?
a nuclear membrane
Eukaryotic cells may contain all of the following EXCEPT:
a peptidoglycan cell wall.
what is the plasma membrane made of?
a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol the hydrophilic phospholipid heads face the extracellular fluid outside of the cell and the cytoplasm inside the cell while the hydrophobic fatty acid tails point toward each other and hold the bilayer together
Which of the following is not an appropriate way to describe environmentalism?
a science
Golgi complex
a series of interconnected, flattened membranous sacs sorts, modifies, and packages proteins
What is a keystone species?
a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.
Which of the following statements about enzymes is NOT true? a. Enzymes often induce shape changes in the molecules to which they bind. b. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. c. Enzymes are proteins. d. Enzymes help initiate chemical reactions. e. Enzymes are permanently changed when they take place in a chemical reaction.
e
Which type of macromolecule is an informational molecule? a. monosaccharide b. polysaccharide c. protein d. fatty acid e. DNA
e. DNA
A partial sequence of a molecule is "AACTGCT." The molecule is: a. a polypeptide. b. a triglyceride. c. a polysaccharide. d. a protein. e. a nucleic acid
e. a nucleic acid
6. Which of the following nucleotide bases are present in equal amounts in DNA? a. adenine and cytosine b. thymine and cytosine c. adenine and guanine d. thymine and guanine e. adenine and thymine
e. adenine and thymine
. Some atoms of an element contain more neutrons or fewer neutrons than the most commonly found "version" of the atoms for that element. These "alternate versions" of the standard atom are called: a. atomic variants. b. analogs. c. decayed nuclei. d. radioactive elements e. isotopes.
e. isotopes
All lipids are: a. polymers of fatty acids. b. polar. c. hydrophilic. d. triglycerides. e. not soluble in water.
e. not soluble in water
4. A complex polymer built of monosaccharides is called a(n): a. ketone. b. protein. c. aldehyde. d. polypeptide. e. polysaccharide.
e. polysaccharide.
. Glycogen belongs in the class of molecules known as: a. monosaccharides. b. proteins. c. amino acids. d. nucleic acids. e. polysaccharides
e. polysaccharides.
. Figuratively, the primary structure of proteins is often described as amino acids connected like "beads on a string." In this same vein, which of the following images BEST describes protein quaternary structure? a. links on a chain b. coils in a spring c. needle in a haystack d. rungs on a ladder e. threads in a cloth
e. threads in a cloth
. The most abundant molecule in the cell is: a. cellulose. b. oxygen. c. carbon dioxide. d. carbohydrate. e. water
e. water
what means a worldview that places equal value on all living organisms and the ecosystems in which they live
ecocentric
What are the resulting products of the splitting of water in photosynthesis?
electrons oxygen and hydrogen ions
To absorb large particles cells engulf them within their plasma membrane in a process called:
endocytosis.
Where are cell membrane components synthesized?
endoplasmic reticulum
In cellular respiration:
energy-rich sugar molecules are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.
cytoplasm
entire regions between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals
Golgi apparatus
eukaryotic organelle made up of a series of staked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution
What does it take to upset an embedded theory?
evidence
Secretion of cell products like milk proteins and mucus from glandular cells is accomplished via:
exocytosis.
endoplasmic reticulum
extensive network of channels connected to the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, and some organelles
An inherited disease results from abnormal mitochondria passed from mother to child. Using your knowledge of mitochondria's function within human cells which of the following is the most likely description of the symptoms of this disease?
extreme muscle weakness
In the chemical formula 3H2O, how many atoms are there of each element?
a. 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen b. 5 hydrogen and 3 oxygen c. 6 hydrogen and 3 oxygen d. 3 hydrogen and 3 oxygen e. 3 hydrogen and 1 oxygen Answer: C
An atom of sodium (Na) has 11 protons. What is its approximate atomic mass?
a. 22 b. 16.5 c. 5 d. 44 e. 11 Answer: A
Once a scientific theory has enough evidence, it graduates and is considered scientific fact (T/F)
false
Science is an appropriate vehicle for determining the existence or non-existence of a Divine Being (T/F)
false
Science is democratic and dogmatic (T/F)
false
The phrase "just a theory" is suitable to describe theories both in popular language and to describe embedded theories in science
false
The theory of evolution has been tested in many different ways, and there is some evidence to support it; however, it has not been good for making predictions (T/F)
false
US courts have determined that "creation science" exhibits the essential characteristics of science and that its chief intent is to inform students about the nature, process, and findings of science (T/F)
false
trans fat
fat formed artificially by hydrogenating oils, leading to a different arrangement of double bond(s) than those found in naturally occurring lipids
triclyceride
fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to glycerol molecule
tight junction
firm seal between two adjacent animal cells created by protein adherance
During the Calvin cycle rubisco's function is to:
fix carbon to RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate).
What were the ecological consequences of overhunting of beaver?
floods from the opened dams
Mycology is the study of
fungi
The purpose of the experimentation phase of the scientific method is to:
gather evidence to support or reject a hypothesis.
cytosol
gel-like material of the cytoplasm in which cell structures are suspended
A well-constructed hypothesis will:
generate a testable prediction.
If your hypothesis is "Eyewitness testimony is always accurate," which of the following is a reasonable testable prediction?
a. Individuals who have witnessed a crime will correctly identify the criminal regardless of whether multiple suspects are presented wearing different styles of clothing or the same style of clothing. b. Individuals who have witnessed a crime will correctly identify the criminal regardless of whether multiple suspects are presented one at a time or all at the same time. c. Individuals who have witnessed a crime will correctly identify the criminal regardless of whether multiple suspects are presented in a police line-up or at the scene of the crime. d. Individuals who have witnessed a crime will correctly identify the criminal regardless of whether multiple suspects are presented in person or in photographs. e. All of the above are reasonable testable predictions for this hypothesis. Answer: E
Which of the following statements is TRUE about a plasma membrane?
a. It is composed of a single layer of phospholipids. b. It is a rigid structure that protects the cell like a shell. c. The molecules that make up most of the plasma membrane are polar at their heads and tails. d. The molecules that make up the membrane are lipids. e. The molecules that make up the membrane are linked to each other by covalent bonds. Answer: D
Which of the following energy-generating processes is the only one that occurs in all living organisms?
glycolysis
Three different metabolic pathways are responsible for the production of ATP. What are they?
glycolysis the reactions on the electron transport chain and the Krebs (citric acid) cycle
electrochemical gradient
gradient produced by the combined forces of an electrical gradient and a chemical gradient
chlorphyll
green plant pigment that captures light energy that drives the light reactions of photosynthesis
Population
group of individuals of the same species that successfully reproduce (perpetuation of the species)
endomembrane system
group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids and proteins
tissue
group of similar cells carrying out related functions
Which of the following influenced the ecology of North America once the Europeans arrived?
guns, germs, steel, their attitudes towards nature
Which of the following is a domestic species that, when it hunts in the wild, damages native ecosystems?
house cats
substituted hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon chain or ring containing an atom of another element in place of one of the backbone carbons
aromatic hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms
A nasty trick to play on a water strider bug is to add detergent to a puddle on which the strider is standing. Water striders are light enough to stand on the water's surface. Adding a detergent or other surfactant to the puddle would cause the water strider to sink. What must a surfactant do to change the water surface?
a. It must cause the hydrogen bonds between surface water molecules to be broken. b. It must cause water molecules to break apart into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. c. It must increase the weight of the water strider, causing it to sink. d. It must cause the hydrogen atoms of water to become slightly negatively charged, and the oxygen atoms to be positively charged. e. It must deflate little air sacs on the water strider that allow it to float on the surface. Answer: A
The lipids within the fluid mosaic of the plasma membranes are held in place by:
hydrophobic interactions.
