Bio 105 FINAL

C) competition

An owl and a hawk both eat mice. Which of these terms describes the relationship between a hawk and an owl? A) commensalism B) mutualism C) competition D) parasitism E) predation

D) An increase in the owl population should cause a fall in the rabbit population

If the owl species in the question above is the major factor controlling rabbit populations which of the following populations effects could be expected in this rabbit-owl pair? A) A fall in the owl population should cause a fall in the rabbit population B) An increase in the rabbits' food supply should not change the owls populations C) An increase in the incidence of disease in the rabbit population should not change the owl population D) An increase in the owl population should cause a fall in the rabbit population E) A fall in the rabbit population should cause an increase in the owl population

A) camouflage

One mechanism that prey populations evolve to avoid predation is: A) camouflage B) secretion of digestive enzyme that hydrolyze glucose C) increasing the number of offspring produced D) secretion of enzymes that break down toxic plant compounds E) development of a short gestation period

D) polyploid

Organisms that possess more than two complete sets of chromosomes are said to be: A) allopatric B) haploid C) diploid D) polyploid E) hybrids

C) Homo sapiens

Organisms usually have a common name in the scientific name. The scientific Latin name of a species is composed of the genus name in the species. Which of the following is the appropriate way to write down the Latin name of humans in for example a lab report? A) homo sapiens B) Homo Sapiens C) Homo sapiens D) homo Sapiens

D) trial-and-error learning

Squirrels on a bird feeder seem to be able to figure out how to steal seeds no matter what people do to prevent it. Yesterday, Jeremy hung out a new bird feeder design, and sure enough, by the end of the day the squirrels found a way to get to the seeds. The squirrels most likely figured out how to get the seeds through: A) habituation B) spatial learning C) imprinting D) trial-and-error learning E) the use of cognitive maps

B) founder effect

30 people are selected for a long term mission to colonize a planet many light years away from Earth. The mission is successful and the population rapidly gross to several hundred individuals. However, certain genetic diseases are unusually common in this group, and their gene pool is quite different from that of the Earth population they have left behind. Which of the following phenomena has left its mark on this population? A) bottleneck effect B) founder effect C) gene flow D) natural selection E) high rates of mutation

B) imitation is not limited to a sensitive period

A big difference between imitation (social learning) and imprinting is that: A) imprinting does not involve learning B) imitation is not limited to a sensitive period C) imprinting can only take place among members of the same species D) imitation has a primarily genetic basis E) imprinting does not involve a reward

E) have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

A biological species is defined as a group of organisms that: A) are genetically similar B) are physically similar C) live together in a location and carry out identical ecological roles D) share a recent common ancestor E) have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

E) potentially interacting populations of different kinds of organisms

A community is composed of: A) one species of organism living in a specific environment on Earth B) living organisms and their nonliving environment C) several ecosystems on one continent D) the factors that constitute an organism's niche E) potentially interacting populations of different kinds of organisms

A) tendency to bark is not a heritable trait

A dog breeder wishes to develop a breed that does not bark. She starts with a diverse mixture of dogs. Generation after generation, she allows the quietest dogs to breed. After 30 years of work she has a new breed of dogs with interesting traits, but on average the dogs are still bark about the same rate as the other dog breeds. Which of the following would be a logical explanation for her failure? A) tendency to bark is not a heritable trait B) There was no selection (differential reproductive success) related to barking behavior C) There is no variation for the trait (barking) D) She did not breed enough of the frequently barking dogs to obtain the desired result E) The selection was artificial, not natural, so it did not produce evolutionary change

E) population

A group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area defines a: A) species B) clone C) subspecies D) community E) population

D) disruptive selection

A moth population consists of insects that are either very dark on top or very light on top. The color pattern is not related to sex. No mouth shows intermediate coloration (medium darkness). This pattern might be a result from: A) stabilizing selection B) random mating C) directional selection D) disruptive selection E) sexual selection

C) exponential

A newly mated queen ant established an ant nest in an unoccupied patch of suitable habitat rich in resources. Assuming that no disaster strikes the nest, which of the following types of equation will best describe its initial population growth? A) logarithmic B) quadratic C) exponential D) logistic E) linear

C) a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time

A population is: A) all individuals of different species, regardless of location or time period in which they live B) a group of individuals of different species living in the same place at the same time C) a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time D) a group of species that share a common characteristics E) a group of individuals of a species plus all of the other species with which they interact

C) The hurricane has caused a population bottleneck and a loss of genetic diversity

A population of 1,000 birds exists on a small Pacific island. Some of the birds are yellow, and characteristic determined by a recessive allele. The others are green, a characteristic determined by a dominant allele. And hurricane on the island kills most of the birds from this population. Only 10 remain, and those birds all have yellow feathers. Which of the following statements is true? A) The ten remaining birds will mate only with each other, and this will contribute to gene flow in the population. B) This situation illustrates the principle of adaptive radiation C) The hurricane has caused a population bottleneck and a loss of genetic diversity D) This situation illustrates the effect of a mutation event E) Assuming that no new birds come to the island and no mutations occur, future generations of this population will contain both green and yellow birds.

