Bio 1009 sec 1

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what is the ma. number of electrons in the 1s orbital of an atom?

2

when glucose monomers are joined together by glycosidic linkages to form a cellulose polymer, the changes in free energy, enthalpy and entropy are as follows

+delta H, -delta S, +delta G

which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosythesis?

H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle

What is not a molecule?

NaCl

which of the following concepts help explain why water can be transported up tall trees?

cohesion and adhesion

increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?

competitive inhibition

what factor would tend to increase membrane fluidity

a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids

which of the following is a characteristic of the lytic cycle?

a large number of phages are released and the host cell is destryed

which would you expect to dissolve poorly in water

a substance with a lot of nonpolar covalent bonds

compounds with carbonyl groups are known as

aldehydes or ketones

what kind of metabolic posion would most directly interfere with glycolysis

an agent that closely mimics the structure f glucose but is not metabolized

What group is NH2

an amino group

electrons exist only at fixed levels of potential energy. however, if an atom absorbs sufficient energy, a possible result is that

an electron may move to an electron shell farther away from the nucleus

allosteric enzyme regulation is usually associated with

an enzyme with more than one subunit

when an electron is moved further from the nucleus

it gains potential energy

which of the following are not polymers

lipids

which of the following is the least polar

lipids

animal cells contain

lysosomes

which contains hydrolytic enzymes

lysosomes

What gives rise to the cohesiveness of water molecules?

hydrogen bonds

what maintains the secondary structure of a protein

hydrogen bonds

what maintains the secondary structure of a protein?

hydrogen bonds

the reactions of the calvin cycle are

endergonic, and thus require a source of free energy to occur

which of the following modifies polypeptides that will be secreted

golgi apparatus

in the double helix structure of nucleic acids, cytosine hydrogen bonds to

guanine

After examining thousands of different species, early scientists concluded that all organisms are made up of cells. What type of reasoning does this exhibit?

inductive

which statement about membrane structure is true?

integral membrane proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures

a covalent chemical bond is one which

outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to fill the valence shells of both atoms

one funtion of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

oxidize NADH to NAD+

the structural level of a protein that is LEAST affected by a disruption of hydrogen bonding is the

primary level

which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I

recieving electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain

when a molecule of NAD+ gains two electrons, and a hydrogen atom (a proton) the molecule becomes

reduced

If you explore a biological concept by breaking down the complex system to its similar components, you are using an approach called

reductionism

which of the following does not occur during the calvin cycle in photosythesis?

release of oxygen

which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of steroids

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

mutated yest are growing under anerobic conditions. a mutation in the yeast makes them unable to convert pyruvate to ethanol. how will this mutation affect these yeast cells?

the mutant yeast will be unable to grow anaerobically

in a plant cell, where are the ATP sythase complexes located?

thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

which of the following is NOT found in the RNA molecules

thymine

the primary function of polysaccharides attached to the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes is

to mediate cell-to-cell recognition

The mathematical expression for the change in the free energy of a system is ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. Which of the following is (are) TRUE?

∆G is the change in free energy

starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy containing products of glycolysis are

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy containt products of glycolysis are

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

the number of electrons needed to fill the first and second electron shells is

2 in the first and 8 in the second shell

which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?

CO2

which of the following most accuratly describes the structure of a membrane formed by phospholipids?

The phospholipids are arranged in a bilayer, with their hydrocarbon tails pointing toward the interior of the membrane and their phosphate groups on the outside of the bilayer.

which of the following effects is produced by the high surface tension of water

a water spider can walk across the surface of a small pond

reactants capable of interacting to form products is a chemical reaction must first over come a thermodynamic barrier knows as the reactions

activation energy

the contrast to non-competitive inhibitors, competitive inhibitors of enzyme activity

always utilize an enzyme's active site

in order for the protein to be a transmembrane protein it would have to be which of the following?

amphipathic

which results from a transfer of electron(s) between atoms?

an ionic bond

with regards to orbitals what is a false statement

an orbital is a defined path that an electron follows as it orbits the nucleus

what is a true statement about plasma membranes

both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have plasma membranes, which act as a semi-permiable barrier