If the solution surrounding a cell contains less solute than the cytoplasm the osmotic condition is said to be:
hypotonic.
formula for fermentation
in animals: glucose → lactic acid + 2 ATP produces the waste product called lactic acid, which causes sore muscles soreness goes away after lactic acid is processed by the liver
organism
individual living entity
cohesion
inter molecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension
Biologically speaking a pigment:
is a molecule that absorbs photons.
The object depicted in the figure:
is an animal cell.
Potential energy:
is contained in matter placed in certain positions or arrangements.
geometric isomer
isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond
One of the most-discussed chemicals in the controversy surrounding Silent Spring was DDT. Why is this chemical such a big problem in nature?
it is persistent and it bioaccumulates
cytoplasm
jellylike solution inside the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Which of the following is a way the early European-American settlers changed the ecology of North America?
killing off the beaver in many regions for the fur trade
Aerobic bacteria:
lack mitochondria.
biological macromolecule
large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules
macromolecule
large molecule, typically formed by joining of smaller molecules
central vacuole
large plant cell organelle that regulates the cell's storage compartment, holds water, and plays a significant role in cell growth as the site of macromolecule degradation
Which of the following describes observation but does not explain why the phenomenon exists?
law and scientific fact
organ system
level of organization that consists of functionally related interacting organs
lysosomes
like all proteins, this sac of ENZYMES is made by the RER and processed and packaged by the Golgi complex the 40 different enzymes breaks down macromolecules, old organelles, and invaders it is like a trash compactor or garbage disposal
primary structure
linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
phosphodiester
linkage covalent chemical bond that holds together the polynucleotide chains with a phosphate group attached the glycerol backbone
desmosome
linkages between adjacent epithelial cells that form when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments
wax
lipid made of long-chain fatty acid that is esterified to a long-chain alcohol; serves as a protective coating on some feathers, aquatic mammal fur, and leaves
In 1998, the prestigious medical journal, The Lancet, reported that 12 children in England who received the vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) exhibited symptoms of autism soon after the vaccination. Which of the following, if true, would cast doubt on the causal linkage between the vaccine and the development of autism?
a. Later studies of hundreds of thousands of children in Denmark found no statistical difference in the incidence of autism among children who were vaccinated and children who were not. b. A later study in Japan showed that after the use of the MMR vaccine was stopped, the incidence of autism continued to increase. c. The original English sample was selected rather than randomized. d. All of the above cast doubt on the causal linkage between the vaccine and the development of autism. e. Only a and c cast doubt on the causal linkage between the vaccine and the development of autism. Answer: D
Lipids and carbohydrates are composed of the same elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. How do lipids and carbohydrates differ?
a. Lipids have more hydrogen relative to oxygen than do carbohydrates. b. Lipids and carbohydrates have different functions. c. Lipids don't dissolve easily in water, while carbohydrates do. d. Lipids do not chain together to form larger molecules, while carbohydrates do. e. All of the above are correct. Answer: E
polypeptide
long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
saturated fatty acid
long chain of hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximised
polysaccharide
long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched
polynucleotide
long chain of nucleotide
unsaturated fatty acid
long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain
denaturation
loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals
Fermentation reactions generally occur under conditions of:
low oxygen concentrations.
Which of the following organelles is responsible for degrading waste within the cell?
lysosome
Which of the following cellular components contains hydrolytic enzymes associated with the digestion of macromolecules?
lysosomes
lipid
macromolecule that is nonpolar and insoluble in water
extracellular matrix
material (primarily collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans) secreted from animals cells that provides mechanical protection and anchoring for the cells in the tissue
dependent variable
may or may not be influenced by changes in the independent variable and part of the 'then' portion of prediction (amount of growth or change in cholesterol levels)
intermediate filaments
medium thickness structure in cytoskeleton stable and permanent made of various types of proteins ROPE-like fibers that maintain cell shape and hold organelles in place
channel protein
membrane protein that allows a substance to pass through its hollow core across the plasma membrane
transport protein
membrane protein that facilitates passage of a substance across a membrane by binding it
carrier protein
membrane protein that moves a substance across the plasma membrane by changing its own shape
vacuole
membrane-bound sac, somewhat larger than a vesicle, which functions in storage and transport
active transport
method of transporting material the requires energy
passive transport
method of transporting material through a membrane that does not require energy
Modern day scientists purposefully limit themselves to explaining natural phenomena using only natural causes. This is called
methodological materialism
amphiiphilic
molecule possessing a polar or charged area and a nonpolar or uncharged are capable of interacting with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments
hydrocarbon
molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen
isomers
molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula
structural isomers
molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their chemical bonds
enantiomers
molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensional placed such that they are mirror images of each other
5 kingdoms of life
monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
necleotide
monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base
amino acid
monomer of protein; has central carbon alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl, a hydrogen, an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for all 20 amino acids
Osmosis is _________ specialized than diffusion because it involves _________.
more water
secondary active transport
movement of material that is due the the electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport
microfilament
narrowest element of the cytoskeleton system; it provides rigidity and shape to the cell and enables cellular movements
Which of the following BEST defines diffusion?
net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers that collectively maintain the shape of a the cell, secure some organelles in specific positions, allow cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enable unicellular organisms to move independently
smooth endoplasmic reticulum - SER
no ribosomes detoxifies alcohol and certain drugs, especially in liver cells also produces phospholipids for the cell membrane
Assume you hear males of a particular species of bird calling in their natural environment and question why they call. You design the follow experiment to try to answer your question. You cage one male individual and record his calling rate in response to four treatments. You vary the sex and species of the birds that your male subject could see. Your treatments are: no birds of the same species; 10 male birds of the same species; 10 female birds of the same species; 5 male and 5 female birds of the same species. The results of the experiment show that the rate at which the male subject called is the same across all four treatments. Which one of the following might represent a null hypothesis that this experimental design could reject?
a. Males of your species call less often than do females. b. Males of your species call when called to. c. Males of your species call at a rate that is independent of the sex composition of the audience. d. Males of your species call more often than do females. e. Males of your species do not call. Answer: C
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about passive transport across the cell membrane?
a. Passive transport increases entropy in a system. b. Passive transport decreases free energy. c. Diffusion across an electrochemical gradient is one form of passive transport. d. Passive transport may involve chemical energy in the form of ATP. e. Facilitated diffusion by transport proteins is one form of passive transport. Answer: D
In chemistry class we learn the rule "like dissolves like" when studying why polar substances dissolve in each other (like sucrose in water) and why non-polar substances dissolve in each other (like fats in oil). Which of the following statements illustrates this rule?
a. Ribosomes are found inside of prokaryotic cells rather than outside. b. Prokaryotes lack a nuclear membrane while eukaryotes have one. c. More prokaryotic cells could fit inside a 1-cm cube than eukaryotic cells could. d. Transmembrane proteins remain in the plasma membrane even though they are not attached to anything. e. Chemical messengers or hormones bind tightly to their receptor proteins on the outside of a cell. Answer: D
During an experiment to determine if people with more symmetrical body features have a lower incidence of disease, a researcher first measures the length of several bones in the subject's hands and arms. The device used to measure length does not display a readout of the measurement taken. Instead, a wire connects the measuring device to a computer that records the data. The computer monitor is kept out of sight of the subject and the researcher. Why is such an elaborate device used?
