Bio 1 - Chapter 12 Molecular Biology of the Gene

Gene _____________ refers to the production and usage of a gene's product

expression

Which of the following play a part in translational elongation? 1. elongation factors 2. stop codon 3. mRNA 4. release factors 5. tRNA

1. elongation factors 2. mRNA 3. tRNA

Which of the following are the tRNA binding sites on ribosomes? 1. exit 2. amino acid 3. peptide 4. polymerase

1. exit 2. amino acid 3. peptide

select the characteristics that are to be expected of genetic material (DNA) 1. unchangeable 2. stable 3. able to store information

1. stable 2. able to store information

Which of the following would contain the fewest base pairs, if starting with the same size eukaryotic gene? 1. The portion of the DNA strand with the gene 2. An mRNA pre-transcript 3. A post modification of mRNA transcript

A post-modification mRNA transcript

If a certain section of a template strand of DNA had the sequence TATGCCCG, what would the mRNA transcript's sequence be? 1. ATACGGGC 2. UAUGCCCG 3. TATGCCCG 4. AUACGGGC

AUACGGGC

What is the best explanation as to why the number of adenines in an organism's DNA is equal to its number of thymines? 1. Because DNA is only made of adenine or thymine, and they are complementary bases 2. Because adenine pairs with guanine, and cytosine with thymine 3. Because adenine pairs with thymine in DNA

Because adenine pairs with thymine in DNA

Which of the following contain proper complementary DNA base pairs? 1. A-G 2. A-A 3. G-T 4. A-U 5. A-C 6. G-C 7. C-C 8. A-T 9. C-T

G-C, A-T

What is the name of the enzyme complex responsible for synthesizing a new RNA molecule through nucleotide binding? 1. DNA reductase 2. RNA polymerase 3. DNA polymerase 4. RNA reductase

RNA polymerase

If a certain section of a template strand of DNA had the sequence AATGCCCG, the mRNA transcript's sequence would be ____________

UUACGGGC

A biotechnology company named Synthorax has expanded the genetic alphabet by creating two new forms of ___________ called X and Y

nucleotides

During the termination stage a completed ______________ is released. 1. a nucleic acid molecule 2. tRNA molecule 3. polypeptide 4. mRNA molecule

polypeptide

RNA molecules that contain catalytic properties and assist with intron splicing are called ______________

ribozymes

During translation initiation, the small ribosomal subunit and initiator tRNA attach in the vicinity of the __________ 1. DNA template strand 2. start codon 3. stop codon 4. nucleus

start codon (AUG)

true/false DNA can store information, can be replicated and can undergo rare changes.

true

in prokaryotes, replication can occur in two directions at once because the DNA molecule is ______________

circular

Rosalind Franklin was instrumental in the discovery that the three-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule was a(n) __________________ ____________

double helix

true/false DNA polymerase is used during transcription along with RNA polymerase

false

true/false Only one RNA polymerase can transcribe a gene at any given time.

false

Without the special "proofreading" abilities of DNA polymerase, approximately how many errors would occur during DNA replication? 1. 1 in 100 million base pairs 2. 1 in 100,000 base pairs 3. 1 in 100 base pairs 4. none

1 in 100,00 base pair

Which two of the following summarize Chargaff's rules about DNA? 1. the amount of A, T, G, and C in DNA varies between species. 2. Within a species, the number of guanine equals the number of cytosine, and the number of thymine equals the number of adenine. 3. The two strands of DNA are always arranged in an antiparallel manner. 4. DNA always self assembles into a double-helical shape.

1. The amount of A, T, G, and C in DNA varies between species. 2. Within a species, the number of guanine equals the number of cytosine, and the number of thymine equals the number of adenine.

Place these steps in DNA replication in the correct sequence beginning with the first step at the top. 1. Joining nucleotides to the growing DNA strand 2. Unwinding the DNA double helix 3. Complementary base pairing

1. Unwinding the DNA double helix 2. Complementary base pairing 3. Joining nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

Which of the following are similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication? 1. Both happen from the 5' to 3' direction 2. Both are semiconservative 3. Both have several origins of replication 4. Both involve DNA polymerase 5. Both results in 2 copies from one parent molecule.

1. both involve DNA polymerase 2. both results in 2 copies from one parent molecule 3. both are semiconservative 4. Both happen from the 5' to 3' direction

Which of the following are possible functions of introns? 1. could give rise to microRNAs 2. could be exons in other molecules 3. could regulate mRNA translation 4. could encourage crossing-over in meiosis 5. could be translated into special proteins.

