BIO 1 Questions

Which of the following is not a major difference between RNA and DNA? a. RNA is found primarily outside of the nucleus, while DNA is found primarily inside the nucleus. b. RNA has a ribose sugar, while DNA has a deoxyribose sugar. c. RNA is single stranded, while DNA is double stranded. d. RNA contains uracil, while DNA contains thymine.

A

Why are DNA strands slightly shorter every time they are replicated? What enzyme solves this problem? a. The DNA polymerases require an existing 3' hydroxyl group to which they can add their first nucleotide—they cannot set down a nucleotide with a free 5' end. Telomerase adds length to the telomeres b. The DNA polymerases require an existing 3' hydroxyl group to which they can add their first nucleotide—they cannot set down a nucleotide with a free 5' end. Topoisomerase adds length to the telomeres. c. The DNA polymerases require an existing 5' hydroxyl group to which they can add their first nucleotide—they cannot set down a nucleotide with a free 3' end. Telomerase adds length to the telomeres d. The DNA polymerases require an existing 5' hydroxyl group to which they can add their first nucleotide—they cannot set down a nucleotide with a free 3' end. Topoisomerase adds length to the telomeres

A

A study done in a rural village in Uganda found that a 40 individuals out of a population of 1,000 had albinism, a recessive disorder. Knowing this, what is the percent of the population who are carriers of this condition? a. 32% b. 82% c. 16% d. 20%

A (use hardy weinburg equation)

What is the function of telomerase? a. binds and releases Cdc6 from the pre-replication complex in order to begin replication b. binds to the CDK proteins in the cell and prevents premature replication of DNA in the cell c. binds to the leading strand and elongates the strand so a primer can be laid down to finish replication d. binds and releases Cdt1 from the pre-replication complex in order to begin replication

C

What two places do we find DNA in our cells? a. Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus b. Nucleus, Nucleolus c. Mitochondria, Nucleus d. Smooth ER, Rough ER

C

Where are lipids metabolized? a. Smooth ER b. Rough ER c. Mitochondria d. Nucleus

C

Why don't RNA nucleotides get incorporated into the DNA? a. RNA is not found in the nucleus and therefore is not available to be incorporated. b. DNA polymerase does not recognize RNA bases and will not integrate them into the growing DNA strand. c. DNA polymerase III has discriminatory amino acids that prevent ribose sugar with a 2' OH from being incorporated. d. RNA does not contain the necessary energy requirements to get integrated into the cell.

C

Which protein is responsible for signaling the DNA polymerase I to come to take off the primer? a. helicase b. single-strand binding proteins c. primase d. sliding clamp

D

Which of the following is not a component of a DNA nucleotide? a. ribose sugar b. deoxyribose sugar c. phosphate groups d. nitrogenous base

A

During the process of replication, how do you determine which strand is the leading strand and which strand is the lagging strand? a. leading strand has a 3' OH that the nucleotides are added to in the polymerase III b. lagging strand has a 3' OH that nucleotides are added to in the polymerase III c. lagging strand has a 2' OH that has to be synthesized backwards d. leading strand has a 5' OH that the nucleotides are added to in the polymerase III

A

If I place a cell with 300osMoles into a solution with 600osMoles, what type of solution is this? What would happen to the cell? a. The solution is hypertonic and the cell would shrink b. The solution is hypertonic and the cell would burst c. The solution is hypotonic and the cell would shrink d. The solution is hypotonic and the cell would burst

A

In order to open up the DNA to expose the promoter and get genes transcribed what needs to happen to the histone tails? a. acetylation b. phosphorylation c. sumolation d. methylation

A

Lagging and leading strands replicate differently, which forms Okazaki fragments and for what reason? a. Lagging strands, they require multiple primers for each short Okazaki fragment. b. Leading strands, they require multiple primers for each short Okazaki fragment. c. Lagging strands, they require only one primer for the entire strand. d. Leading strands, they require only one primer for the entire strand.

A

Myosin and Actin are key components of sliding filament theory and are commonly thought of as microfilaments. This statement is wrong though, why? a. Actin is a microfilament but myosin is a motor protein b. Myosin is a microfilament but actin is a motor protein c. The statement isn't wrong, they are both microfilaments d. Neither of them are microfilaments, they are microtubules

A

Upon exposure to viral proteins in a vaccine, the immune system will create ___________ with antibodies that match the viral proteins a. memory B-cells b. memory T-cells c. macrophages d. neutrophils

A

What is the protein responsible for taking mRNA and converting it to DNA? a. reverse transcriptase b. peptidyl transferase c. DNA polymerase III d. restriction endonuclease

A

What type of bond binds the nitrogenous bases together? How many bonds are between adenine and thymine? a. hydrogen, 2 b. covalent, 3 c. covalent, 2 d. hydrogen, 3