a. So that the subject will not know if he or she is part of the control group. b. So that the experiment will be repeatable. c. So that the subject will not be injured by the experiment. d. So that the identity of the subject will remain anonymous. e. So that the measurements are not biased by the researcher. Answer: E
Which of the following is an important conclusion you can draw from this figure?
a. Some food sources, mostly from plants, do not contain all of the essential amino acids. b. Plant food sources are less healthy for you. c. Some food sources do not contain tryptophan. d. There are 9 essential amino acids. e. Lentils contain the amino acids methionine and cysteine. Answer: A
Which of the following statements is true regarding protein structure?
a. Tertiary structure refers to the shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains ("R" groups) of various amino acids. b. Secondary structure refers to the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. c. Primary structure refers to the coils and folds that result from hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups in a polypeptide. d. Quaternary structure refers to the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide subunits. e. Both a and d are correct. Answer: E
A lake in rural Maine drops in pH from 7 to 5 as a result of acid rain falling into it. How has the H+ ion concentration changed as a result of the acid rain?
a. The H+ ion concentration has increased 100 times its starting concentration. b. The H+ ion concentration has decreased by half its starting concentration. c. The H+ ion concentration has decreased by 20 times its starting concentration. d. The H+ ion concentration hasn't changed, but the OH- ion concentration has doubled. e. The H+ ion concentration has doubled its starting concentration. Answer: A
The ingredient label on a container of shortening indicates partially hydrogenated vegetable oil." This means that during processing the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in the oil was reduced. What is the result of decreasing the number of double bonds?
a. The oil now has a lower melting point. b. There are more "kinks" in the fatty acid chains, reducing the membrane density. c. The fatty acid is modified from a diglyceride into a triglyceride. d. The oil now contains a higher percentage of carbohydrate. e. The oil is now more likely to be solid at room temperature. ANswer: E
Picture the DNA double helix as a ladder and pick from the selection below the INCORRECT corresponding analogy.
a. The rails are comprised of alternating units of deoxyribose and phosphate joined with covalent bonds. b. The rungs are comprised of the bonds between the nitrogen-containing groups. c. The rails are comprised of the sugar-phosphate "backbone." d. The rungs are comprised of A-T and G-C base pairs joined by hydrogen bonds. e. All of the above are correct. Answer: E
If your hypothesis is "Hair that is shaved grows back coarser and darker," what is your null hypothesis?
a. There is no difference in the color of hair that is shaved relative to hair that is not shaved. b. There is no difference in the coarseness of hair that is shaved relative to hair that is not shaved. c. Hair that is taken off with a cream depilatory grows back coarser and darker. d. Hair that is shaved grows back finer and lighter. e. There is no difference in the coarseness or color of hair that is shaved relative to hair that is not shaved. Answer: E
Which of the following is NOT true about prokaryotic cells?
a. They have a circular loop of DNA instead of multiple linear DNA molecules. b. They are always single-celled organisms and they never contain mitochondria. c. They all have a rigid cell wall instead of a plasma membrane. d. They may have flagella but they never have cilia. e. They lack a nucleus but they do have ribosomes. Answer: C
What major advantage does the presence of organelles offer eukaryotic cells?
a. They separate chemicals into different compartments, concentrating them for certain reactions. b. They help to blend together the chemicals throughout the cell. c. They make eukaryotic cells stronger. d. They help make eukaryotic cells larger. e. They greatly simplify eukaryotic cells, making them less complex. Answer: A
A chemical compound that releases OH- into a solution is called: a. a base b. a hydrogen ion c. a solvent d. an acid e. a salt
a. a base
DNA is sometimes described as a ladder-shaped molecule. What would be the BEST description of the composition of the rail portion that runs up each side of the ladder?
a. a chain of nitrogen-containing bases b. a chain of RNA nucleotides c. a chain of alternating sugars and phosphates d. a chain of sugars e. a chain of alternating sugars and bases Answer: C
A relationship that has been established based on a large amount of observational and experimental data is:
a. a fact. b. an assumption. c. a conjecture. d. a theory. e. a hypothesis. Answer: D
The proposed explanation for a phenomenon is BEST described as:
a. a hypothesis. b. a conclusion. c. an observation. d. an experiment. e. a testable prediction. Answer: A
A partial sequence of a molecule is "AACTGCT." The molecule is:
a. a polysaccharide. b. a protein. c. a nucleic acid. d. a triglyceride. e. an oligosaccharide. Answer: C
The pie charts above are related to the following analysis: In 2001, the journal Behavioral Ecology changed its policy for reviewing manuscripts submitted for publication. They changed their policy from a single-blind to a double-blind process. In an analysis of papers published between 1997 and 2005, it turned out that after 2001, when the double-blind policy took effect, there was a significant increase in the number of published papers in which the first author was a female. What does the "whole pie" represent?
a. all of the papers published in the journal Behavioral Ecology b. the proportion of all papers published in the journal Behavioral Ecology that had a male first author c. the proportion of all papers published in the journal Behavioral Ecology that had a female first author d. the total number of papers published in the journal Behavioral Ecology that had a male first author e. the total number of papers published in the journal Behavioral Ecology between 1997 and 2005 that had a female first author Answer: A
Enzymes are composed of: a. amino acids. b. glucose molecules c. glucose and sucrose molecules. d. sucrose molecules. e. nucleotides
a. amino acids.
Cellular "fingerprints":
a. are made from cholesterol. b. are "erased" by the HIV virus. c. are exposed on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. d. can help the immune system distinguish "self" from "non-self." e. All of the above are correct. Answer: D
In terms of structural materials, _______ is to plants what _______ is to lobsters and crabs.
a. chitin; starch b. cellulose; chitin c. glycogen; cellulose d. monosaccharides; polysaccharides e. starch; glycogen Answer: B
Which of the following are not components of animal cells?
a. chloroplasts b. endoplasmic reticulum c. mitochondria d. cell walls e. Both a and d are not components of animal cells. Answer: E
The purpose of the experimentation phase of the scientific method is to:
a. gather preliminary data from which a hypothesis can be made. b. gather evidence to support or reject a hypothesis. c. gather evidence to formulate a theory. d. make predictive, testable statements about observations. e. formulate a null hypothesis. Answer: B
Facilitated diffusion of magnesium ions (Mg++) would occur OUT of a cell if the Mg++ concentration was ________ outside the cell than inside, and ________.
a. higher, Mg++ could move through a transport protein across the membrane b. higher, Mg++ could move directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane c. lower, Mg++ could move through a transport protein across the membrane d. the same, Mg++ could move directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane e. lower, Mg++ could move directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane Answer: C
Lipids are made up of long hydrocarbon chains, composed of all carbon and hydrogen atoms. This characteristic makes lipids insoluble in water ("oil and water don't mix") because:
a. hydrocarbons are non-polar. b. hydrocarbons are commonly found in plants, where they push water to the tops of plants. c. hydrocarbons are polar. d. hydrocarbons form the rigid outer skeletons of crabs and lobsters, which repel water. e. hydrocarbons are hydrophilic. Answer: A
Phospholipids assemble spontaneously into bilayers driven by the attraction of their "tail" portions to each other and of their "head" portions to each other. The tail regions are: a. hydrophobic. b. cohesive. c. hydrophilic. d. molecularly charged. e. adhesive.
a. hydrophobic.