The theory of evolution can explain

both the unity and diversity of life

what statement correctly characterizes bound ribosomes

bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins ans secretory proteins

how does s noncompetetive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction?

by changing the shape of the enzymes active site

what is a correct relationship between cell structures and their respective functions?

cell wall; support, protection

reduction of oxygen to form water occurs during

cellular respiration only

what is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?

covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms

the order of chemical bonds from the STRONGEST to the WEAKEST

covalent bonds, ionic bonds in the formation of salt crystals, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions

where does glycolisis take place in eukaryotic cells?

cytosol

what is a true statement about enzymes?

enzymes speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the reaction

what does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve?

establishment of a protein gradient across the thylakoid membrane

the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is

eukaryotic cells have nuclei and prokaryotic dont, eukaryotic have organelles and most prokaryotic dont, eukaryotic cells are usually larger than prokaryotic cells

Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as ________ is to ________.

exergonic; endergonic

what is a false statement about membranes?

exocytosis results in net transfer of materials into the cell

of the following functions, which is most important for the glycoproteins and glycolipids in animal cell membranes?

helping cells distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another

Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a 0.15 M salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery stalks are

hypertonic to fresh water by hypotonic to the salt solution

why does ice float

ice is less dense than water

which of the following best describes enthalpy

in biological systems, enthalpy is equivalent to the total energy

what is a true statement about disffusion

it is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

which structure-function pair is mismatched

microtubule;protein synthesis

the cytoskeleton is comprised of

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include

mitochondria and chloroplasts

which of the following contains its own DNA ribosomes?

mitochondrion

which of the following makes ATP in the cell?

mitochondrion

which of the following is common to both bacteria and virsues

nucleic acids as the genetic material

the number of _____ vaires in the isotopes on an element

neutrons

the number of _____ varies in the isotope of an element

neutrons

which particles are found in the in the nuclei of atoms?

neutrons and protons

which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein

peptide bonds

the covalent linkage between nucleotides forming a DNA molecule are known as

phosphodiester bonds

the covalent linkages between nucleotides forming a DNA molecule are known as

phosphodiester bonds

which of the following is a function of the golgi apparatus

protein modification

The atomic number of an electron refers to the number of ____ in a atom

protons

gap junctions function to

provide cytoplasmic channels between neighboring animal cells

which of the following is present in prokaryotic cells?

ribosome

Your sister calls to say that the light will not go on in her bedroom. You say that you think the bulb must be burned out, and therefore, replacing the bulb will solve the problem. In doing so, you are:

stating a specific hypothesis for why the light does not go on, and a prediction.

where does the calvin cycle take place

stroma to the chloroplast

a nucleotide is comprised of

sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

what is the primary function of the calvin cycle

synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

an example of hydrogen bond is the bond between

the H of one water molecule and the O of another water molecule

osmosis refers to

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

when a plant cell is submerged in a very hypotonic solution, what is likely to occur

the cell wall will become turgid (solid, due to being inflated)

if the cytoplasm of a cell is at a cell is at pH 7, and the mitochondria matrix is at pH 8, this means

the concentration of H+ ions is tenfold higher in the cytoplasm than in the mitochondrial matrix

which statement about glycolysis is not true

the end products of glycolisis are CO2 and H2O

the quaternary structure of a protein refers to

the overall shape of the protein formed by the association of two or more polypeptides

polar molecules are often able to dissolve in water becuase

the partially charged regions of polar molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

Which of the following statements describes the lysogenic cycle of lambda (λ) phage?

the phage genome replicated along with the host genome

A researcher lyses a cell that contains nucleic acid molecules and capsomeres of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The cell contents are left in a covered test tube overnight. The next day this mixture is sprayed on tobacco plants that have been exposed to extremely windy conditions. Which of the following would be expected to occur?

the plants would develop the typical symptoms of TVM infection

which of the following is true of integral membrane proteins

they are usually transmembrane proteins

which of the following is a true statement for anabolic pathways

they consume energy to build up polymers d=from monomers

the order of chemical bonds from EASIEST to HARDEST to break is

van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds in the formation of salt crystals, covalent bonds

Mammalian blood contains the equivalent of 0.15 M NaCl. Seawater contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCl. What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater?

water will leave the cells , causing them to shrivel and collapse


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