Bio 1002 exam 1 hw

Which of the following is true? -Diversity of the human gut microbiome has not been analyzed. -Over time, the human gut microbiome has decreased in diversity. -Over time, the human gut microbiome has not changed in diversity. -Over time, the human gut microbiome has increased in diversity.

Over time, the human gut microbiome has decreased in diversity.

The general term for organisms that are capable of producing disease is

Pathogens

Which is the correct sequence of viral replication?

Penetration - genetic material replication - transcription - protein synthesis - assembly

In the process known as____________ , a single bacterium divides in half, producing two identical offspring.

Prokaryotic Fisson

Why is it that prokaryotic cells evolve more quickly than eukaryotic cells?

Rapid reproduction provides additional opportunity for mutations that are responsible for genetic variability.

What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?

The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.

In which of these environments would you normally find prokaryotes? -A spoonful of soil -An animal's intestinal tract -A single drop of seawater -Human skin -All of the above

all of the above

While examining a hot spring, you find something you haven't seen before. It has a cell membrane, but the cell wall lacks peptidoglycan. It contains both DNA and RNA. The DNA is circular. It would be classified as a(n)

archaea

________ are used in the production of foods such as yogurt, cheese, and sauerkraut.

bacteria

Life as we know it cannot flourish on the moon but it might be possible for it to survive. What life form on Earth might survive on the moon?

bacterial endospores

Which of the following is considered to be the most effective biological agent used in terrorist attacks?

bacterial endospores of the agent that causes anthrax

Antibiotics can be effective only against a

bacterium

Dental plaque is an example of

biofilm

Dental plaque is one example of a(n) ________________, a colony of different prokaryote species that secrete slime that sticks the cells to a substrate and to each other.

biofilm

Oil spills are sprayed with bacterial cultures in order to

break down the oil

Which structure helps bacteria to attach within the tissues that they will infect? -Capsule -Nucleoid -Flagella -Cell wall

capsule (The gelatinous capsule that covers some bacteria helps them attach to the tissues that they will infect.)

Intestinal bacteria are necessary for plant-eating animals to digest

cellulose

In prokaryotes, ___________ is the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via temporary connection.

conjugation

The nodules in the figure are

converting nitrogen gas to a form usable by plants

Sex pili are prokaryotic structures that are used

during conjugation

In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics?

encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development

Anaerobic bacteria require high levels of oxygen to survive. True or False?

false

Bacteria are able to increase their genetic variability by reproducing sexually. True or False?

false

Bacteria are multicellular microbes. True or False?

false

Bacterial endospores are easily damaged by heat and drying. True or False?

false

Because viruses have limited genetic material, their mutation rates are very low. True or False?

false

Bioremediation is the process in which bacteria digest plants and release oily toxins. True or False?

false

Kuru is cause by one of the archaea. True or false?

false

Viruses contain both DNA and RNA. True or False?

false

Mobile prokaryotes can move around with the help of

flafella

What is the source of a viral envelope?

host cell membrane

The classification of bacteria has historically been based on

microbial nutrition, physical appearance, and how they move.

The genetic material of HIV consists of __

single stranded RNA.( The genetic material of HIV consists of two molecules of single-stranded RNA.)

There are four bacteria in an egg salad that is left out at room temperature. After two hours, how many bacteria will be in the egg salad? 8 32 2048 256

256

___________________ is the use of organisms to remove or detoxify toxic substances in the environment.target 8 of 8

Bioremediation

Which of these is the viral genome?

E

You aim to improve your gut microbiome. Which of the following would be best for you to achieve your goal?

Eat fresh plant foods and fermented foods.

When some bacteria are exposed to harsh conditions, they produce ______________, thick-coated protective structures that form within the bacterial cell.

Endospores

If trends continue, which of the following is most likely? -Fecal transplants will only be done as a last resort. -Fecal transplants will be done less frequently. -Fecal transplants will be banned. -Fecal transplants will be done more frequently.

Fecal transplants will be done more frequently.

The polymerase chain reaction requires a heat-resistant enzyme. What is the relationship between this fact and hot springs in Yellowstone National Park?

Heat-resistant enzymes can be extracted from heat-resistant bacteria growing in Yellowstone National Park hot springs.

A woman recently completed a regimen of antibiotics. Which of the following is most likely?