Diffusion across the cell's outer membrane:
a. is also called dynamic equilibrium. b. occurs without the input of energy. c. always results with the molecules moving from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. d. never occurs; all molecules cross the membrane within protein carriers. e. None of the above is correct. Answer: B
In terms of energy storage, _______ is to animals what _______ is to plants.
a. lactose; starch b. sucrose; glucose c. glycogen; starch d. glucose; fructose e. monosaccharides; disaccharides Answer: C
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
a. modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism. b. processes and packages proteins, lipids, and other molecules. c. directs cellular activity and stores hereditary information. d. digests and recycles cellular waste products and consumed materials. e. synthesizes lipids and detoxifies molecules. Answer :E
Which of the following organelles contains a small circular loop of DNA?
a. nucleus b. Golgi apparatus c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. lysosomes e. mitochondria Answer: E
In the steps of the scientific method, what is the process where a scientist writes down tentative explanations or statements about what he/she expects might happen under certain conditions?
a. observations b. hypotheses formation c. theory formation d. experimentation e. conclusions Answer: B
One molecule of water consists of:
a. one atom of oxygen covalently bonded to two atoms of hydrogen via a shared pair of electrons. b. one atom of oxygen bound to two atoms of hydrogen via ionic bonds. c. one atom of oxygen bound to two atoms of hydrogen via van der Waals bonds. d. one atom of oxygen bound to two atoms of hydrogen via hydrogen bonds. e. one atom of oxygen covalently bonded to two atoms of hydrogen via one shared electron. Answer: A
Statistical methods make it possible to:
a. prove any hypothesis is true. b. reject any hypothesis. c. unambiguously learn the truth. d. determine how likely it is that certain results may have occurred by chance. e. test non-falsifiable hypotheses. Answer: D
To be useful in the scientific method, an observation must be:
a. proven. b. measurable. c. definite. d. metaphysical. e. hypothetical. Answer: B
The image of "beads on a string" is often used to describe the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. Which aspect of protein structure does this image most resemble?
a. quaternary structure b. primary structure c. secondary structure d. overall structure e. tertiary structure Answer: B
Enzymes:
a. reduce the energy released in a reaction by one of four different mechanisms. b. can only catalyze energy-releasing reactions. c. can only catalyze reactions that require an input of energy. d. are always consumed by catalyzing a reaction. e. None of the above. Answer: E
In contrast to the ______________________________ that lead to ionic bonds, covalent bonds form when __________________________.
a. sharing of neutrons; there is a complete transfer of electrons b. complete transfer of electrons; two atoms share one or more pairs of inner-shell electrons c. change in atomic number; the atomic number remains unchanged d. sharing of electrons; there is a complete transfer of electrons e. complete transfer of electrons; two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons Answer: E
The Golgi apparatus:
a. synthesizes lipids and detoxifies molecules. b. directs cellular activity and stores hereditary information. c. digests and recycles cellular waste products and consumed materials. d. modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism. e. processes and packages proteins, lipids, and other molecules. Answer: E
Drug companies sometimes hire independent research laboratories to evaluate whether a drug they've discovered is effective or not in treating an illness. Companies MOST LIKELY do this to:
a. test whether the drug is toxic to animals. b. find out if the drug can pass governmental approval. c. reduce public fear that the drug is actually a poison. d. learn whether the public is likely to buy the drug. e. demonstrate that the scientists conducting the trial are not biased in concluding that the drug is effective. Answer: E
A scientist tries to build a eukaryotic cell in her laboratory. She remembers to include most of the organelles, but forgets one. Among other abnormalities, her newly created cell cannot synthesize the enzymes needed to detoxify drugs and poisons. Which organelle is missing?
a. the Golgi apparatus b. the mitochondria c. the cytoskeleton d. the smooth endoplasmic reticulum e. the nucleus Answer: D
If the results of experimentation support a particular hypothesis, then:
a. the hypothesis is a true fact about how the world works. b. no further testing is required. c. the hypothesis becomes a theory. d. new and more specific testable predictions should be made to refine a hypothesis. e. all of the predictive, testable statements made in the study are supported. Answer: D
In Tay-Sachs disease, a genetic mutation causes a malfunction in a certain organelle that leads to a backup of molecules and proteins, ultimately interfering with the entire functioning of the cell. Which organelle is primarily affected by this disease?
a. the nucleus b. the Golgi apparatus c. the endoplasmic reticulum d. the lysosomes e. the peroxisomes Answer: D
Statistics are used by scientists mainly to determine:
a. whether a study needs to be repeated. b. whether differences in results between control and treatment groups is theoretical. c. whether differences in results between control and treatment groups is significant and important. d. whether two numbers are the same or not. e. whether or not there was a bias in the study. Answer: C
The "fingerprint" found on the outsides of cells is the BEST underlying explanation for:
a. why you cannot catch HIV by casual contact. b. why blood can easily be transferred between any two people. c. why mucus accumulates in the lungs in individuals with cystic fibrosis. d. why beta blockers reduce anxiety. e. why a person can successfully donate his heart to another unrelated person. Answer: A
homeostasis
ability of an organism to maintain constant internal condtions
We don't know how many species there are but clearly there are many more than have been identified and described. About how many species have been identified and described and have scientific names?
about 2 million
You measure the concentration of a polar molecule inside and outside of a cell. You find that the concentration is high and gradually increasing inside the cell. You also measure the ATP concentration inside the cell and find that it is dropping. What would be your best hypothesis for the process that is occurring?
active transport
pump
active transport mechanism that works against electrochemical gradients
primary active transport
active transport that moves ions or small molecules across a membrane and may create a difference in charge across the membrane
The movement of H+ into the stomach represented in this figure is accomplished through:
active transport.
The primary function of molecular membranes is the transport of ions and molecules in and out of cells. The movement of molecules from areas of low concentration to those of high concentration against chemical gradients is best described as:
active transport.
The primary function of molecular membranes is the transport of ions and molecules in and out of cells.The movement of molecules from areas of low concentration to those of high concentration against chemical gradients is best described as:
active transport.
ecosystem
all living things in a particular area together with the abiotic parts
population
all of the individuals of a species living within a specific area
metabolism
all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell includes those reactions that get energy from "food" specific enzymes speed up the step of each chemical reaction
cellular respiration
also called aerobic respiration because it requires OXYGEN to break down glucose into final products takes place in the mitochondria of the cell makes at least 34 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule
fermentation
also called anaerobic respiration because it does NOT require oxygen occurs when the oxygen supply runs low, like during strenuous exercise takes place entirely in the cytoplasm of muscle cells makes only 2 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule - very inefficient
tonicity
amount of solute in a solution
Which view of the value of nature dominates in our society?
anthropocentric view
organic molecule
any molecule containing carbon; except carbon dioxide
Carotenoids:
are accessory pigments in chloroplasts that protect the chlorophyll by absorbing excessive light energy.