1. could regulate mRNA translation. 2. could give rise to microRNAs. 3. could encourage crossing-over in meiosis 4. could be exons in other molecules.

What is the function of the promoter? 1. defines the direction of transcription. 2. guides RNA polymerase to the strand to be transcribed. 3. defines the start of transcription 4. defines the start of translation.

1. defines the direction of transcription. 2. defines the start of transcription. 3. guides RNA polymerase to the strand to be transcribed.

RNA polymerase has all the following in common with DNA polymerase: 1. a growing strand runs in a 5' to 3' direction. 2. nucleotides are added to the 3' end 3. a double helix is the final product. 4. nucleotides are joined together.

1. nucleotides are added to the 3' end. 2. nucleotides are joined together.

Which of the following are true of transcription but not translation? 1. involves tRNA molecules and amino acids 2. occurs in eukaryotic nuclei 3. involves RNA polymerase 4. results in a protein product

1. occurs in eukaryotic nuclei. 2. involves RNA polymerase.

During the 1940's, scientists considered what two molecules most likely to be genetic material? 1. carbohydrate 2. protein 3. lipid 4. RNA 5. DNA

1. protein 2. DNA

Rank the following termination events in sequential order. 1. release factor binds to stop codon 2. ribosomal subunits dissociate 3. protein product is released

1. release factor binds to stop codon 2. protein product is released 3. ribosomal subunits dissociate

The hypothesis among scientists in the 1950's was that proteins were the genetic material because proteins can contain up to __________ 1. 4 amino acids 2. 20 nucleic acids 3. 4 nucleic acids 4. 20 amino acids

20 amino acids

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty demonstrated that ________________ was the genetic material.

DNA

James Watson and Francis Crick contributed greatly to our knowledge of the structure of the molecule known as ______________

DNA

The synthesis of new DNA double helix molecules from a pre-existing parent molecule is called ___________ 1. translation 2. DNA replication 3. transcription 4. DNA genesis

DNA replication

Which choice identifies the flow of information according to the central dogma of molecular biology? 1. Protein to RNA to DNA 2. DNA to protein to RNA 3. DNA to RNA to protein 4. Protein to DNA to RNA

DNA to RNA to protein

During the process of translation, a codon matches up with its complement, a(n) _____________.

anticodon

Just as the double strands of DNA, the codon-anticodon pairs match up with the 3' and 5' ends on opposite sides in a (n) ______________ conformation. 1. parallel 2. harmonic 3. symmetric 4. antiparallel

antiparallel

The term that refers to the strands of a DNA molecule being oriented in opposite directions is _____________

antiparallel

The two strands of DNA are held together by _____________ bonds

hydrogen

Codons are found on which nucleic acid? 1. DNA coding strand 2. rRNA 3. tRNA 4. mRNA 5. DNA template strand

mRNA

The parental strand of DNA serving as the guide for a complementary DNA daughter strand is called the __________ strand. 1. xerox 2. lagging 3. template 4. leading

template

The process of synthesizing an RNA strand from a DNA template strand is called ____________

transcription

Alternative mRNA splicing states that a segment could be a(n) coding _____________ in one transcript for one protein, but a(n) noncoding _______________ in another.

exon; intron

Match the name of the protein with its function in DNA replication. 1. DNA helicase 2. single-stranded binding protein (SSB) 3. DNA primase 4. DNA polymerase 5. DNA ligase A. Synthesizes DNA, removes RNA and proofreads DNA. B. Synthesizes short RNA strands C. Separates double-stranded DNA into single strands. D. Attaches DNA fragments. E. Keeps single stranded DNA apart

1. DNA helicase: Separates double-stranded DNA into single strands 2. Single-stranded binding protein (SSB): Keeps single stranded DNA apart 3. DNA primase: Synthesizes short RNA strands 4. DNA polymerase: Synthesizes DNA, removes RNA and proofreads DNA 5. DNA ligase: Attaches DNA fragments

Which of the following were direct contributions of the work of James Watson and Francis Crick? 1. Discovered the double helix shape of deoxyribonucleic acid. 2. Determined that nucleotides were paired inside the double helix. 3. Discovered that the amount of adenine was equal to that of thymine and that the amount of cytosine was equal to that of guanine. 4. Determined that sugars and phosphates formed backbones in the DNA. 5. Created the diffraction pattern of DNA.

1. Discovered the double helix shape of deoxyribonucleic acid. 2. Determined that sugars and phosphates formed backbones in the DNA. 3. Determined that nucleotides were paired inside the double helix.