Her gut microbiome is less diverse

What do the sticky layers of protective slime produced by some bacteria enable them to do?

stick togeter and form biofilms

Cyanobacteria obtain energy from

sunlight

Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance?

taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the docto

From which cell does the sex pilus originate during bacterial conjugation?

the donor cell

Assuming COVID-19 is like cholera, which of the following will be the largest factor motivating those in charge to get it under control?

the economy

What differentiates gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative bacteria?

the way the cell wall stains

Why are we constantly warned to make sure that hamburger and other meats are cooked thoroughly?

to warn people to provide enough heat to kill Escherichia coli O157:H7 contaminating the meat (This bacterium can release a toxin that damages the intestinal tract and other organs)

Bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles. True or False?

true

Humans can eat live cultures of some bacteria without getting sick. True or False?

true

prions are made up of only protien

true

True or false. Bacteria reproduce by an asexual process in which one parent cell gives rise to identical daughter cells.

true. (Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, which is an asexual process in which one parent cell splits in two to give rise to identical daughter cells.)

True or False. During bacterial conjugation, the recipient cell receives a single-stranded loop of DNA.

true. One strand of the plasmid enters the recipient cell; this strand must be replicated in the recipient cell to produce a double-stranded plasmid that can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome.

Assume a genetic analysis of a sick animal's DNA indicates that part of one chromosome does not belong to the animal. It is foreign DNA and is not similar to any of the animal's normal genes. It most likely comes from a(n)

viral infection

You discover a new particle. It has only RNA as a nucleic acid and lacks both a membrane and cytoplasm. This particle is a(n)

virus

In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics?

A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.

Which of these binds to receptor molecules on the host cell membrane?

A. (Glycoproteins on the viral envelope recognize and bind to receptors on the host cell.)

_________________ are organisms that can live and grow in the absence of oxygen.

Anaerobes

Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"?

Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.

Which of the following is true regarding cholera and COVID-19? -Both are caused by a bacterium. -Both are believed to have originated in India. -Both are caused by a virus. -At the time of this article, both are in a state of pandemic.

At the time of this article, both are in a state of pandemic.

Based on current research, a future where which of the following groups is given a gut microbiome supplement is most likely?

Babies born via C-section.

The organism in the figure parasitizes

Bacteria

Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?

Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.

Which of these is reverse transcriptase?

C

The cause of tetanus is

Clostridium tetani.

Why is cholera much more prevalent in the developing world?

Contaminated water is more common in the developing world.

The rapid and inexpensive routine laboratory procedure used to classify the bacterial world into two major groups is called the

Gram stain

A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?

Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.

Which of the following is still necessary to eradicate cholera?

Intergovernmental cooperation

What is the function of reverse transcriptase?

It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.

Which of the following genera contains spherically shaped bacteria?

Micrococcus

What is a major role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention?

Monitor and report the state of the health of the U.S. citizenry.

Which of the following statements best describes the end result of bacterial conjugation?

One cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another cell and kept one copy for itself. (Both cells end up with a copy of the same plasmid)

What is the major difference between a virus and a viroid?

Viruses have a protein coat and viroids do not.

Some bacteria have an impact on human nutrition. What vitamin does our intestinal bacteria synthesize that we absorb for our use?

Vitamin K. This is a fat-soluble vitamin that is important in blood clotting.

Which of the following has no organelles, ribosomes, or cytoplasm? -An alga -A bacterium -A plant -A virus -A cyanobacterium

a virus

Legumes obtain a useful form of ________ from bacteria that live in root nodules.

nitrogen

Bacterial cell walls contain ________, which makes them different from other organisms.

peptidoglycan

What is a major difference between the domains, Bacteria and Archaea?

peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria but not the archaea

In bacteria, the small, circular pieces of DNA that are located outside the chromosome are called

plasmids

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow disease, is caused by a

prion

In terms of abundance, which of the following is Earth's predominant form of life? archaea animals prokaryotes plants reptiles

prokaryotes

Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____.

provirus ("Provirus" is the name given to double-stranded viral DNA that has been incorporated into a host cell's genome.)

Mutations that improve the survival and reproduction of organisms, and thus contribute to the evolution of species, arise rapidly in prokaryotes due to their

rapid rate of cell division

You are a doctor working in Cambodia. A patient presents with cholera. Which of the following would likely be best for you to do first?

rehydrate

Binary fission is the method by which bacteria

reproduce