Photosystems:
are arrangements of light-catching pigments within chloroplasts.
concentration gradient
are of high concentration adjacent to an area of low concentration
quarternary structure
association of discrete polypeptide subunits in a protein
adhesion
attraction between water molecules and other molecules
. The four most abundant elements in living organisms are: a. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and calcium. b. hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon. c. sodium, nitrogen, carbon, and silicon. d. carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. e. carbon, nitrogen, potassium, and oxygen
b
7. Saturated fatty acids have _________________ than unsaturated fatty acids, which is why they exist as a ____________ at room temperature. a. more double bonds; liquid b. fewer double bonds; solid c. more carbon atoms; solid d. fewer hydrogen atoms; solid e. more glycerol molecules; liquid
b
Enzymes: a. reduce the energy released by a reaction by one of four different mechanisms. b. increase the rate at which a reaction occurs. c. are always consumed by catalyzing a reaction. d. sometimes increase the amount of energy necessary to initiate a reaction. e. catalyze reactions that release energy, but not those that consume energy.
b
Which five chemical elements make up 93-97% of the biomass in plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria? a. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, potassium, nitrogen b. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous c. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, potassium d. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen e. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, phosphorus
b
Which of the following is a polysaccharide? a. glucose, the chief cellular energy source b. cellulose, the primary component of plant cell walls c. fructose, one of the most important blood sugars d. insulin, the chief blood sugar regulator e. All of the above
b
All matter on earth, both living and non-living, is made up of: a. carbohydrates. b. atoms. c. phospholipids. d. DNA. e. cells.
b. atoms
Glycoproteins are membrane proteins with bound: a. nucleic acids. b. carbohydrates. c. signaling peptide sequences. d. phospholipids. e. cofactors.
b. carbohydrates.
Multiple atoms linked together are collectively called a(n): a. substrate. b. molecule. c. isotope. d. reactant. e. element
b. molecule
Pure water and aqueous solutions that are neither acidic nor basic are said to be: a. buffers. b. neutral. c. alkaline. d. translucent. e. transparent.
b. neutral
Phosphate groups are important components of: a. triglycerides. b. nucleic acids. c. amino acids. d. structural polysaccharides e. All of the above
b. nucleic acids.
DNA is made of: a. glucose molecules. b. nucleotides c. four interconnected carbon rings. d. amino acids e. fatty acids
b. nucleotides
In DNA, adenine from one strand binds to ______ in the complementary strand. a. adenine b. thymine c. guanine d. cytosine e. uracil
b. thymine
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is constant it can ____________________ but not _______________.
be transferred and transformed created or destroyed
According to your reading, which of the following is a keystone species?
beaver
why is a plasma membrane known as selectively permeable?
because some substances are allowed in and out and others are not
why is a plasma membrane known as fluid mosaic?
because the embedded proteins move easily throughout the membrane in a FLUID motion because the proteins are embedded among the phospholipid molecules like tiles of different colors within a MOSAIC
protein
biological macromolecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids
carbohydrate
biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and form the cellular exoskeleton of athropods
nucleic acid
biological macromolecule that carries the genetic blueprint of a cell and carries intstructions for the functioning of the cell
peptide bond
bond formed between two amino acids by dehydration reaction
gylcosidic bond
bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides with the elimination of a water molecule
Science is:
both a body of knowledge and an intellectual activity encompassing observation, description, experimentation, and explanation of natural phenomena.
Are fats that are liquid at room temperature saturated or unsaturated?
Unsaturated
Are fish oils saturated or unsaturated fats?
Unsaturated
What is fat called when at least one carbon in the hydrocarbon chain is bound to just one hydrogen causing the fatty acid to have a crooked shape?
Unsaturated fat
What is partially hydrogenated?
Unsaturated fats that has hydrogen atoms added to it so it becomes more saturated (and thus more solid and unhealthy because it is difficult for the body to break them down).
In dietary terms, a "complete" protein is one that: a. stays intact as it travels through your digestive system. b. contains carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids as well. c. contains all of the essential amino acids d. can serve in a variety of cellular functions, like as an enzyme, oxygen transporter, etc e. contains all 20 amino acids.
c
The secondary structure of a protein refers to:. a. the linear assembly of amino acids into a chain. b. the way two or more polypeptides bind to each other. c. the twisting of the amino acid chain into a corkscrew-like shape or into a zigzag folding pattern. d. the configuration of the folded protein when bound to other proteins. e. None of the above
c
Which of the following statements is true about acids and bases? a. Acids will neutralize bases, but bases will not neutralize acids. b. Bases will neutralize acids, but acids will not neutralize bases. c. Acids mixed with bases neutralize each other. d. Acids and bases do not react with each other. e. Acids mixed with bases make stronger acids.
c
Which of the following does a bacterium NOT contain? a) cytoplasm b) ribosomes c) mitochindria d) RNA e) DNA
c) mitochondria
. Phenylketonuria is an inherited disorder. Affected individuals have a defective enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase. The substance these individuals cannot break down is a(n): a. nucleic acid. b. carbohydrate. c. amino acid d. lipid. e. protein.
c. amino acid
Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (the sugar found in milk) are examples of: a. naturally occurring enzymes. b. simple sugars. c. disaccharides d. monosaccharides. e. polyunsaccharide sugars.
c. disaccharides
The pH of a fluid is a measure of: a. its enzymatic stability. b. the concentration of phosphate groups. c. how acidic or basic it is. d. its capacity to function as a soap. e. the amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in it.
c. how acidic or basic it is.
Water molecules form which type of bond with other water molecules? a. disulfide bridges b. ionic bonds c. hydrogen bonds d. atomic bonds e. covalent bonds
c. hydrogen bonds
The principal components of cell membranes are: a. proteins b. glycoproteins c. lipids d. carbohydrates e. nucleic acids
c. lipids
A complex polymer built of amino acids is called a(n): a. amine. b. fatty acid. c. polypeptide. d. monosaccharide e. polysaccharide
c. polypeptide.
Energy used in cellular respiration can originate from:
carbohydrates proteins and fats.
nucleus
cell organelle that houses the cells DNA and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
eukaryotic cell
cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and several other membrane-bound compartments or sacs
Which of the following is NOT an important structural feature on the surface membrane of an animal cell?
cell wall
Cytology is the study of
cells
Interacting systems of molecules enclosed in compartments called __________ evolved 3.8 billion years ago in living organisms.
cells
cell adhesion molecules - CAMs
cells that are on the outside the plasma membrane of most cells and help attach the cells to one another help form tissues and organs, especially during embryonic development also found between nerve cells to help nerve impulses flow from neuron to neuron
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants some bacteria and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar which _______________ uses to form ATP the "fuel" used by all living things.
cellular respiration
All alcoholic beverages are produced as the result of:
cellular respiration by yeast occurring in the absence of oxygen.
ribosome
cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis
centrioles
center for organizing microtubules located near the nucleus centrioles come in pairs each is made of nine sets of three microtubules
nucleoid
central part of the prokaryotic cell in which the chromosome is found
Which one of the following organelles is NOT found in both plant and animal cells?
central vacuole
polymer
chain of monomer residues that is linked by covalent bonds; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation
gap junction
channel between two adjacent animal cells that allows ions, nutrients, and low molecular weight substances to pass between cells, enabling the cells to communicate
aquaporin
channel protein that allows water through the membrane at a very high rate
selectively permeable
characteristic of a membrane that allows some substances to pass through but not others
hormone
chemical signaling molecule, usually protein or steroid' secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes
molecule
chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds
Passenger pigeons once were the most numerous bird in North America, yet today not one remains. Another bird now holds that distinction; it is
chickens
The cell organelles most analogous to mitochondria are:
chloroplasts.
