Bio 101: Unit 4

The vagina is acidic and not ideal for sperm production, releasing hormone from the hypothalamus causes the pituitary to secrete ____ and ___ hormones. This causes cells of the testes to make ____ and ____.

FSH and LH sperm and androgen

Where are you more likely to find people who are vitamin D deficient, those in Canada or Florida? Why?

Canada- adequate sunlight is needed for synthesis of vitamin D

Why does adaptive immunity differ from individual to individual?

depends on what pathogens a person has been previously exposed to

What four systems that are involved with "exchange" with the environment as a major function? How is surface area maximized within these system?

digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system and urinary system expand surface area by folding structures

What does normal implantation of an embryo occur? What if it occurs in the oviduct?

endometrium of uterus tubal pregnancy (ectopic): not viable and is a serious medical emergency that requires surgical intervention

Skin needs to be resistant to the rubbing from your clothes and other other forces. It also has to be a waterproof barrier to prevent dehydration and microbes. It also has to responding to stimuli. It must respond and regulate temperature. What are some of the specific structures in skin that carry out these functions? List each with each function:

epidermis waterproofing: glycolipid dermis regulate temperature: small blood vessels and sweat glands respond to stimuli: sensory receptors protect from UV radiation: melanin

What are the four major tissue types of the animal body?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

How are external and internal fertilization different?

external: parents discharge their gametes into the water, where fertilization then occurs, often without the male and female even making physical contact internal: sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract and gametes untie within the tract

True or false: an antigen can be recognized by more than one type of antigen receptor.

false, antigen receptor is capable of ending one specific type of antigen

True or false? Blood surrounds/bathes each and every cell in the body allowing exchange of materials in and out of cells. Explain your reasoning.

false, it's interstitial fluid, not blood

A student tells another student that the "withdrawal" method of birth control is as effective at preventing pregnancy as both control pills. Is the student right?

no

Is an immune system unique to humans?

no

What does activation of the complement system do to invading pathogens?

results in a cascade of steps that can lead to the lysis, or bursting, of invading cells

Ovulation is not actually the release of a cell that has complete meiosis. What kind of cell is released?

secondary oocyte- arrested in metaphase of meiosis II

What is the name of the tubules within the testes that sperm develop in?

seminiferous tubules

Why is widening (dilation) and leakiness of blood vessels useful for an inflammatory response by the immune system? What chemical is responsible for dilation/leakiness of blood vessels?

- clotting proteins in blood plasma help form local clots to seal off infected region - neutrophils squeeze between cells of leaky capillaries of leaky capillaries to digest bacteria - histamine

How is it ensured that only one sperm penetrates and fertilizes an egg?

- entire egg plasma membrane become impenetrable to other sperm cells - vitelline layer hardens and separates from the plasma membrane - space quickly fills with water, and the vitelline layer becomes impenetrable to sperm

What are some common myths about STDs?

- only "trashy" people get STDs - if your partner has an STD, you'll see it - you can avoid STDs by having oral or anal sex - once you've had an STD, theres no chance of getting it again - if you get checked and you're STD free, your partner doesn't need to get checked as well

Gonorrhea 1. What are the symptoms of gonorrhea? 2. Is it bacterial or viral? 3. Can someone get tested? 4. Can someone get it from oral sex? Vaginal sex? Oral sex? 5. What causes it and can someone get treatment to cure it? 6. Can someone get it a second time or multiple times? 7. Can someone get it from another person who doesn't have symptoms?

1. girl- painful urination, yellow-green vaginal discharge boy- painful urination, yellowish-white discharge from urethra 2. bacterial 3. yes 4. yes to all 5. neisseria gonorrhoeae yes, antibiotics 6. yes 7. yes

Chlamydia 1. What are the symptom of chlamydia? 2. Is it bacterial or viral? 3. Can someone get it form oral sex? Vaginal sex? Anal sex? 4. What causes it and can you get treatment to cure it? 5. Can someone get tested? How often it recommended that people get tested? 6. Can someone get it a second time? 7. What are the dangers of untested chlamydia?

1. girl- unusual vaginal discharge, pain during urination, bleeding, lower abdominal pain boy- discharge from penis, itching, burning 2. bacterial 3. yes to all 4. chlamydia trachomatis antibiotics for 7-10 days 5. yes, regularly 6. yes 7. girl- infection of urethra and inflammation of cervix; pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) infertility and ectopic pregnancies boy- swelling and irritation of urethra and epididymis

Genital Herpes 1. What are the symptom of genital herpes? 2. Is it bacterial or viral? 3. Can someone get it form oral sex? Vaginal sex? Anal sex? 4. What causes it and can you get treatment to cure it? 5. Can someone get it a second time or multiple times? 6. Can someone get it from another person who doesn't have symptoms? 7. Is a condom 100% effective?

1. itching, pain, sores 2. viral 3. yes to all 4. herpes simplex (HSV) and no cure 5. always have it 6. yes 7. no

HPV 1. What are the symptoms of HPV infection? 2. viral 3. Can someone get it from oral sex? Vaginal sex? Oral sex? 4. Can someone get tested? How often it recommended that people get tested? 5. What causes it and can someone get treatment to cure it? 6. Can someone get it a second time or multiple times? 7. Can someone get it from another person who doesn't have symptoms? 8. Is a condom 100% effective?

