Bio 101 Exam 2 - UW Madison
gamete
A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
___ and ___ increase the speed of an action potential
A wide axon and a myelin sheath
As an action potential travels down an unmyelinated neuron ___
The depolarization of one region of the axon stimulates depolarization of the next region sodium (Na+) channels become inactivated in the segment of neuron just behind the traveling action potential
Paralytic tremor (PT). . .
The mother is XpX and the father is XY
synapsis
The pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I
Electrons (e-)
These are passed down the electron transport chain
if the membrane potential of a neuron crosses the threshold potential, this generates a(n) ___
action potential
___ are signals that travel down the length of axons. In myelinated neurons they are generated at ___ ; which contain high concentrations of ___
action potentials; nodes of Ranvier; sodium (Na+) ion channels
The sodium-potassium pump ___
actively transports sodium (Na+) out of a neuron and potassium (K+) into a neuron
Typically, when agouti mice breed. . . Which of the following happened?
all choices are correct
FAD
an electron carrier or electron shuttle. It shuttles electrons from food (such as glucose) to the electron transport system
zygote
fertilized egg
what are villi and what is their function?
finger-like projections of the small intestine lining that increase the surface area for absorption
when you skip a meal,___ in the blood. This is sensed by alpha cells of the pancreas which release ___
glucose levels are low glucagon
cristae
infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane
What is epigenetic inheritance?
inheritance of traits not directly involving the nucleotide sequence
In gamete formation, DNA replication occurs
only before meiosis I
The site of gas exchange in birds is/are ___ and the site of gas exchange in mammals is/are alveoli ___
parabronchi alveoli
liver
produces bile
pancres
produces pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, and pancreatic nuclease
stomach (produces what?)
produces pepsin/pepsinogen
when an action potential reaches the end of a neuron this causes ___
release of a neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles
pepsin works in the ___
stomach
A person takes a serotonin specific reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), which of the following is true?
the SSRI will cause more serotonin to become available in the synapse by clocking a reuptake mechanism this person is likely suffering from depression
The phase of the action potential during which most sodium channels are inactivated. . .
the falling phase
fertilization
the union of gametes, culminating in fusion of their nuclei
which of the following is/are accurate about pepsin, typsin, and chymotrypsin?
they are all made/secreted as inactive precursors they are all proteases
which of the following is/are accurate about gas exchange in birds?
they exchange gas in their lungs, across tiny tubes called parabronchi they have air sacs that help keep air flowing through the lungs they pass air over their gas exchange surface in only one direction
The energy released by the movement of electrons down the electron transport chain is directly used ___
to pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space
which of the following statements is correct with respect to circulation in frogs?
when underwater frogs shift blood flow from the lungs to the skin
Insulin binds an insulin receptor. Which of the following represents the correct order of events after this binding occurs?
1. Glucose transport proteins in the membrane are activated 2. Glucose moves from the bloodstream into the cell 3. The insulin receptor is activated 4. Blood glucose levels go down 5. Transduction occurs 3,5,1,2,4
In beagles, glaucoma is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. You breed two beagles who are carriers for glaucoma. What is the probability that their first two pups will have glaucoma?
1/16
Border collies can have curly coats, wavy, coats, or straight coats. The wavy coat phenotype is intermediate to curly and straight. Two boarder collies one with a curly coat and the other with a straight coat are mated and have a large litter of pups, all with wavy coats. You breed one of the border collies with a wavy coat to a border collie with a straight coat. What proportion of the offspring do you expect to have a straight coat?
1/2
What is the probability of obtaining an individual with the genotype Qq from a cross between two individuals with the genotype Qq
1/2
An individual with the genotype Gg will produce which of the following gametes?
1/2 G; 1/2 g
The figure below is the karyotype of a viscacha. Use the karyotype to answer the question below. A germ cell in a viscacha starts to undergo meiosis. How many chromosomes will be found in each daughter cell at the end of meiosis I?
28
The inheritance of coat colors of cattle involves. . . what is the predicted phenotypic ratio of their offspring?
3/4 Dutch belt: 1/4 Solid
When comparing the nervous system of a hyrda. . .
A nerve net in the hyrda but not the human.