A

Which of the following describes a base mutation where pyrimidines are switched to a purine or vice versa? a. transversions b. transitions c. traverse d. transposons

A

Which of the following diseases is a result of nondisjunction? a. Down's syndrome b. Lou Gehrig's disease c. Multiple sclerosis d. Huntington's disease

A

Gram staining is a common technique utilized for classification of bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria, when stained, appear purple under the microscope, while Gram-negative bacteria do not. This provides a simple method to organize bacteria. The difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is that a. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ in receptor molecules on the cell membrane. Gram-positive bacteria have receptors that induce the translation of a purple gene. b. The bacteria have different thicknesses of the peptidoglycan cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker cell wall thus the stain does not leave the cell once it has entered and reacted with the iodine solution. c. The bacteria have different hydrolytic enzymes that digest the stain molecules. d. The Gram-positive bacteria possesses a cell wall while the other does not.

B

If a man with red hair marries a woman with blonde hair and they have a child with strawberry blonde hair, what sort of non-mendelian phenomenon occurred? a. co-dominance b. incomplete dominance c. incomplete penetrance d. genetic mixing

B

Which proteins are responsible for recognizing mismatch nucleotides in prokaryotic cells? a. MutH b. MutL and MutS c. methyl endonuclease d. polymerase I

B

Ribosomes are responsible for moving proteins through the body and cover the _____, and they are assembled in the _____? a. Nucleus, Rough ER b. Rough ER, Nucleolus c. Nucleus, Smooth ER d. Smooth ER, Nucleus

B

Telomerase is essential to somatic cells in early development in order to add length to telomeres which get shorter each time they are replicated. Why is telomerase inactive after somatic development? a. It isn't turned off, it is very much still used because telomeres still require length to be functional b. It is potentially very dangerous as telomerase could cause unlimited cell division without the gradual removal of telomeres c. Telomerase directly causes cancer and is fatal when active in post-somatic division d. Telomerase is found in the 52nd cycle of replication which results in the loss of gene sequences

B

What does a nucleoside consist of? a. sugar, base, and one phosphate groups b. sugar and base c. sugar, base, and two phosphates groups d. sugar, base, and three phosphate groups

B

What happens to histones during replication? a. The histones temporarily release the DNA so it can get replicated. After the DNA is replicated they form nucleosomes again around the DNA. b. New histones form around the DNA in a random arrangement of old and new proteins and they inherit the same genetic code from the old histone proteins. c. The histones separate into their individual protein components and leave the cell temporarily while the DNA is getting replicated. d. The histones are recycled during this time and the cell forms brand new histone proteins to replace all the old ones.

B

What is the function of glycosylase in base excision repair? a. recognizes thymine dimers and recruits exonucleases to come and excise the damaged DNA b. recognizes and removes individual damaged DNA nucleotide base, leaving the phosphate and sugar backbone c. removes the UvrC complex from the DNA once the damaged DNA has been repaired d. binds to the DNA and prepares the cell for ORC and cell replication

B

What is the function of photolyase? a. binds to the DNA and prevents gene expression of certain genes b. removes thymine dimers from prokaryotic systems using light energy c. responsible for recognizing and repairing mismatch repairs during DNA replication d. creates thymine dimers in the DNA in order to increase rates of DNA synthesis

B

What is the importance of the replisome? a. It contains the transcription factors that are necessary to begin gene expression. b. It attaches both copies of DNA and polymerase III to each other so they work at the same time and one strand doesn't synthesize faster than the other. c. It brings in the single-strand binding proteins and prevents hairpin loops from forming and stopping the process of replication. d. It begins the entire process of replication in cells by bringing in the DnaA proteins to the 9mers and hydrolyzing the ATP to begin replication.

B

What is the main DNA polymerase responsible for replicating a majority of the DNA? a. polymerase IV b. polymerase III c. polymerase II d. polymerase I

B

What is the model by which DNA replicates? a. dispersive b. semiconservative c. semidispersive d. conservative

B

When vectors are created to be inserted into a bacterial system for expression, why is the same restriction enzyme used to cut the gene and the plasmid? a. Genes have to be specific restriction enzymes that are only found in eukaryotic systems in order to correctly cut. b. The gene needs to have the same sticky ends as the plasmid so it can be correctly incorporated into the plasmid. c. The experimental design needs to be consistent throughout the experiment to ensure accurate results. d. Restriction enzymes of different composition will cut in the middle of the gene and prevent eventual expression.

B

Why do scientists put antibiotic resistance genes on the plasmid that contains the gene they want to express? a. They need antibiotic resistance in order to kill the bacteria, and whichever bacteria are killed are the ones who have accepted the plasmid and will express the gene. b. They grow the bacteria in antibiotics, and if the bacteria grow it means that the plasmid was accepted and the bacteria should express the gene of interest. c. Antibiotic resistance genes allow scientists to choose the correct gene to incorporate. d. Genes need antibiotic resistance genes in order to increase expression because the control region is essential for expressing the gene.