A) coevolution

A series of reciprocal adaptations in two species defines: A) coevolution B) interspecific competition C) competitive exclusion D) niche compartmentalization E) resource partitioning

D) graph that plots an individual's likelihood of being alive as a function age

A survivorship curve is a: A) model for population growth that incorporates reproductive rates B) graph that shows the effect of predation on a prey population C) model for population growth that incorporates the concept of carry capacity D) graph that plots an individual's likelihood of being alive as a function age E) graph that plots an individual's likelihood of reproducing as a function of age

C) directional selection

After a copper smelter begins operation, local populations of plants downwind of the plant begin to adapt to the resulting air pollution. Scientist document, for example, that the acid tolerance of several plant species has increased significantly in the polluted area. This is an example of a response to: A) disruptive selection B) stabilizing selection C) directional selection D) genetic drift E) heterozygote advantage

E) spatial learning

After many hours of observation, Jennifer noticed that a squirrel in her backyard seemed to retreat up a certain tree every time it was frightened. At the base of that tree was a wheelbarrow. Jennifer wondered how the squirrel found the same tree each time. Perhaps it simply knew to use the tree with the wheelbarrow. That night, Jennifer moved the wheelbarrow a few feet over and placed it against another tree. The next day, the squirrel retreated up the new tree, with the wheelbarrow resting at its based. This experiment suggests that the squirrel was using: A) habituation B) kinesis C) imprinting D) social learning E) spatial learning

A) is used to establish dominance hierarchies

Agonistic behavior: A) is used to establish dominance hierarchies B) usually causes serious injury to one or both of the combatants C) is rare among vertebrates D) increases the number of individuals who mate E) is the result of habituation

A) whether the owls eat the rabbits

An ecologist hypothesizes that predation by a particular owl species is the major factor controlling the population of a particular rabbit species. The very first step in testing this hypothesis would be to determine: A) whether the owls eat the rabbits B) what food the rabbits eat C) what habitats the rabbits and owls occupy D) whether populations of the rabbit that live outside the range of the owl have higher population densities E) to which diseases the rabbit population is subject

C) stabilizing selection

An elk herd is observed over many generations. Most of the full-grown bull elk have antlers of nearly the same size, although a few have antlers that are significantly larger or smaller than this average size. The average antler size remains constant over the generations. Which of the following effects probably accounts for the situation? A) a bottleneck effect that resulted in low genetic diversity B) a high rate of gene flow C) stabilizing selection D) a founder effect E) directional selection

C) Its success here may be related to having no natural predators or diseases in its homeland. Many exotics can be controlled by importing the appropriate parasites, etc. But only after very careful research has indicated that the parasite will not itself become a new problem for native organisms.

An exotic organism is brought into your geographic region and the population explodes, out-competing the natural native organisms. It has spread beyond any ability to eradicate it and is now a permanent resident. However, it is not a problem back in its homeland where its numbers are minor. What can be done? A) Its success here may be related to having no natural predators or diseases in its homeland. Many exotics can be controlled by importing the appropriate parasites, etc. Parasites should be released immediately. B) The population of the invasive species will collapse within a few years. They may appear to be permanent residents, but without the presence of the appropriate parasitoids, the invasive species cannot survive over any extend of times as it would be possible for native species. C) Its success here may be related to having no natural predators or diseases in its homeland. Many exotics can be controlled by importing the appropriate parasites, etc. But only after very careful research has indicated that the parasite will not itself become a new problem for native organisms. D) Invasive species are not able to adapt to environmental conditions outside of their home land.

A) proximate causes

Answers to questions about immediate mechanisms for behavior are called: A) proximate causes B) habituation C) cognitive mapping D) ultimate causes E) conclusions

C) the outcome of a tradeoff: webbed feet perform poorly on land, but are very helpful in diving for food

Blue-footed boobies have webbed feet and are comically clumsy when they walk on land. Evolutionary scientists view these feet as: A) a curiosity that has little to teach us regarding evolution B) an example of a trait that has not evolved C) the outcome of a tradeoff: webbed feet perform poorly on land, but are very helpful in diving for food D) an example of a trait that is poorly adapted E) one of the unsolvable mysteries of nature

C) artificial selection

Broccoli, cabbages, and brussels sprouts all descend from the same wild mustard and can still interbreed. These varieties were produced by: A) genetic drift B) speciation C) artificial selection D) natural selection E) inheritance of acquired characteristics

C) analogy (convergent evolution)

Cave-dwelling catfish and cave-dwelling salamanders share striking similarities: both organisms lack pigmentation and their eyes are reduced or absent. The most recent common ancestor to these organisms had normal pigmentation and fully developed eyes. The similarities between cave catfish and cave salamanders are an example of: A) exaptation B) homology C) analogy (convergent evolution) D) convergent homology E) coincidental similarity