Crossing over
An exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
In hodags, black fur (B) is dominant to orange fur (b) and red eyes (R) are dominant to yellow eyes (r). Assume the genes for fur color and eye color are on different chromosomes and assort independently. A hodag that is heterozygous for both traits will produce which of the following gametes? Two heterozygous hodags meet and have a baby hodag. What is the chance that the little hodag has black fur and red eyes?
BR,Br,br 3/16
The jumper jack ant is 2n=2. In the diagram below, which choice represents a jumper jack ant in anaphase I of meiosis
D
In humans, the absence of presence of freckles is due to the freckling gene. The allele for freckles is dominant (F) and the allele for no freckles is recessive (f). An individual who is heterozygous at the freckle locus would have which of the following GENOTYPES?
Ff
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE with regards to the epigenome/epigentics?
Identical twins have the same DNA and alleles, and will therefore have identical epigenomes.
Oxygen (O2)
In aerobic respiration, this is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain
The figure below is the karyotype of a vampire bat. Which of the following statements is ACCURATE about the vampire bat? Select all correct choices
Its gametes will be n=14 It is a male It will make gametes with a total of 14 chromosomes The gametes it produces will be sperm Its gametes will be made by meiosis Its somatic cells are 2n=28
The major function of this organ is to recover/reabsorb water and it has a rich microbiome
Large intestine
Bile is produced in the ____, stored in the ___, and emulsifies fats in the ___
Liver, gal bladder, small intestine
which of the following statements about neurons is false?
Neurons are the only cells found in the brain
Take a deep breath. Which of the following is happening at your alveolar surface?
O2 is moving down its pressure gradient; out of your alveoli, into your bloodstream O2 is binding to hemoglobin CO2 is moving down its pressure gradient, out of your bloodstream and into your alveoli
which of the following is the type of cell that forms the myelin sheath in the brain?
Oligodendrocyte
In humans, widow's peak is an autosomal dominant trait. If a child has a widow's peak but only one of his parents does, what are the genotypes of his parents? (W=widow's peak; w=no widow's peak)
One parent ww, one parent could be either Ww or WW
Meiotic spindle formation, synapsis, crossing over Homologous pairs line up on metaphase plate Unpaired chromosomes line up on metaphase plate Separation of sister chromatids Separation of homologous chromosomes (sister chromatids stay attached)
Prophase I Metaphase I Metaphase II Anaphase II Anaphase I
___ bring information from the eyes and the other sensors to the central nervous system; ___ form local circuits connecting neurons to the brain; ___ transmit signals from central processing centers (the brain and spinal cord) and trigger muscle or gland activity.
Sensory neurons; interneurons; motor neurons
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Two of these molecules are released during pyruvate processing and four are released during citric acid cycle.
Which of the following statements is accurate about nondisjunction and aneuploidies?
When considering gamete formation, nondisjunction is more common in older women than in younger women. Nondisjunction can occur in meiosis I, meiosis II, or mitosis. When the M checkpoint of the cell cycle is ignored, aneuploidies can result. Aneuloidies can occur for any chromosome.
what is depolarization? select all correct responses.
a change in the membrane potential resulting from a positively charged ion entering a neuron a change in the membrane potential that brings it closer to the threshold
an organism with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells has ____
a closed circulatory system
In humans, the width of the nose is due to the width gene. The allele for broad nose is dominant (N) and the allele for narrow nose is recessive (n). An individual who is heterozygous at the nose width locus would have which of the following PHENOTYPES?
broad nose
Electron transport chain
consists of a number of molecules, mostly proteins, built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of aerobically respiring prokaryotes
In which order does a signal typically travel down a single neuron
dendrite to cell body to axon hillock to axon to synaptic terminal
An individual with Type I diabetes. . .
does not produce insulin lacks the receptors to respond to insulin
As a gas moves across a respiratory. . .
down simple diffusion
NADH and FADH2 both put electrons (that were originally found in food) into the electron transport chain. Why are there fewer ATPs (1.5) made for each FADH2 than are made for each NADH (2.5)?