1. warts (mostly seen under microscope) 2. viral 3. yes to all 4. yes, regularly 5. human papillomavirus (HPV), no cure 6. no, always have it 7. yes 8. no

How long does sperm formation take?

10 weeks

What are group are STDs most common in?

15-24

Module 20.9. What are two different approaches to how scientists are "building organs"? What kinds of organs have they built?

1a. growing cells on a framework that replicates bladder b. decellurazing organs (washing away) and seed with adult stem cells for heart 2. "printing" cell layers for kidney

What are the two types of lymphocytes? Discuss how they recognize such a huge diversity of antigens:

B and T cells synthesize many copies of a specific protein and incorporate them into plasma membrane as antigen receptors

Scientific Thinking. At this point in the semester, you should be feeling more confident about experimental design and reading/interpreting graphs. Explain why the experiment shown in Figure 20.12C is better designed than that shown in Figure 20.12B:

Figure 20.12C shows the effects of when treatment is over and show how long it actually lasts for after treatments are over

What are the three glands associated with semen and what does each secrete? What is the function of each secretion?

Seminal vesicles - thick fluid that contains mucus and sugar, fructose - provides most of the energy used by sperm as they propel themselves through female reproductive tract Prostate gland - thin, milky fluid - nourishes sperm Bulbourethral gland - clear, alkaline mucus - neutralizes any acidic urine remaining in urethra

Two important features of adaptive immunity are listed, what do these mean? a. adaptive immunity is highly specific b. adaptive immunity has memory

a. it acts against one infectious agent but not another; adaptive responses can amplify certain innate responses, such as inflammation and the complement system b. it can "remember" antigens it has encountered before, sometimes even many decades earlier, and react against them more quickly and vigorously on subsequent exposures

For sexually active people, are any of the contraceptives discussed in 27.8 also effective at blocking STDs? Which?

abstinence and condoms

Negative feedback loops make sure that there is not too much sperm production (homeostasis). Explain negative feedback in this example:

androgen also inhibits secretion of both the releasing hormone and LH and FSH

What cells secrete LH and FSH?

anterior pituitary

Define the following terms: - antigen - antibody - lymphocytes

antigen: any molecule that elicits an adaptive response antibody: an immune protein found in blood plasma that attaches to one particular kind of antigen and helps counter its effects lymphocytes: white blood cells responsible for adaptive immunity

Compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction including potential problems for each approach of reproduction:

asexual: creation of genetically identical offspring by a lone parent; all individuals may be affected equally, and the entire population may die out sexual: creation of offspring through the process of fertilization; harder for animals that are immobile or solitary

Why is the inflammatory response considered part of the innate immune system?

because the response is the same regardless of whether the invader has been previously encountered and because the response is nonspecific

Compare and contrast oogenesis and spermatogenesis:

both: they both produce gametes oogenesis: only one mature egg is produced; occurs before birth; resting periods spermatogenesis: 4 mature sperm are produced; occurs from puberty to death

What is unique about the temperature required for sperm development? How does the male body ensure the proper temperature?

cannot develop optimally at core body temperature the scrotum keeps the sperm-forming cells about 2 degrees celsius cooler, which allows them to function normally

Draw a chart or graphic that illustrates your understanding of the hierarchy of the animal body:

cel l--> tissue --> organ --> organ system --> organism

What types of STDs can students be tested for via campus health?

chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, HIV, HPV, syphilis

What happens in the oviduct?

cilia sweep egg towards the uterus

In a pinch, what else can be used as a dental dam for oral sex?

condom, latex glove, or non-microwavable saran wrap

What kind of free sex supplies can UNC students pick up form campus health?

condoms, lubricant and dental dams

What cells secrete progesterone?

corpus luteum

What are several methods to protect oneself from STDs for: Oral sex? Vaginal sex? Anal sex?

dental dam condom condom abstinence for all

Compare and contrast the two parts of the "dual defense" of adaptive immunity: - humoral - cell-mediated defenses

humoral: defends primarily against bacteria and viruses present in body fluids; involves the secretion of free floating antibodies by B cells into the blood and lymph; produced by B cells cell-mediated defenses: defends against infections inside body cells; cells take action and destroy body cells infected with bacteria or viruses; ;produced by T cells

In females, to promote ovulation, what hormones are produced from the hypothalamus and the pituitary?

hypothalamus: releasing hormone anterior pituitary: FSH and LH

Figure 24.3 gives an overview of ways that innate and adaptive immunity are different, what are these?

innate: rapid response, recognize broad ranges of pathogens, no "memory" adaptive: slower repsonse, recognize specific pathogens, have "memory"

Use an analogy with trash to explain the value of sleep and the potential problems with too little sleep.

it's clearing out all of the junk that has accumulated as a result of daily thinking result could be the acceleration of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's