B

Why does DNA form a helical structure? a. The sugar phosphate backbones want to be as far from each other as possible. b. The nitrogenous bases of DNA are very hydrophobic and want to get as far from water as possible. c. A double helix is the most stable molecule in living organisms and the DNA is most protected. d. DNA is most accessible to proteins when it is in a helical form.

B

HIV is a fatal disease without proper treatment that is transmitted through contact with infected blood. Which of the following is a necessary component of the virus to infect a new host? a. DNA b. reverse transcriptase c. capsid head d. restriction endonucleases

B (HIV is a retrovirus which contains RNA so it needs reverse transcriptase to be able to alter DNA)

If I am a world class neurosurgeon and am creating a synthetic blood/brain barrier for a patient, I need to make sure that water can't get through the cells. What type of junctions should I use to connect the cells? a. Gap junctions, this is what our natural blood brain barrier has b. Tight junctions, similar to the bladder lining our body has c. Desmosomes, the strongest type of junctions d. Adherens Junctions, provides mechanical attachment

B (also A is totally wrong our body has tight junctions for our BB barrier)

A mother and father have both been diagnosed with cancer and wants their children to be tested. The pathology reports say that the mutations were likely in the somatic cells. As the doctor, what can you tell the family about the issue? a. The children children may inherit this trait but it also depends on the paternal grandparents genetic trait as cancer is a sex-linked disease. b. The DNA mutation will not be passed on to the children unless there were mutations present in the germ cells as well c. Because both parents had cancer the mendelian genetics predict that all of the children are at high cancer risk d. Cancer is so variable and a diagnosis could never be made from this information

B (somatic mutations have nothing to do with inheritance)

Translation is how mRNA is converted into a functional protein in the cytoplasm. Which amino acid will always be carried by the first tRNA in this process, and what will its anticodon be? a. Methionine, AUG b. Methionine, UAG c. Lysine, UGA d. Lysine AUG

B (the start codon is AUG making the anticodon UAG)

Cells during which process produce 4 non-identical daughter cells? a. Mitosis telophase b. Meiosis telophase 2 c. Meiosis telophase 1 d. Mitosis cytokinesis

B (these homies are HAPLOID)

A new treatment being developed by researchers to shrink inoperable gliomas requires a cocktail of viruses being injected directly into the tumor. Two different species of viruses: Acipenserid herpesvirus 2, and Aeromonas virus 31 are both necessary for the treatment to work, but one only in found in mice and the other is solely found in rats. If the two different species were infected with the respective virus' and left in a cage to mate, what would be the likely result? a. Only 50% of the offspring would be carriers of the virus but the virus could still be extracted from the carriers b. The offspring may or may not have the virus' depending if the virus is a retrovirus or a bacteriophage c. There would be no offspring as organisms classified as different species will not mate or produce offspring d. The question makes literally no sense and is way too complicated for the concept you're trying to test Abi

C

Angiotensin is a peptide steroid hormone that is both released and received within the same system in order to increase mean arterial pressure. What type of signaling system is this? a. An endocrine system because hormones are always endocrine b. Paracrine because the signaling is local c. Intracrine as the hormone signals in the same system d. Juxtacrine because the signal molecule and receptors touch each other

C

DNA ligase fills in gaps that DNA polymerase cannot. what type of bond does it form while performing its function? a. peptide bond b. covalent bond c. phosphodiester bond d. hydrogen bond

C

In eukaryotic systems, how many origins of replication are present? a. two b. one c. thousands d. three

C

In what phase of the cell cycle are CDK levels elevated? a. mitotic phase b. G2 phase c. S phase d. Go phase e. G1 phase

C

What is responsible for holding the sister chromatids together during replication and division? a. scaffold proteins b. H1 complex c. centromere d. biotin proteins e. cohesins

C

A woman who's mom and grandma had breast cancer is said to have a 1 in 3 chance of developing breast cancer as well. Why is it that one daughter will develop it over another? a. The theory of limited expressivity b. Incomplete dominance c. Incomplete penetrance d. These are just statistics, if one daughter in the family develops it then all of the others will as well

C (A is very similar but it refers to the level of severity, it would be like one daughter got ++- and one got +++ which is much harder to treat. Incomplete penetrance is that one person with identical genotypes got it and one did not)

Genetic diversity is important for the continuation of the human population. Which of the following increases the genetic diversity of the population by reorganizing exons after the removal of introns? a. Alternate splicing which removes introns after the pre-mRNA leaves the nucleus and then reorganizes the exons creating different proteins b. Crossing over which occurs in mitosis so the chromosomes aren't identical when they are split c. Alternate splicing which removes introns before the pre-mRNA leaves the nucleus and then reorganizes the exons creating different proteins d. Crossing over which occurs in meiosis so the chromosomes aren't identical when they are split