electrons carried by FADH2 are deposited later in the electron transport chain and are therefore responsible for pumping fewer protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Chemiosmosis
energy stored in a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP
earthworm poison dart frog clownfish rabbit tundra swan mosquito
entire body surface entire body surface and lungs gills lungs with alveoli lungs with parabronchi tracheal systems
which of the following is NOT found in the mitochondria?
enzymes for glycolysis
The electrons originally found in ____ are passed to the electron transport chain by ___
glucose; NADH and FADH2
which of the following is/are common to both aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation?
glycolysis substate-level phosphorylation
compared to mammals that are not adapted for diving, deep sea diving mammals ___
have a larger spleen, which releases red blood cells into circulation during dives
Refer to the pedigree below to answer this question. What is the genotype of individual II-2
heterozygous
The figure above shows the karyotype of an aloine marmot. In this figure, the thick blue arrows are pointing to ____ while the trhin red arrows are pointing to _______.
homologous chromosomes; sister chromatids
The figure below shows a pair of homologous chromosomes that contain the nose width locus (these are un-replicated chromosomes). The individual with this pair of chromosomes is
homozygous recessive
which of the following statements related to a neuron at its resting potential is false?
if a potassium (K+) ion channel were to open, potassium would enter the neuron
Which of the following is ACCURATE about negative pressure breathing?
in mammals, it is the mechanism of ventilation - using muscle contraction to expand the chest cavity to pull air into the lungs
What is Barr body?
inactive X chromosome
which of the following statements is accurate about mechanical digestion
it breaks food into smaller pieces it occurs in your mouth when you chew your food it increases the surface area available for hydrolytic enzymes to chemically digest food
In a mammal, immediately after blood enters the right atrium ___
it enters the right ventricle
which of the following statements related to double circulation is true?
it involves two circuits of blood flow
which of the following statements about the brain's reward system is false?
it is separate from the brain system that is affected by addictive drugs
which of the following statements about hyperpolarization is true?
it makes it less likely that an action potential will be genereated it occurs in a neuron at rest when a potassium (K+) ion channel opens it is a graded potential
Which of the following is accurate about glycolysis?
it splits to form two pyruvate molecules it uses 2 ATP to get started and generates 4 ATPs it can occur in anaerobic conditions it generates 2 NADH it occurs in the cytosol
ATP synthase
large protein complex found in the inner mitochondrial membrane that utilizes the flow of protons to make ATP from ADP + P
When we don't get enough sleep ___
leptin levels decrease; insulin levels decrease
euchromatin
less compacted, more dispersed DNA; genes in this form are more likely to be expressed
countercurrent exchange in fish gills
maintains an oxygen gradient that enhances diffusion, allowing for most of the oxygen in the water that passes over gills to be removed
Which of the following is associated with negative feedback?
maintains homeostasis bigger fat cells secrete more leptin, which in turn, suppresses appetite dampens a stimulus or physiological state
The purpose of cellular respiration is to
make ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
mode of ATP synthesis that is powered by the movement of electrons down the electron transport chain and flow of protons across the. . .
substrate-level phosphorylation
mode of ATP synthesis that occurs when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP
heterochromatin
more compacted, less dispersed DNA; genes in this form are not likely to be expressed
which of the following characterizes the rising phase of an action potential
most sodium channels are open while potassium channels remain closed
salivary amylase works in the
mouth
A mutation in a specific human gene causes the build up of the amino acid phenylalanine. . . The information given above describes an example of _________?
pleiotropy
salivary gland
produces salivary amylase
which of the following statements related to red blood cells is true?
production of red blood cells is stimulated by erythropoietin
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
small intestine
trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, and pancreatic nuclease work in the ___
small intestine
gills, tracheoles, and lungs are all respiratory surfaces found in complex animals. Which of the following do ALL of these respiratory surfaces have in common
they all have a large surface area for exchange they are all composed of living cells they are all moist
which of the following statements about metabotropic receptors is true?
when neurotransmitters bind to metabotropic receptors this activates a signal transduction pathway
With respect to its role in the brain's natural reward system, dopamine is not involves in which of the following?
"liking" a reward
Protons (H+)
During electron transport, these are pumped from the matrix to the inter membrane space, they then flow through ATP synthase
the fluid that moves around the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is ___
hemolymph