biosphere
collection of all living things on earth
organ
collection of related tissues grouped together
glycolipid
combination of carbohydrates and lipids
glycoprotein
combination of carbohydrates and proteins
Bioaccumulating substances can be defined as those that
concentrate as they move up the food chain
Peer review means that other scientists in the field check a scientific paper to be sure it
conforms to sound scientific methodology, is clear, and original
nucleus
contains almost all of the genetic information of the cell - DNA controls the activity of the cell
rough endoplasmic reticulum - RER
contains ribosomes that start the process of proteins synthesis modifies proteins made by the ribosomes and packs them in vesicles also produces membrane
intermediate filament
cytoskeleton component, composed of several intertwined strands of fibrous protein, that bears tension, supports cell-cell junctions, and anchors cells to extracellular strucures
. A solution's acidity is: a. a measure of the number of all dissolved molecules in a solution. b. a measure of the number of nucleotide bases in the solution. c. a measure of the amount of buffer molecules in the solution. d. a measure of the H+ (free-floating protons) in it. e. a measure of its negative charge (the stronger the negative charge, the more acidic the substance).
d
There are three principal types of bonds that hold multiple atoms together. These are: a. ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ester bonds. b. covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bonds. c. hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and glycosidic linkages. d. covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds. e. phosphate bonds, disulfide bonds, and hydrogen bonds
d
Urine, with a pH of 6, is _________ times more acidic than seawater, with a pH of 8. a. 10 b. 8 c. 6 d. 100 e. 1,000
d. 100
5. Of all the elements that occur on earth, how many are found in your body? a. 4 b. 90 c. 116 d. 25 e. 10
d. 25
3. __________ is the smallest chemical unit of a type of pure substance. a. An amino acid b. A molecule c. A cell d. An atom e. A proton
d. an atom
Certain molecules act like bank accounts for H+ ions because they can absorb excess H+ ions to keep a solution from becoming too acidic and release H+ ions to keep the solution from becoming too basic. Such molecules are called: a. catalysts. b. reducing agents. c. enzymes. d. buffers. e. oxidating agents.
d. buffers
On food packages, "insoluble fiber" refers to plant material that we can't fully digest but is important for maintaining a healthy digestive tract. This substance refers to a(n): a. nucleic acid. b. amino acid. c. protein. d. carbohydrate. e. lipid.
d. carbohydrate.
Lactose is a combination of: a. asucrose and fructose. b. glucose and fructose. c. glucose and ribose. d. glucose and galactose. e. glucose and maltose.
d. glucose and galactose.
Which of the following are all monosaccharides? a. glucose and maltose b. starch, cellulose, and glycogen c. fructuse and cellulose d. glucose, fructose, and galactose e. glycogen and glucose
d. glucose, fructose, and galactose
One of the four nucleotide bases in DNA is replaced by a different base in RNA. Which base is it, and what is it replaced by? a. guanine, replaced by cytosine b. adenine, replaced by uracil c. cytosine, replaced by guanine d. thymine, replaced by uracil e. thymine, replaced by guanine
d. thymine, replaced by uracil
nucleolus
darkly staining body within the nucleus that is responsible for assembling the sub-units of the ribosomes
Which of the following were consequences of Manifest Destiny in the new world?
decline in native culture, wildlife and forests
What is "carbo-loading?"
Used by athletes - double or triple the usual amount of glycogen stored in their muscles and liver, increasing the store of fuel available for extended exertion and delaying the onset of fatigue during an endurance event.
______________ are found in all metabolically active cells and are involved primarily in transporting materials within into and out of cells.
Vesicles
Which of the following is a correct description of how exocytosis functions in transporting molecules across the cellular membrane?
Vesicles are filled with molecules in the interior of the cell and then fuse with the membrane to deposit the molecules outside of the cell.
Virology is the study of
Viruses
Which of the following statements is most correct concerning the movement of materials through the stomata?
Water and O2 move out, CO2 moves in.
What is hydrophobic?
Water fearing.
What is hydrophilic?
Water loving.
hydrophillic
describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water
fluid mosaic model
describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, resulting in fluid character
hydrophobic
describes uncharged non-polar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water
The cell connections represented in the figure are:
desmosomes.
plasmolysis
detaching of the cell membrane from the cell wall and constriction of the cell membrane when a plant cell is in a hypertonic state
Pathology is the study of
disease
O (Oxygen), C (Carbon), H (Hydrogen), N (Nitrogen)
What are the four most essential elements?
Enzyme function
What are the metals in our body needed for?
10 fold change in the concentration of H+ in a solution. Ex. lemon juice at pH 2 has 10 times more H+ than an equal amount of a cola at pH 3 and 100 times more than tomato juice at pH 4
What does each pH unit represent?
Potential for Hydrogen
What does pH stand for?
When two atoms SHARE one or more pairs of outer shell electrons
What is a Covalent Bond?
Force that join atoms to one another forming molecules
What is a chemical bond?
A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
What is a compound?
The result of when two or more atoms are held together by a covalent bond
What is a molecule? (refer back to other question)
Elements that are essential to the human body but only in pinch quantities. They are metals
What is a trace element?
A compound that donates hydrogen ions to solutions
What is acid?
Region of space where electrons are found
What is an electron shell?
When two ions with opposite charges attract each other and the attraction holds them together.
What is an ionic bond?
The electrons are shared equally between the atoms. In some cases such as the compound methane, its because the atoms of carbon and hydrogen are not substantially different in electronegativity.
What makes a covalent bond nonpolar?
The unequal distribution of charges. The pulling of shared, negatively charged electrons closer to the more electronegative atom makes that atom partially negative and the other atom partially positive
What makes a covalent bond polar?
a compound that accepts hydrogen ions and removes them from solution
What si a base?
Anaerobic mammals:
do not exist.
the solutions are neither acidic or basic, they are neutral.
When pH = 7 it means...
How does glycogen play a role in the initial rapid weight loss people experience when dieting?
When reducing caloric intake, the body burns more calories than consuming so the body must use stored energy. Since water is bound to glycogen, as glycogen is removed from the tissues, so is water leading to the initial dramatic weight loss.
nucleolus
nonmembranous region that forms when DNA needs to make ribosomal RNA - rRNA rRNA is a component of ribosomes used during protein synthesis
capillary action
occurs because water molecules are are attracted to charges on inner surfaces of narrow tubular structure such as glass tubes, drawing water to the sides of the tubes
lysosome
organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell's digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles
Prokaryotic organisms lack:
organelles.
Which by-product of photosynthesis was important in altering the atmosphere of the earth so that aerobic organisms could evolve?
oxygen
Oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis originates as:
oxygen atoms contained in water molecules.
Bubbles come from the leaves of an Elodea plant when it is put under water because:
oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis.
plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer with embedded or attached proteins, and separates the internal content of the cell from its surrounding environment
The most abundant protein in the world is the enzyme that initiates the fixation of carbon in the Calvin cycle. This enzyme is called:
rubisco.
chloroplast
plant cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis
The organelle in the figure is found in:
plants and animals.
