BIO-105

how does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells

"self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called MHCs

how many are affected by the disease

25%

a method of gene editing that uses cas9 enzyme to identify and cut specific DNA nucleotides from a gene is called _____

CRISPR

which of the following describes immunotherapy instead of CRASPR therapy

Cytotoxic T cells may be stimulated, created an immune response against cancer cells and shrinking tumors

what is the name of the enzyme that binds new DNA nucleotides onto the growing strand during DNA replication?

DNA polymerase

which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target an the means of entry into the body?

Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

during the human life cycle, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in

a diploid zygote

all viruses are made up of two components. What are they

a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA

which on the following is the best definition of a gene

a protein product that genetic material produces

a cell with many mitochondria might be an indication of that cell doing which of the following

active transport

how do invasive species impact ecosystems

all of the answer choices are correct

which of the following is false about mutations

all of these are false

which of the following statements best describes the benefits of radiation therapy

all the above choices are correct

which of the following best describes how the flu virus may impact the respiratory system

all the answer choices are correct

Different versions of the same gene are called

alleles

which of the following statements about components of the flu vaccine and their intended function is false

antibiotics are only used in bacterial vaccines

during previous flu seasons, small variations in the human influenza virus resulted in the immune system's inability to fully recognize and respond to flu exposure. As a result, the vaccine was less that 30% effective. This is an example of

antigenic drift

how does caffeine influence metabolic pathways

caffeine stimulates the metabolic pathways that result in excess water production, causing frequent urination.

photosynthesis takes carbon from reservoirs in the atmosphere and uses it to form ______, the energy source for all animals on earth

carbohydrates

select the correct association

carbohydrates- have three forms

because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, they contain reservoirs of _________ that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned

carbon

Angiogenesis contributes to cancer because it

causes blood vessels to grow into the tumor

which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems

chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of carbohydrates

Which of the following is true regarding the benefits of wind energy

considered to be nonpolluting

during prophase 1 of meiosis, genetic information is exchanged between to homologous chromosomes. resulting in new combinations of alleles and increased genetic diversity. This process is called ________

crossing-over

which kind of t cell is most important in the killing of virally-infected cells in the body

cytotoxic T cells

a certain species of a certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving mostly butterflies that are darkly colored. This is an example of what type of selection

directional selection

the largest number of NADH molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration

electron transport chain

true or false: in order to generate active immunity, individuals do not always have to be exposed to the actual pathogen itself. This is why not all vaccinations contain live pathogens.

false

in which of the following monomers is not correctly matched with its polymer

fatty acid- protein

which of the following is not a function of proteins

genetic coding

as global temperatures increase, which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen

glaciers and snow coverage decrease

each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes

have active sites complementary in shape to their substrate

immunotherapy works on the basis of

helping the body to distinguish "self" from "nonself" cells and to destroy only the "nonself" cells

If blood sugar level drops below normal, the digestive system is primarily responsible for returning levels to normal. This is an example of

homeostasis

over the past several decades, the overall trend for earth's temperature has been

increases in overall temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming

coenzymes function to

interacting directly with enzymes, either enabling the reaction to occur or making it more efficient

the greenhouse effect

is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earths atmosphere

There are three major parts with each DNA nucleotide. Of these three, which is responsible for the storage of genetic information

its four nitrogen bases

Mendel's experiment led him to the conclusion that individuals have two alleles for each trait that separate during gamete formation, resulting in gametes with one allele for each trait. He referred to this as the ______

law of independent assortment

which of the following are greenhouse gases

methane and carbon dioxide

as climate change continues, the prevalence of vector born diseases has increased. Why is this?

mosquitoes and ticks bring their diseases.

Which of the following is an example of a B vitamin

niacin

a bilingual couple can speak Chinese and Japanese. They have a child that is able to learn to speak Chinese and Japanese. Has evolution occurred

no

which of the following describes a disadvantage of nuclear energy, especially compared to other alternative energy sources

nuclear energy is not always safe because of the radioactivity involved

at what level of biological organization does evolution take place

population

some of the drugs in chemotherapy work by

preventing spindle formation

antigens are

proteins produced by virus-infected cells that stimulate an immune response

the main role of carbohydrates in living things is to

provide a source of cellular energy to do work

cancer is a disorder in which the cells have lost their ability to control their

rate of cell division

sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell

red blood cells

which of the following most accurately describes how sickle-cell disease impacts the body

red blood cells clump up, blocking capillaries within the spleen, causing the spleen to shrink and lose function

hemoglobin functions in _______ cells and carries ______ to all cells of the body

red blood, oxygen

Meiosis is DIFFERENT from mitosis in that in meiosis

results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically different, whereas mitosis results in two diploid cells that are genetically identical.

duplicates chromosomes result in two sister chromatids that are held together by a centromere. Which of the following statements best describes the location of genes along these sister chromatids

sister chromatids have identical alleles that are located in the same place along each sister chromatid

which of the following ways describe the way molecules move across a plasma membrane

small uncharged molecules, like oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the phospholipids of the membrane easily

how do green house gases effect climate change

solar energy is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the upper atmosphere and re-emitted toward the earth's surface as heat, causing the climate to warm

during translation, which of these is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome

tRNA

once in the respiratory tract, the flu virus targets cells based on specific receptor proteins on their cell membrane. How does the virus gain entry into the target cell

the N spikes of the influenza virus envelope help the virus fuse with the membrane of a cell, allowing entry of the virus capsid into the cell.

climate can be described as

the average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time

during gene therapy, bone marrow stem cells are removed from the individual. What must happen to those cells before they are injected back into the individual

the cells are treated with high doses of radiation to destroy any faulty genes

which of the following statements is false

the end product of cellular respiration is oxygen and ATP

what is the main reason new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season

the flu virus mutates frequently enough that last years vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains

which statement below best summarizes the overall purpose of the light reactions

the light reactions capture the energy from the sun and convert it to glucose

which of the following processes would most directly impacted from a lack of niacin in the body

the movement of high energy electrons to the electron transport chain

Rebecca found out she has a mass of dividing cells called a tumor in her right breast. She has had tests and is returning to the doctor. Which of the following would be the worst news that Rebecca could receive from her doctor?

the tumor of metastasized and is invading neighboring tissues

which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells

they are unable to differentiate and specialize

what property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes

they have both a hydrophobic and hydrophilific end

which of the following best describes the overall role of transcription

to create a mRNA copy of a gene to take outside the nucleus

sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease that exhibits incomplete dominance. This means, in order to have sickle-cell anemia

two copies of the recessive allele must be present