What is the function of the promoter? 1. defines the start of transcription 2. guides RNA polymerase to the strand to be transcribed 3. defines the direction of transcription 4. defines the start of translation

1. defines the start of transcription 2. guides RNA polymerase to the strand to be transcribed. 3. defines the direction of transcription

List the steps of translation in the correct order placing the first step at the top of the list. 1. elongation 2. initiation 3. termination

1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination

Which of the following directly plays a part in translation initiation? 1. initiator tRNA 2. small ribosomal subunit 3. template DNA strand 4. Messenger RNA 5. large ribosomal subunit

1. initiator tRNA 2. Small ribosomal subunit 3. messenger RNA 4. large ribosomal subunit

Match the term with its definition 1. pre-mRNA 2. exons 3. introns A. RNA that will be removed before translation B. RNA that has not been processed yet C. RNA that will be used for translation

1. introns: RNA that will be removed before translation 2. exons: RNA that will be used for translation 3. pre-mRNA: RNA that has not been processed yet

Select the choices indicating differences between RNA and DNA. 1. only DNA is considered a nucleic acid 2. only RNA contains the base "uracil" 3. only RNA contains the sugar "ribose" 4. DNA has 4 types of nucleotide bases, but RNA only has 3 5. DNA is double-stranded, but RNA is single-stranded 6. only DNA is considered a polymer of nucleotides

1. only RNA contains the base "uracil" 2. DNA is double-stranded, but RNA is single-stranded 3. only RNA contains the sugar "ribose"

Match the term with its definition. 1. pre-mRNA 2. exons 3. introns A. RNA that will be used for translation. B. RNA that has no been processed yet. C. RNA that will be removed before translation.

1. pre-mRNA: RNA that has no been processed yet. 2. exons: RNA that will be used for translation. 3. introns: RNA that will be removed before translation.

which of the following are reasons for post-transcriptional modification of mRNA? 1. remove mutated portions of the gene. 2. remove noncoding regions. 3. protect the mRNA transcript from enzymes. 4. facilitate transport out of the nucleus.

1. remove noncoding regions. 2. facilitate transport out of the nucleus. 3. protect the mRNA transcript from enzymes.

Select the characteristics of translation. 1. results in a protein product 2. involves a mRNA molecule 3. occurs in eukaryotic nuclei 4. invovles RNA polymerase

1. results in a protein product 2. involves a mRNA molecule

Why must the genetic material be a stable molecule? 1. so it can encode genetic information 2. so genetic material can pass from generation to generation 3. so replication can be accurate

1. so genetic material can pass from generation to generation 2. so replication can be accurate

List the sequential steps of DNA replication in prokaryotes. 1. DNA polymerases meet at the termination region 2. the double helix is separated and unwound 3. DNA polymerases begins the copying process

1. the double helix is separated and unwound. 2. DNA polymerases begins the copying process. 3. DNA polymerases meet at the termination region.

Which of the following are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication? 1. the prokaryotic genome is replicated much faster than the eukaryotic genome. 2. only eukaryotes use DNA polymerase 3. prokaryotes have only one origin of replication 4. prokaryotes produce more than 2 daughter molecules per parent molecule 5. only eukaryotic cells display semiconservative replication 6. only eukaryotes replicate the entire DNA molecule

1. the prokaryotic genome is replicated much faster than the eukaryotic genome. 2. prokaryotes have only one origin of replication.

Based on your understanding of the central dogma of molecular biology, match the following processes with the correct description. 1. transcription 2. translation 3. replication A. DNA is used as a template to produce duplicate molecules of DNA. B. DNA is used as a template to produce RNA. C. RNA is used to produce protein.

1. transcription - DNA is used as a template to produce RNA. 2. translation - RNA is used to produce protein. 3. replication - DNA is used as a template to produce duplicate molecules of DNA.

Which of the following are types of RNA? 1. lysosomal RNA 2. translational RNA 3. transfer RNA 4. messenger RNA 5. ribosomal RNA

1. transfer RNA 2. messenger RNA 3. ribosomal RNA

which of the following are important traits of the genetic code? 1. contained in the nucleus 2. unambiguous 3. contains start/stop signals 4. degenerate

1. unambiguous 2. contains start/stop signals 3. degenerate

An mRNA transcript 1. can be used for translation. 2. was produced by RNA polymerase 3. can be used for DNA replication 4. was made from a DNA template.

