Bio 1010 Test 3

Some cancer chemotherapy blocks the formation of the mitotic spindle during prophase. Why would cancer chemotherapy limit the ability of adult stem cells to perform the normal cell turnover in a tissue?

Cancer chemotherapy blocks mitosis.

Which STR will have migrated farthest through an electrophoresis gel?

GAAG repeated twice

_____amino acids tend to be found folded inside a protein, whereas _____ amino acids interact with water on the outside of the protein.

Hydrophobic; hydrophilic

A gene has the sequence ATCGATTG. What is the sequence of the complementary RNA?

UAGCUAAC

An adult stem cell called a hematopoietic stem cell from bone marrow is most useful in treating a _____.

disorder affecting the development of blood cells

You are studying the DNA profile of an individual, and you are looking at the results for a chromosome with just one STR site. How many bands will you see?

either 1 or 2

DNA evidence can give an investigator information regarding which of the following?

family relationships between suspects and the identity of an individual based on a profile

The entire sequence of DNA in a cell used for DNA profiling is called the _____.

genome

_____is the product of transcription, and _____ is the product of translation.

mRNA; a protein

Which phase of mitosis is correctly matched?

metaphase - replicated chromosomes align in the middle of the cell

You shed skin cells every day. Those cells are replaced by _____.

mitotic division and differentiation of tissue stem cells

An individual's STR may vary from the same STR of another individual by the _____

number of times a particular sequence is repeated.

DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because a newly replicated, double-stranded DNA molecules consists of _____.

one old strand and one new strand

In addition to the base, what are the other components of a nucleotide?

phosphate and sugar

What is the final product of gene expression?

protein

A person can be deficient in the production of a protein if he or she has a mutation in the:

regulatory region or the coding region of a gene.

The _____ control(s) the timing of gene expression.

regulatory sequence for a gene

The biological function of stem cells is to _____.

replenish existing stem cells and differentiate into specific cell types

Engineering a bladder is more challenging than engineering skin because a bladder _____.

requires a scaffold on which to grow

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA for profiling based on the _____.

size (length)

One could determine whether a cell is differentiated by determining whether _____

some genes are turned "off."

In a spider silk producing transgenic yeast, the _____.

spider silk coding sequence is joined with a yeast regulatory sequence.

Which statement correctly indicates a functional location during gene expression?

tRNAs work in the cytoplasm.

Cellular differentiation, or cell specialization, results from _____.

the "turning off" of some genes and the "turning on" others

What would happen if spindle fibers failed to form during the cell cycle?

the chromosomes of the parent cell would not divide.

Which of these parts of translation will be disrupted by a mutation in the coding region of a gene?

the codon on the mRNA

Which phrase represents genetic variation between individuals?

the number of STRs in their genomes

What determines a protein's function?

the three dimensional shape of the folded protein

Hematopoietic stem cells are _____ cells that develop into _____ cells.

undifferentiated; blood

Which person would have DNA that is least similar to yours?

your mother's brother

Complete the following statements regarding the steps necessary to copy a DNA sequence during PCR:1) The two original strands of the DNA molecule can be separated by _____.2) The enzyme _____ "reads" each template strand and adds _____ to make a new strand.

1) heat, 2) DNA polymerase; complementary nucleotides

How many STRs are typically used to create a profile in forensic investigations?

15

The _____ chromosomes in a human cell from inside the cheek are found in the _____.

46; nucleus

If you start with one copy of a DNA fragment, how many rounds of PCR will it take to end up with a total of 32 copies?

5

Which of these is NOT a nucleotide found in DNA? A. uracil (U) B. thymine (T) C. guanine (G) D. cytosine (C) E. adenine (A)

A

Select the statements that are true about mitosis. Select the TWO answers that are correct. A. During mitosis, duplicated chromosomes separate and become part of two different daughter cells. B. Two cycles of mitosis from one original cell result in four genetically identical daughter cells. C. Mitosis is the longest part of the cell cycle, as it is a slow process for precise division of the nucleus to occur. D. The two daughter cells resulting from mitosis contain half the genetic material of the parent cell. E. Mitosis is the division of the cell nucleus and cytoplasm into two genetically identical daughter cells.

A and B

Which phrases accurately describe the role of microtubules in the cell cycle? Select the TWO answers that are correct. A. organization of the chromosomes B. separation of the cell cytoplasm C. disassembly of the nuclear membrane D. replication of the chromosomes E. migration of the chromosomes

A and E

Which statement accurately describes how genes, chromosomes, and proteins are related?

A gene on a chromosome encodes a protein.

You are investigating a crime. The DNA profile database has no perfect matches to the DNA collected at the crime scene. However, one profile in the database has at least one band in common with the crime scene DNA at every STR site. Which statement is the most likely conclusion can you draw?

A parent-child relationship exists between the DNA collected at the crime scene and the DNA in the database.

Which statement about PCR is true? A. PCR does not require nucleotides. B. DNA polymerase is the enzyme that copies DNA in PCR. C. Primers are not necessary for PCR. D. PCR does not generate a complementary DNA strand. E. PCR can only replicate a few strands of DNA and not specific regions.

B

Why are biotechnology companies eager to design genetically modified organisms to express therapeutic proteins, particularly ones that would otherwise have to be isolated from blood products (e.g., human antithrombin) or animal organs (e.g., insulin, originally isolated from pig pancreas)?