What is the first step in CAM photosynthesis?
plants open their stomata at night to take in carbon dioxide
Which cellular structure makes it possible for a cell to differ structurally and biochemically from its surroundings?
plasma membrane
beta-pleated sheet
secondary structure found in proteins in which 'pleats; are formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain
nucleoplasim
semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus that contains the chromatin and nucleolus
endoplasmic reticulum
series of interconnected membranous structures with eukaryotic cells that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids
community
set of populations inhabiting a particular area
Which of the following cell membrane components are present in plant cells but absent in animal cells?
plasmodesmata
cilium
plural = cilia; short hair-like structure that extends from plasma membrane in large numbers and is used to move an entire cell or move substances along the outer surface of the cell
flagellum
plural=flagella; long hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane and is used to move the cell
plasmodesma
plural=plasdodesmata; channel that passes between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells, connects their cytoplasm, allows materials to be transported from cell to cell
cellulose
polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of plants; provides structural support to the cell
Nuclear ______ are specialized holes in the ________- layered nuclear envelope that separates the nucleus from the ___________.
pores two cytoplasm
facilitated transport
process by which material moves down a concentration gradient, from high to low concentration, using integral membrane proteins
flagella
single long extension on a cell that moves in an undulating manner example - in humans, found only on sperm cells
RNA
single stranded, often internally base paired, molecule that that is involved in protein synthesis
monosaccharide
single unit or monomer of carbohydrates; glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose, and ribose are some examples
prokaryote
single-celled organism that lacks organelles and does not have nuclei surrounded by a nuclear membrane
mitochondria
singular = mitochondrion; cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in the production of ATP, the cell's main energy-carrying molecule
ribosome
site where protein synthesis begins can be attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum or can float free in the cytoplasm
hypertonic
situation in which extracellular fluid has a higher osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, resulting in water moving into the cell
hypotonic
situation in which extracellular fluid has a lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, resulting in water moving into the cell
isotonic
situation in which the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the fluid inside the cell, resulting in no net movement of water into or out of the cell
organelle
small structures that exist within cells and carry out cellular functions
organelle
small structures within the cell that perform specific functions can be membrane-bound or nonmembranous
vesicle
small, membrane-bound sac that functions in cellular storage and transport; its membrane is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane and the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
peroxisome
small, round organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes fatty acids and amino acids, detoxifies many poisons
cell
smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living thiings
monomer
smallest unit of larger molecules called polymers
receptors
specialized proteins in plasma membrane that bind particular substances that then tells the cell to do something example: a receptor binds to insulin, which signals the cell to bring in glucose because blood sugar is too high
transporter
specific protein carrier proteins or pumps that facilitate movement
examples of cell specialization
sperm cell has a long flagellum to help it swim blood cell has few organelles to make room for oxygen muscle cell is long to allow it to contract
Which of the following does NOT occur during the Calvin cycle?
splitting of water
exocytosis
process of passing bulk material out of a cell
The carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis enters the plant through the:
stomata.
glycogen
storage carbohydrates in animals
starch
storage carbohydrates in plants
translation
process through which RNA directs the formation of protein
transcription
process through which mRNA forms on a template of DNA
peripheral protein
protein found at the surface of a plasma membrane either on its exterior or interior side; these proteins can be removed by a high-salt wash
integral protein
protein integrated into the membrane structure that interacts extensively with the hydrocarbon chains of membrane lipids and often spans the membrane; these proteins can be removed only by the disruption of the membrane by detergents
glycoproteins
protein plus carbohydrate tail embedded in plasma membrane used to recognize other cells like a name tag used to recognize foreign invaders and call white blood cells for help used to mark the cells of different blood types - A, B, AB, O
caveolin
protein that coats the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane and participates in the process of liquid update by potocytosis
chaperone
protein that helps nascent protein in the folding process
chromatin
protein-DNA complex that serves as the building material of chromosomes
How do the RER and the Golgi complex work together?
protein-filled vesicles from the RER travel to the Golgi complex for additional processing, packing into new vesicles, and travel to the destination in the cell where it is needed
mitochondria
provide the cell with ATP energy through the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration have a flat outer membrane and also a folded inner membrane that has folds - cristae - to increase the surface area to do cellular respiration nickname - powerhouse of the cell
cytoskeleton
provides shape and support for the cell made of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
electrogenic pump
pump that creates a charge imbalance
chromosome
structure within the nucleus that contains DNA, the herditary mamterial
buffer
substance that prevents a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide atoms
Life gains most of its energy originally from:
sunlight.
hydrolysis
reaction causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules with the utilization of water
dehydration synthesis
reaction that links monomers molecules together releasing a molecule of water for each bond formed
Mammalian cells take in many molecules including hormones antibodies and blood proteins. This process is coordinated by proteins that recognize their specific target molecule. This process is best described as:
receptor-mediated endocytosis.
A plant whose leaves are reddish-yellow is NOT absorbing light from which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum?
red and yellow
centrosome
region in animal cells made of two centrioles
smooth ER
region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on it's cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies certain chemicals, and stores calcium ions
rough ER
region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification and phospholipid synthesis
secondary structure
regular structure formed by proteins by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the oxygen atom of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom of another amino acid residue
chromatin
relaxed version of chromosomes when they are extended and sort of dispersed - spread out chromosomes are in this form when cell division is not occurring
Which of the following is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
ribosome
cell wall
rigid cell covering made of cellulose that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell
The rate at which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction is influenced by four chemical and physical factors. Name them.
1) Enzyme and substrate concentration 2) temperature 3) pH 4) presence of inhibitors or activators.
Name two examples of complex carbohydrates?
1) Starch - the primary form of energy storage in plants and 2) glycogen - the primary form of short term energy storage in animals.
What are the three important structural differences between RNA and DNA?
1) The RNA backbone sugar molecule contains an extra oxygen 2) RNA has only one sugar-phosphate backbone (DNA has two), and 3) instead of thymine, RNA has uracil.
3 principles of cell theory
1. A cell is the SMALLEST unit of life 2. Cells make up ALL living things 3. New cells come ONLY from preexisting cells
2 ways to produce ATP from glucose
1. cellular respiration 2. fermentation
The generation of ATP by the movement of protons down their concentration gradient occurs in:
Both a) and b) are correct.
What are the two distinct "faces" of the phospholipids that make up the surface membrane of a cell?
Both a) and c) are correct.
Which of the following is an important difference between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Both a) and c) are correct.
experimental group
Conditions are altered
Question
Has to be narrow in focus, intent is to develop way to answer
What happens when an enzyme is altered even slightly?
The active site may change which causes the enzyme to no longer function, thus being responsible for a large number of diseases and physiological problems.
Observation
Get background info, can be replaced by research if possible (mating season of rhino)
This person promoted conservation for "the greatest good, for the greatest number, for the longest time," held strictly utilitarian and anthropocentric views of nature
Gifford Pinchot
What is the best-known carbohydrate?
Glucose
Which of the following sequences accurately represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?
H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle
In the figure the round knobby structures are _______________ and the Y-shaped post-like structures with semi-circular receptors are ________________.
HIV particles CD4 markers
Through interactions involving electrons
How do bonds form?
They allow us to use P.E.T scans to find cancer. The radioactive isotopes will generate to where the cancer is and cause it to light up on the P.E.T scan.
How do radioactive isotopes aid us in medication?
Water evaporates when it is in our body, so the surface from the liquid that is left behind cools down which happens because the molecules with the greatest energy leave.
How does water stabilize body temperature?
92
How many NATURAL elements are there?
It depends on the number of electrons needed to fill the outer shell
How many covalent bonds can an atom form?
2
How many electrons can the first shell hold?
8
How many electrons can the second, third, etc. shell hold?
25 elements
How many elements are essential to life
Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic - water fearing.
