Bio 101 Final Exam Saunders

Living things have the ability to respond to the environment

-All organisms respond chemically -Animals sense environment using nerve cells or tissues, they can react quickly -Many bacteria and protists can react by moving -Plants can grow toward light

Lipids

-a diverse group of organic compounds, but are all hydrophobic (water-fearing) they do not mix with water.

Cholesterol

-a lipid that circulates in the bloodstream and acts as a molecular ingredient to make steroid hormones. -found in eggs and red meat -found in most animals cell membrane where it helps to maintain fluidity

Triglycerides

-a typical dietary fat consists of this, which is made from one molecule of glycerol joined to three fatty acid molecules. -lipids include fat

Living things are composed of one or more cells

-all cells can reproduce themselves -most organisms are unicellular -cells all have DNA, cell membrane, and cellular components called cytoplasm that help them support their own lives -Cells communicate with the environment and with other cells using biological molecules. This is the basis for embryological development, the physiological functioning of the body of all organisms and the immune system. -Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles

Amino Acids

-all proteins are polymers made by joining many amino acid monomers together. -There are 20 different kinds of amino acids -The specific order of amino acids within a protein determine the overall structure of that protein

Living things have the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment

-cell membranes regulate which molecules enter and leave the cell. Some molecules must be broken down before entering the cell

Living things are highly organized compared to non-living things

-cells are "chemical" factories, making molecules for their own use and, if multicellular, for the use of the organism -organic molecules are much more complex than inorganic molecules, often made by assembling monomers into polymers -the different types of biological molecules perform different roles in the body to create and maintain the organization of the body

Phospholipids

-contains a phosphate group in its hydrophilic (water loving) head, and two long hydrophobic tails. many proteins float within the phospholipid layers.

Carbohydrates

-include sugars and large molecules made from sugars. All carbohydrates are molecules constructed from one or more monosaccharides (simple sugars). Carbs are a common source of dietary energy for animals and a structural component of plants -C,H,O -primary fuel for organisms -cell structure

Cellulose

-is a large, complex carbohydrate that forms much of the structure of a plant

Glucose

-most carbohydrates -is a sugar (a simple carbohydrate) that acts as an energy source for all living cells. -blood sugar

Kingdom Animalia

-multicellular -eat and digest other organism

Kingdom Plantae

-multicellular -use sunlight to produce sugars via photosynthesis

Kingdom Fungi

-single celled or multicellular -decompose and digest dead organisms

Protist

-single-celled or multicellular -catch-all category for all remaining eukaryotes -includes many kingdoms

Who performs primary production?

All plants, some archaea, bacteria, and protista

What enables photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll, CO2, and H2O

What do all cells have in common?

DNA, Cell membrane and cellular components called cytoplasm that help them support their own lives

Domain Eukarya

Eukaryotic; Kingdom Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

Proteins

Most diverse biological molecule. Each kind of protein in a cell has a unique structure and shape that allows it to perform a specific function. -essential for growth and repair

Energy has a...

One way flow through the food web; loses energy as heat

Why are viruses not cells?

Viruses cannot reproduce themselves, so they are not made of cells and therefore are not alive

RNA

a nucleic acid that acts as a messenger between DNA and other parts of the cell. It is found in all types of cells.

DNA

a nucleic acid that serves as the hereditary material of all life on earth

Nucleic Acids

a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular structures and activities -DNA -RNA

homeostasis

ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment

Cellular respiration

all organisms both producers and consumers are able to release the chemical energy stored in sugars through this process

Domain Archaea and Bacteria

are prokaryotic single-celled organisms

What are the characteristics of life?

cells, metabolism, homeostasis, growth, reaction to stimuli, reproduction, evolution, ability to use and assimilate energy, possesses an inherited information base, encoded in DNA, that allows them to function, composed of one or more cells

evolution

change in characteristics of individuals, resulting from mutation and natural selection-these result in adaption

metabolism

chemical and energy transformations

growth

conversion of materials from the environment into components of organisms

cells

fundamental unit of life

Chemosynthesis

is the biological conversion of one or more carbon molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic (e.g. hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or methane as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis.

steroids

lipids that contain four fused chemical rings made primarily of carbon

Biotic

living components

Reproduction

making copies of individuals via the mechanism transfer: sections of DNA molecules that contain instructions for organization and metabolism

Eukaryotic cells have a...

nucleus and organelles

Energy is captured through primary production, which is?

photosynthesis and chemosynthesis

Photosynthesis

process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms activity. -the energy of sunlight is captured and used to create molecules of sugar 6CO2(carbon dioxide) + 6H2O(water) = C6H12O6 (glucose) + 602(oxygen)

energy flows through

producers, consumers then ends up in detritus feeders and decomposers

What are the Abiotic sources of energy?

sunlight and chemicals

Why do cells perform cellular respiration?

to extract energy from glucose C6H12O6 (glucose) + 602(oxygen) = 6CO2(carbon dioxide) + 6H2O(water) +ENERGY