If you have swollen lymph nodes, what is likely going on in your body?

lymph nodes are filling with defensive cells

What process does a primary spermatocyte need to go through to make sperm?

meiosis

What are two ways to achieve active immunity to a specific pathogen (such as chicken pox virus):

natural exposure or vaccination

Describe these cells of the innate system: - neutrophils - macrophages

neutrophils: the most abundant type of white blood cell, circulate in the blood and enter tissues at sites of infection; engulf bacteria and explode (kamikaze) macrophages: large phagocytic cells that wander through the interstitial fluid, "eating" any bacteria and viruses they encounter; first response and signal help

What cells secrete estrogen?

ovarian follicles and corpus luteum

An egg cell is released from a follicle in the ________. What becomes of the follicle after the egg is released at ovulation?

ovary what remains of the follicle within the ovary forms a solid mass called the corpus luteum

What medical test is routinely done on the cervix and what are physicians testing for?

pap test: examine cells under microscope for signs of cervical cancer

Briefly describe female cycle pre-ovulatory and the post-ovulatory phase:

pre: follicle is growing from FSH; secondary oocyte is developing; estrogen secreted by growing follicle; low levels of estrogen triggers menstruation; estrogen level leading to increase in LH post: follicle has become a corpus luteum; progesterone and estrogen secreted by corpus luteum which promotes thickening of endometrium; high level of progesterone and estrogen inhibit secretion of releasing hormone

What phase of meiosis are primary oocytes stopped short in at a female's birth?

prophase of meiosis I

A female makes her first secondary oocyte when she is about how old?

puberty (9-12)

How is passive immunity different? Have you ever been passively immunized? What are some examples?

receiving remade antibodies yes ex. breast milk, placenta, anti-venom for snakes

What are some clues that there is a systematic inflammatory process (infection) taking place in the body?

redness, heat, and swelling

Let's use epithelial tissues as an example of the theme of structure/function at the tissue level. How does the structure of simple squamous epithelium differ from stratified squamous epithelium? Who do both suit their functions? Where might you find these types of tissues?

simple: thin and leaky and thus suitable for exchanging materials by diffusion; it lines capillaries and air sacs of lungs stratified: many layers make it well suited for lining surfaces subject to abrasion, such as the outer skin and the linings of mouth and esophagus

List some external barriers of the innate system that prevent infection

skin/exoskeleton, acidic environment, secretions, mucous membranes, hairs, cilia

How does each stricture of the sperm support the functions of sperm? Flagellum? Mitochondria? Nucleus? Shape of head? Acrosome?

streamline mobility provide ATP for movement of tail holds genetic info bind to egg receptor digest egg's jelly coat

Explain how negative feedback affects your ability to not overheat and to not become too cold.

temperature rises above set point/ hypothalamus activates cooling mechanisms/ temperature decreases/ temperature falls below set/ hypothalamus activates warming mechanisms/ temperature increases

Put these terms in order as sperm exit the body: urethra, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, vase deferent, testes

testes --> epididymis --> vas deferens --> ejaculatory duct --> urethra

Using the information about a giraffe, make an argument that evolution does not lead to the perfect animal form.

the laryngeal nerve wraps around the aorta which was no problem for ancestors but doesn't make sense in very long necked giraffes

Define homeostasis and give an example:

the steady state of body functioning; a state of equilibrium characterized by a dynamic interplay between outside forces that tend to change an organism's internal environment and the internal control mechanisms that oppose such changes ex. blood sugar level raise- pancreas secretes glucagon lower- pancreas secretes insulin

Using Fig 27.6, describe in words what happens each through the 28 day cycle: - the uterus lining - the ovaries - the levels of FSH - the levels of LH - the levels of estrogen - the levels of progesterone

the uterus lining: low levels of estrogen triggers menstruation- decrease in lining- but progesterone and estrogen promote thickening of endometrium - the ovaries: FSH stimulates follicle to grow into mature follicle, LH surge triggers ovulation in which releases secondary oocyte and burst follicle becomes corpus luteum and degrades if no pregnancy - the levels of FSH: hypothalamus is stimulated by levels of estrogen, releases releasing hormone to activate pituitary which releases FSH and pets at 14 days, stops due to estrogen and progesterone inhibiting hypothalamus - the levels of LH: hypothalamus is stimulated by high levels of estrogen, releases releasing hormone to activate pituitary which releases LH and peaks at day 14, stops due estrogen and progesterone inhibiting hypothalamus - the levels of estrogen: low levels of estrogen to trigger menstruation, start to rise when secreted by follicle by reach peak by corpus luteum secretion, estrogen and progesterone inhibit FSH and LH and so estrogen levels decrease - the levels of progesterone: low levels until LH triggers corpus luteum to secrete it with estrogen, estrogen and progesterone inhibit FSH and LH which is needed for production

How has sleep changed over the past decade for the public?

we're getting 1-2 hours less sleep a night than we did 50-100 years ago and 38 minutes less on weeknights than we did as little as 10 years ago

Why can't dental dams be flipped over?

you will expose yourself to the very fluids you're trying to avoid