Community
Living organisms in an ecosystem (no abiotic) and species interact (predation, competition)
Are dairy products saturated or unsaturated fats?
Saturated
What is fat called when each carbon atom in the hydrocarbon chain of a fatty acid is bonded to two hydrogen atoms?
Saturated fat
What is a peptide bond?
The amino group of one amino acid is bonded to the carboxyl group of another.
What is activation energy?
The minimum energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction (regardless of whether the reaction releases or consumes energy).
What is a substrate?
The molecule on which an enzyme reacts.
Which of the following would be the most reasonable testable prediction for the hypothesis: "All birds can fly"?
a. In a double-blind study, take 100 random animals to see if they all can fly. b. Locate places in the world where flight would be advantageous, and count the number of birds that live there. c. Take a random sampling of 5 birds from around the world to verify that they can all fly. d. Observe all the birds outside your home for a week to see if they all can fly. e. Examine the list of all known species of birds and determine if any cannot fly. Answer: E
Which of the following qualifies as a randomized, double-blind, controlled experimental study?
a. 50 men and women of various ages are given a candy bar with real sugar; the people are then observed for signs of sleepiness; the scientist knows which candy bar type the people ate, but the subjects don't know this. b. 50 men and women of various ages are given a candy bar with real sugar; 50 men and women of various ages are given a candy bar with artificial sweetener; 50 men and women of various ages get no candy bar; the people are then observed for signs of sleepiness; neither the scientist nor the observer nor the subjects know what type of candy bar was eaten, if any. c. 50 men and women of various ages are given a candy bar with real sugar; 50 men and women of various ages are given a candy bar with artificial sweetener; 50 men and women of various ages get no candy bar; the people are then observed for signs of sleepiness; the scientist knows which people ate what but the subjects don't know this. d. 50 men (who are 35 years old) are given a candy bar with real sugar; 50 women (who are 35 years old) are given a candy bar with artificial sweetener; 50 men and women (who are 35 years old) get no candy bar; the people are then observed for signs of sleepiness; neither the scientist nor the observer knows what type of candy bar the subjects ate, if any. e. 50 men and women of various ages are given a candy bar with real sugar; 50 men and women of various ages are given a candy bar with artificial sweetener; 50 men and women of various ages get no candy bar; the people are then observed for signs of sleepiness; the subjects know which type of candy they ate but the observing scientist does not. Answer: B
Which of the following describes pinocytosis?
a. A cell performs endocytosis, bringing in dissolved particles and liquids. b. A molecule triggers a receptor on the cell exterior, the cell membrane folds inward. c. ATP is used to pump sodium ions from outside of the cell inwards through a membrane protein. d. Vesicles in the cytoplasm dump their "garbage" outside of the cell membrane by fusion with it. e. An amoeba engulfs a bacterium, bringing it inside of the cell. Answer: A
Which of the following phenomena is most likely due to the high specific heat capacity of water?
a. A lizard, called the "Jesus lizard," can run across the surface of liquid water for short distances. b. Lakes and rivers freeze from the top, not the bottom. c. Adding salt to snow makes it melt. d. The temperature of the Santa Monica Bay, off the coast of Los Angeles, fluctuates less than the air temperature throughout the year. e. All of the above are due to the high specific heat capacity of water. Answer: D
Which of the following statements about phospholipids is FALSE?
a. A phospholipid consists of a glycerol molecule attached to two fatty acid chains. b. Phospholipid molecules have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. c. A phospholipid contains one negatively charged phosphate group. d. Phospholipids are a principal component of the plasma membrane. e. All of the above are true. Answer: E
Which is NOT true about chloroplasts and mitochondria?
a. Animal cells don't have chloroplasts. b. Plants have chloroplasts instead of mitochondria. c. Mitochondria break down food energy to make ATP. d. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are involved with energy production. e. Chloroplasts produce food from sunlight energy. Answer: B
Why would a scientist choose to state their hypothesis as a null hypothesis?
a. Because even if strongly supported, a hypothesis can always be disproved. b. Because a hypothesis can only be strongly supported, never proven. c. Because only a single observation rejecting the null hypothesis is needed to disprove it. d. Because it is easier to disprove than prove things in science. e. All of the above are reasons for stating a null hypothesis. Answer: E
Which statement is NOT part of the modern cell theory?
a. Cellular reactions include both energy-releasing and biosynthetic types. b. Cells are able to synthesize their entire complement of biomolecules. c. Cells arise from other cells. d. All living organisms consist of one or more cells. e. Cells contain hereditary information that passes from one generation of cells to the next. Answer:B
The pH of the liquid inside a lysosome is acidic, about 4.5. The molecules normally found inside the lysosome are designed to work best at this pH. Which of the follow statements is the BEST explanation for why the pH of the lysosome interior is so low?
a. Constructive: the acid inside helps lysosomes construct bigger and longer molecules. b. Protective: if the corrosive broth of a lysosome ever leaked out, the digestive enzymes in it would become non-functional in the higher pH of the cytoplasm. c. Efficiency: the acid assists the lysosome in performing photosynthesis. d. Stability: the acidic pH helps keep lysosomes stiff and round. e. Concentration: acid contains large amounts of H+ ions, necessary for lysosomal ATP production. Answer: B
Iridology is a medical technique where practitioners can diagnose health problems by studying changes in the irises of a patient's eyes. Which of the following statements, if true, would suggest that iridology is a pseudoscience?
a. Doctors of standard medicine generally agree with the diagnoses of iridologists. b. Patients going to both standard doctors and iridologists become measurably healthier. c. The irises of people remain unchanged throughout life. d. Statistically, patients going to iridologists are healthier than those who go to standard doctors. e. Iridology is taught as an alternative medical diagnostic procedure in most medical schools. Answer: C
Which of the following statements about enzymes is incorrect?
a. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. b. Enzymes can initiate chemical reactions. c. Enzymes contain an active site for binding of particular substrates. d. Enzymes undergo a permanent change during the reactions they promote. e. Enzymes often induce conformational changes in the substrates that they bind. Answer: D
By 1796 it had been observed that milk maids who had been exposed to cowpox did not succumb to the deadly plague of smallpox that was ravishing both Europe and Britain. From this observation, Edward Jenner was able to construct the world's first successful vaccine. Which of the following statements best fits Jenner's hypothesis that led him to his creation of the vaccine?
a. If exposure to cowpox gives immunity to smallpox in milkmaids, then exposure to cowpox should give immunity to smallpox in other individuals as well. b. Exposure to smallpox always gives immunity to cowpox. c. Cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same microorganism. d. If milkmaids exposed to cowpox are immune to smallpox, then cowpox and smallpox are the same disease. e. If exposure to cowpox gives immunity to smallpox in milkmaids, then milkmaids have a natural immunity and their blood should be used to develop a smallpox vaccine. Answer: A
Which of the following is NOT a product of photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide
enzyme
catalyst in biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein
The largest structure in a eukaryotic cell is the ____________ and it is surrounded by ______ membranes.
nucleus two
Although cells tend to be spherical several factors influence cells to assume other shapes. Which of the following is NOT such a factor?
number of mitochondria
cilia
numerous short extensions in a cell that move BACK and FORTH example - on cells lining the respiratory tract
diffusion
passive process of transport of low molecular weight material according to its concentration gradient
light microscope
use larger beams of VISIBLE light to magnify magnify up to 1,000 times bigger - 1,000X often use colored dye stains to see structures