1. was made from a DNA template. 2. was produced by RNA polymerase 3. can be used for translation

If each codon were composed of only 1 nucleotide, how many amino acids are possible? 1. 8 2. 12 3. 0 4. 4 5. 16

4

During the phase of translation called ______________, the polypeptide increase in size one amino acid at a time.

elongation

During the final stage of translation, a release factor binds to 1. the E site. 2. a start codon 3. a stop anticodon 4. a stop codon 5. DNA polymerase

a stop codon

An opening in eukaryotic DNA, containing two forks at the site of replication is called a replication ___________ 1. bubble 2. arch 3. circle 4. strand

bubble

true/false polyribosomes increase efficiency of transcription

false, it increases translation

Scientists were searching for the source of biological information about inheritance and development. When they found it, they called it the: 1. genetic code 2. stimulus code 3. mendelian code 4. biodiversity of life

genetic code

A template portion of a DNA template strand has the sequence GAACCC. Assuming no modification, what would be the sequence of amino acids in the protein product (use the mRNA codon table)? 1. Arginine - phenylalanine 2. Leucine - glycine 3. Glutamate - proline 4. Leucine

glutamate - proline

RNA molecules that contain catalytic properties and assist with intron splicing are called?

ribozymes

The first stage of translation, during which ribosomes assemble around mRNA is called ______________.

initiation

what type of RNA is needed to begin translation? 1. small nuclear RNA 2. messenger RNA 3. any RNA can begin translation 4. initiator tRNA

initiator tRNA

A portion of an mRNA transcript has the sequence CUGAAA. Assuming no modification occurs, what would the sequence of amino acids in the protein product? (Use the mRNA codon table.) 1. leucine - lysine 2. glutamine 3. aspartate - phenylalanine 4. arginine - phenylalanine

leucine - lysine

Eukaryotic organisms have _____________ DNA and DNA replications occurs ___________. 1. circular; unidirectional 2. linear; unidirectionally 3. circular; bidirectionally 4. linear; bidirectionally

linear; bidirectionally

Directly after eukaryotic transcription, ____________ molecules are processed. 1. protein 2. mRNA 3. DNA

mRNA

the type of nucleic acid bearing codons for the amino acid sequence is called _____________ 1. tRNA 2. rRNA 3. DNA 4. mRNA

mRNA

It is necessary for genetic material to be able to undergo changes called ____________ in order to provide genetic variety for evolution to occur.

mutations

DNA is composed of units called _____________, each of which contains a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and one of 4 nitrogen-containing bases

nucleotides

The building blocks of DNA are ____________

nucleotides

In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the _____________, and translation occurs in the _______________ 1. nucleus, cytoplasm 2. cytoplasm, nucleus 3. nucleolus, ribosome 4. ribosome, nucleus

nucleus, cytoplasm

Ribosomes participating in the production of proteins destined for secretion from the cell are located: 1. on the Golgi apparatus 2. extracellularly 3. on the endoplasmic reticulum 4. free in the cytoplasm 5. in the nucleus

on the endoplasmic reticulum

The enzyme that is used to proofread DNA as it is being synthesized is DNA ____________

polymerase

DNA replication can be described as ____________, because the resulting daughter DNA consists of one parent strand and one daughter strand.

semiconservative

Taking pre-mRNA and changing it to a final mRNA transcript requires multiple steps of RNA ___________, like removal of introns.

processing

________________ is the study of the set of proteins that an organism produces

proteomics

Adenine and guanine are nitrogen-containing bases called __________

purines

Thymine and cytosine are nitrogen-containing bases called

pyrimidines

Ribosomes are made of proteins and a type of nucleic acid abbreviated ____________

rRNA

Anticodons are found on which nucleic acid? 1. mRNA 2. rRNA 3. DNA template strand 4. DNA coding strand 5. tRNA

tRNA

The two pyrimidine bases are: 1. guanine 2. thymine 3. adenine 4. cytosine

thymine, cytosine

What determines the sequence of an rRNA strand? 1. they randomly self-assemble 2 translation from mRNA 3. transcription from mRNA 4. transcription from DNA template 5. translation from DNA template

transcription from DNA template

in the term tRNA, the t stands for ___________

transfer

In Griffith's experiment, R strain bacteria acquired a substance from the S strain bacteria. the R strain bacteria was changed or ____________

transformed

polyribosomes are strings of ribosomes simultaneously ___________ strand. 1. translating an mRNA 2. transcribing a DNA 3. translating a DNA 4. transcribing an mRNA

translating an mRNA

polypeptides are created during which process? 1. DNA replication 2. translation 3. transcription 4. permutation

translation

The genetic code is said to be a ____________ code, because a set of three nucleotide bases codes for a particular amino acid.

triplet

true/false It is possible to transfer genes from one type of organism to another type of organism.

true

true/false a change in the DNA code will result in a change in the RNA code

true

For the most part, every living organism on Earth uses the same genetic code. Therefore, the genetic code is considered _______________

universal