Biotechnology companies are interested in the cost-effectiveness, safety, and efficiency of protein production.

You can detect DNA that is specifically from the X chromosome in a DNA sample from a person. Why can't you definitively determine the sex of that person (male or female) from the presence of the X chromosome?

Both males and females have an X chromosome and you would have to check for the presence of a Y chromosome.

Which statement about genetically modified organisms is true? A. The DNA in spiders uses the same genetic code as yeast use, but human cells use a different code. B. Genetically modified organisms have only been used for small-scale protein production in clinical trials. C. Scientists can produce more complex proteins made by eukaryotes by genetically modifying eukaryotic cells instead of prokaryotic cells. D. The proteins made in genetically modified organisms are produced in small quantities so that they do not interfere with normal cell function. E. Humans are eukaryotes and yeasts are prokaryotes, so yeasts cannot be used to produce human proteins.

C

_____ on mRNA interact with _____ on tRNA to allow the _____ to connect amino acids in the correct order during translation.

Codons; anticodons; ribosome

Each chromosome contains _____

DNA and proteins.

What naturally occurring process does PCR mimic in a test tube?

DNA replication

Which of these does NOT play a role in determining the three-dimensional shape of a protein? A. the interaction of the shared core structure of all the amino acids in the protein B. the sequence of amino acids in a protein chain C. the interaction of the amino acids with water in the proteins environment D. the interaction of the side chains of each individual amino acid E. the interaction of the genes that lie next to a protein gene

E

Which statement applies to tissues? A. Tissues contain a single cell type, and cells within a tissue cooperate. B. Cells within a tissue cooperate. C. Tissues contain a single cell type. D. Each tissue has a specific function. E. Cells within a tissue cooperate, and each tissue has a specific function.

E

Why do scientists pursue several methods to get stem cells to grow into specific tissue types?

Each method or approach used in stem cell research adds to our knowledge of how stem cells work.

How are embryonic stem cells different from adult stem cells?

Embryonic stem cells can develop into a wide range of cell types, while adult stem cells can become only limited cell types.

Why don't engineered bladders get rejected by the patient's immune system when they are implanted?

Engineered bladders are grown from the patient's own cells.

How does interphase relate to mitosis?

Interphase alternates with mitosis.

Relative to one of your liver cells, one of your skin cells has _____.

No, because all of a person's cells have the identical set of genes in their genome.

Would it be sufficient to just replace the neurons in someone who suffered nervous tissue damage? Why or why not?

No, replacement neurons must also make the correct connections with cells in their surroundings.

Human red blood cells are enucleated (i.e., they do not have nuclei). Is it possible to isolate DNA from red blood cells? Why or why not?

No, the genomic DNA is found only in nucleated cells.

What is the purpose of careful primer design before PCR?

Primers indicate the section of DNA that will be amplified and mark where DNA polymerase begins replication.

Type 1 diabetes results from a loss of insulin production from the pancreas. People with diabetes take recombinant human insulin expressed in bacteria. How would you cure the disease instead of treating it?

Replacing the defective insulin gene in a patient through gene therapy would allow for a cure.

Which of these occurs during anaphase of mitosis?

Sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell.

How do the redundant properties of the genetic code protect humans from some mutations (changes in the gene sequence)?

Some mutations will not change the amino acid coded by the mRNA codon.

If the sequence of one strand of DNA is AGTCTAGC, what is the sequence of the complementary strand?

TCAGATCG

Melanin is a pigment expressed in skin cells; melanin gives skin its color. If you wanted to express a different gene in skin cells, which part of the melanin gene would you use and why?

The melanin regulatory region would allow for the specific expression of a different gene in the skin.

Heating a protein can cause it to denature, or unfold. What do you think would happen to the function of a protein in a denatured state?

The protein would not be functional because the three-dimensional shape dictates protein's function.

What is an advantage of receiving a replacement organ grown from one's own cells versus receiving an organ transplant from a donor?

There is less chance of organ rejection and there is no need to wait on a transplant list.

Which statement accurately describes amino acid side chains?

They provide unique functions and allow for the correct folding of proteins.

Organs can perform unique functions that differ from those that the tissues from which they are made can perform individually. Why is this?

Tissues cannot form the same shapes that organs can; organs, therefore, have more functions than tissues.

From the STRs used in a forensic investigation, which STRs on which chromosomes would be particularly useful in determining whether crime scene evidence was left by a female or a male?

Y chromosome STR

A recipient of a liver transplant has a high risk of bacterial infections because _____.

a transplant recipient has to take drugs that suppress his or her immune system

A protein is made up of a chain of _____.

amino acids

What is a genetically modified organism?

any modified organism that produces a product it does not normally make

Recombinant protein production of spider silk in yeast is an efficient strategy because yeast _____.

are easier to house and less expensive to feed than multicellular organisms.

"Reprogramming" genes erase the pattern of gene expression in a differentiated cell. When scientists insert "reprogramming" genes into differentiated cells, these cells will _____.

be converted into stem cells

A hematopoietic stem cell turns on genes that direct it to become a white blood cell. This process is known as _____.

cell differentiation

Scientists altered the gene for spidroin so that it could be isolated from yeast by attaching the _____.

coding sequence of a spider spidroin gene to a yeast regulatory sequence