C (d is also a correct statement but doesn't fully answer the question)

Microvilli are important movement cells in our body. Where are we likely to find them? a. Sperm tails, uterine tubes b. Lungs, small intestine c. Small intestines d. Hair cells in the ear

C (lungs=cilia, sperm=flagella)

At what point in the cell cycle are cells quiescent? a. M phase (mitosis) b. G1 phase c. Go phase d. S phase (DNA synthesis) e. G2 phase

C (quiescence means non-changing or stable cells, which is during the Go phase when cells don't divide)

Male patterned baldness is a condition we see frequently here in Provo. If I am woman who is a carrier of the X-linked gene, what percent of my children will prematurely bald? a. 100% of my children will get the condition b. 100% of the males will have the condition, none of the females will express it c. 50% of the males will have it, none of the females will express it d. 50% of the males will have it, 50% of the females will express it

C - (50% of the males will get the "bad X" and will express baldness, 50% of the girls will have the recessive gene)

Balanced chromosome translocation happens when non-homologous chromosomes shuffle their genes. Balanced translocation carriers appear to be normal, but which following condition could be a result? a. Turner's syndrome (a girl who has three X chromosomes) b. Klinefelter's syndrome (a boy who has two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome) c. Infertility d. Cystic Fibrosis

C - balanced translocation carriers have balanced genes but are likely unable to conceive a fetus

During the process of excision repair in prokaryotes, what is the function of UvrC? a. takes the damaged DNA away from the site b. recognizes the damaged DNA while scanning along the DNA c. opens up the DNA d. cuts and 'nicks' the damaged DNA on either side of the thymine dimer

D

How do you determine the difference between the major and the minor groove of a DNA molecule? a. The major groove will appear larger. b. The minor groove has a-t bases, while the major groove contains g-c bases. c. The distance between the bases determines the difference between the major and minor groove of a DNA molecule. d. The distance between the sugars determines the difference between the major and minor groove of a DNA molecule.

D

If I am attempting identify where a protein is likely to be released from the ribosome, what codon sequence would I be looking for? a. AUG b. UAG c. UAA d. Both B and C are correct e. Both A and C are correct

D

If I have a disease that causes a proton leak in the mitochondrial matrix, what will happen to the body? a. The inter-membrane space will become hyperacidic due to the proton gradient and not affect the production of ATP b. The proton leak will disrupt the electrochemical gradient but the ATP synthase still has protons to use and it will not affect APT sythesis c. There will be no effect because we already have H+ channels in the mitochondrial matrix d. The proton leak will disrupt the electrochemical gradient which will decrease the production of ATP because the gradient won't force enough H+ through the Fo/F1 sythase

D

Lactobacillus is the primary bacteria which resides in the human digestive system and aids in digestion and metabolism of foods. In fact, without it we would be much more prone to illness. According to this, which of the following must be true? a. Bacteria is commonly a cause of human disease and is therefore parasitic to us. b. Our bodies need the Lactobacillus for digestion but the bacteria doesn't receive any benefit from inhabiting the gut, making it a relationship based on commensalism. c. This type of symbiosis is referred to as mycorrhizae because the bacteria relies on the human gut to inhabit. d. Because both the human host and bacteria reap benefits including digestion and habitation, this is a mutualistic relationship.

D

Protein organization consists of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels. Which level is characterized by beta-pleated sheets and alpha helices? a. primary b. tertiary c. quaternary d. secondary

D

What is the definition of a mutation? a. a change in the mRNA sequence that codes for a protein product b. changes in the locations of the genes along the chromosome temporarily c. changes in proteins based on failed machinery d. a permanent change in the DNA

D

What is the main purpose of a sliding clamp in DNA replication? a. to attach to the DNA and scan the genome for damaged DNA that needs to be repaired before replication proceeds b. to attach to the Okazaki fragments in order for naked DNA not to be exposed and degraded c. to stabilize the helicase as it unwinds the DNA d. to stabilize the polymerase III to increase processivity

D

What is the protein responsible for methylating the GATC sites in prokaryotic DNA? a. methyl transferase b. cytokine kinase c. reverse methylase d. Dam methylase

D

What type of cell would potentially be considered both a nervous tissue and a connective tissue? a. Schwann cells b. Blood c. Skin d. Ependymal cells

D

Which of the following is the strand of DNA that is transcribed into an mRNA which is then translated into a protein? a. The anti-coding strand b. The template strand c. The anti-sense strand d. All of the answers are correct

D

Which of the following is not a protein that is part of the histone protein the DNA is wrapped around? a. H2A b. H3 c. H2B d. H4 e. H1

E