BIO 102: The Endocrine System

Select all the hormones that are released directly by the thyroid gland.

Calcitonin Thyroxine Triiodothyronine

Steroid hormones are synthesized from

Cholesterol

What condition is characterized by dangerously high levels of glucose in the bloodstream?

Diabetes

The hypothalamus is part of the

Forebrain

Select all of the following that are symptoms of diabetes.

Frequent urination Excessive thirst High blood sugar levels

Select all the effects of glucocorticoids, which are produced by the adrenal cortex.

Mobilize energy reserves Prevent inflammation Response to prolonged stress Constrict blood vessels

Where is the pituitary gland?

Near the hypothalamus (Brain)

Select all of the chemical links between the nervous and endocrine systems.

Neurotransmitters and hormones share some of the same target cells. Both systems signal with norepinephrine.

Increased metabolic rate, heart rate, and blood pressure are all effects of

Noradrenaline

Select all the water-soluble hormones.

Norepinephrine Epinephrine Dopamine

Select all of the places where hormone receptors can be found in a target cell.

Nucleus Plasma membrane Cytoplasm

Clusters of cells in the pancreas called ______ secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon.

Pancreatic islets

Insulin and adrenaline are ______ hormones.

Peptide

Select the two structures that oversee endocrine functions in vertebrates.

Pituitary gland Hypothalamus

Select all of the following that are endocrine glands in vertebrates.

Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Thyroid gland

In type I diabetes, the body fails to

Produce insulin

Endocrine glands produce hormones and secrete them into

The bloodstream

Steroid hormones that regulate gamete development and secondary sex characteristics are produced by

The testes and ovaries

Select all of the ways that lipid-soluble hormones interact with DNA inside the cell.

They can bind to receptors in the cytoplasm, enter the nucleus as a complex, and interact with DNA. They can enter the nucleus and bind to receptors associated with DNA.

The two-lobed gland that secretes thyroxine and calcitonin and that is located in the neck is called the

Thyroid gland

What gland affects metabolic rate and secretes triiodothyronine and thyroxine?

Thyroid gland

What type of hormones cannot readily pass through the cell membrane?

Water-soluble

Select all the answers below that describe what typically happens when a water-soluble hormone binds its receptor.

A signal from the receptor is transmitted through a second messenger system. G proteins next to the receptor are activated. Cyclic AMP transmits a signal that promotes a cell response.

What influences the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex?

ACTH

What hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland when the body's fluids are too concentrated?

ADH

What secretes the mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids?

Adrenal cortex

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the

Adrenal medulla

Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced?

Adrenal medulla

Select the two regions of the adrenal glands.

Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex

Select all the anterior pituitary hormones that influence hormone secretion by other endocrine glands.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) LH and FSH Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

The two glands of the pituitary are the

Anterior Prosterior

What gland secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in response to low thyroid hormone concentration in the blood?

Anterior pituitary

What is a hormone?

Biochemical that travels in the bloodstream

Insulin and glucagon released by the pancreas function to regulate

Blood glucose levels

What is the common condition of diabetes?

Blood sugar can climb to dangerously high levels

The nervous system and endocrine system

Both involve the hypothalamus.

Select the correct statement about hormone signaling.

Cells can have receptors for different hormones, each of which causes a different response in the cell

The nervous system and the endocrine system are the two main ______ systems in animals.

Communication

What glucocorticoid is responsible for mobilizing energy reserves by converting amino acids to glucose?

Cortisol

Select all the functions of the hormone calcitonin, which is released by the thyroid gland.

Decreases blood calcium levels Increases calcium deposition in bone

"Fight-or-flight" stresses cause the release of what hormones by the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Select all the hormones that are produced by the anterior pituitary.

Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin TSH and ACTH FSH and LH

What of the following is not an endocrine gland but does contain some hormone-secreting cells?

Heart

Select all of the organs that contain scattered hormone-secreting cells.

Heart Kidneys Liver Stomach

Select all the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine that are produced by the adrenal medulla.

Help the body respond to trauma and stress Expand airways Increase blood pressure Increase heart rate

A chemical that is secreted by an endocrine gland and that travels in the bloodstream to target cells is called a(n)

Hormone

Hormones that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary are produced in the

Hypothalamus

The _____________ represents a physical connection between the nervous and endocrine system.

Hypothalamus

What structure receives information about body conditions and responds by secreting hormones that control the pituitary gland directly below it?

Hypothalmus

Select all the effects of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which are released by the thyroid gland.

Increased calorie demands Increased nutrient absorption Increased rate of gas exchange

Select all the functions of growth hormone (GH).

Increases cell division Increases protein synthesis Promote tissue growth

One example of a peptide hormone is

Insulin

Select all of the following that are true about the endocrine system.

It communicates relatively slowly to many cells. Its messages circulate throughout the body in the blood. It employs hormones to send messages. Its effects can be prolonged.

Select all the functions of the hypothalamus.

It plays a role in both the central nervous system and the endocrine system. It contains neurosecretory cells, which release hormones into the bloodstream.

Select all of the following that are true about the posterior pituitary gland.

It secretes hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus. It is a continuation of the hypothalamus.

The function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is to signal the

Kidneys to return water to the blood.

What kind of hormones can easily cross cell membranes?

Lipid-soluble

Both steroid hormones and thyroid hormones are

Lipid-soluble hormones

Select all the anterior pituitary hormones that stimulate the ovaries and testes.

Luteinizing hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Neck

What two main communication systems allow animal cells to send messages, coordinate the actions of the organ systems, and respond to the environment?

Nervous Endocrine

Some biologists refer to the nervous system and endocrine system together as the ______ system.

Neuroendocrine

In what places can hormone receptors be found on target cells?

On the cell surface, in the nucleus, or in the cytoplasm

Although they travel in the bloodstream, hormones do not act on every cell because

Only specific target cells respond to the hormone.

The hypothalamus, pancreas, ovaries, and testes are endocrine ______ in vertebrates.

Organs

In women, estrogen and progesterone are secreted by cells in the

Ovaries

Proteins or short chains of amino acids describe

Peptide hormones

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are released by the

Posterior pituitary gland

Select all of the following that are the functions of estrogen and progesterone.

Promotion of secondary sexual characteristics Exert feedback control to the hypothalamus Prepare uterus for pregnancy

Select all of the roles of testosterone in males.

Promotion of secondary sexual characteristics Formation of male structures in embryo Promote sperm development

Select all of the following that describe a peptide hormone.

Proteins Short chains of amino acids Water-soluble molecule

What describes the endocrine system?

Signals travel in the bloodstream

Each hormone secreted by an endocrine gland interacts with

Target cells with the appropriate receptors.

What hormone is released by the testes in males to promote sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics?

Testosterone

Select all of the following that describe ACTH, TSH, FSH, and LH.

They influence other endocrine glands. They are all anterior pituitary hormones.

How do lipid-soluble hormones generate a target cell response?

They interact with DNA to change protein production.

What hormones increase metabolic rate by affecting gas exchange rate in the lungs, nutrient absorption by the small intestine, and fat levels in cells and blood plasma?

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Groups of cells in the stomach and small intestines secrete hormones.

True

The endocrine and nervous system use some of the same signaling molecules.

True

What type of hormones use second messengers in a cascade of reactions that trigger a cell response?

Water-soluble

Why are receptors of water-soluble hormones on the surface of cells?

Water-soluble hormones cannot pass through the cell membrane