B) more than they resembled animals on ecologically similar but distant islands

Darwin found that some of the species on the Galapagos islands resembled species of the South American mainland: A) very closely; in most cases, the species from the mainland and the islands were identical B) more than they resembled animals on ecologically similar but distant islands C) less than they resembled animals from Australia D) less than they resembled animals in Europe E) less than they resembled animals on ecologically similar but distant islands

D) relatively ancient common ancestors .... relatively recent common ancestors

Deep branch points near the base, or trunk, of an evolutionary tree represent _____________, while branch points near the tips of the branches represent ____________. A) relatively recent common ancestors .... relatively ancient common ancestors B) complex organisms ... simpler organisms C) organisms that share homologous structures .... organisms that do not share any homologous structures D) relatively ancient common ancestors .... relatively recent common ancestors E) organisms with relatively simple traits .... organisms with very complex traits

C) produce energy that is used by coral animals through photosynthesis

Dinoflagellates are important to coral and coral-dwelling animals because they: A) provide shelter for the fast-growing seaweeds associated with coral B) produce CO2 and nitrogen for coral C) produce energy that is used by coral animals through photosynthesis D) maintain environmental conditions throughout the coral system E) are toxic to species that prey on reef-dwelling fish

E) attract the attention of females

During the spring, male prairie chickens gather in open grassy areas and shuffle in a dance with their wings drooped, head erect, and tail feathers spread. The function of this dance is to: A) frighten off smaller birds B) select the showiest females C) teach courting behaviors D) imprint the younger male birds E) attract the attention of females

A) maintain two phenotypes in a dynamic equilibrium in a population

Frequency-dependent selection, as seen in the case of scale-eating fish in Lake Tanganyika, tends to: A) maintain two phenotypes in a dynamic equilibrium in a population B) eliminate rare alleles and favor whichever allele is initially most frequent C) stimulate new mutations D) lead to heterozygote advantage E) produce random changes in allele frequencies

C) behavioral ... prezygotic

Frequently, a group of related species will each have a unique courtship ritual that must be performed correctly for both partners to be willing to mate. Such ritual constitutes a ___________, ___________ reproductive barrier. A) temporal ... prezygotic B) mechanical ... postzygotic C) behavioral ... prezygotic D) mechanical ... prezygotic E) gametic ... postzygotic

D) gene flow

Genetic differences between populations tend to be reduced by: A) mutation B) the bottleneck effect C) natural selection D) gene flow E) the founder effect

E) the bottleneck effect

Genetic drift resulting from a disaster that drastically reduces population size is called: A) gene flow B) the founder effect C) nonrandom mating D) natural selection E) the bottleneck effect

A) 1 second

If all of Earth's history were compressed into an hour, humans would first appear less than: A) 1 second B) 50 minutes C) 1 minute D) 10 minutes E) 10 seconds

B) size will decrease

If an ecosystem has a carrying capacity of 1,000 individuals for a given species, and 2,000 individuals of that species are present, we can predict that the population: A) size will slowly increase B) size will decrease C) will show a uniform dispersion pattern D) size will remain at equilibrium E) will show a clumped dispersion pattern

D) p will neither increase nor decrease; it will remain more or less constant under the conditions described

Imagine that you are studying a very large population of moths that is isolated from gene flow. A single gene controls wing color. Half of the moths have white-spotted wings (genotype WW or Ww) and half of the moths have plains brown wings (ww). There are no new mutations, individuals, mate randomly, and there is no natural selection on wing color. How will p the frequency of the dominant allele, change over time? A) p will increase initially, then decrease until the W allele vanishes from the population B) p will increase; the dominant allele will eventually take over and become most common in the population C) p decrease because of genetic drift D) p will neither increase nor decrease; it will remain more or less constant under the conditions described E) p will fluctuate rapidly and randomly because of genetic drift

E) trial-and-error plus imitation

In England, at a time when milk was still delivered to door steps each morning in foil capped glass bottles, a songbird called the great tit started pecking through the caps and drinking the cream in the neck of the bottles. This behavior spread through the great tit population in a matter of years. The emergence and spread of this behavior probably depended on: A) habituation plus imitation B) habituation C) trial-and-error plus learning D) trial-and-error plus imprinting E) trial-and-error plus imitation

D) neutral variation

In particular environment, there are no fitness differences among individuals with dark hair and individuals with light hair. The term that best describes this situation is: A) random mating B) natural selection C) random selection D) neutral variation E) differential reproductive success

D) rates declines and/or death rates increase

In the logistic growth model, as population size increases, birth rates: A) remain constant and death rate increases B) and death rates increase C) decline but death rates remain steady D) rates declines and/or death rates increase E) and death rates remain steady

A) only within the domain Eukarya

In the three-domain system, the Eukaryotes are represented: A) only within the domain Eukarya B) only within the domain Archaea C) by the domains Bacteria and Archaea D) in the domain Bacteria

B) increase in food supply

In the video "Rat Attack" the exponential growth observed in black rats was explained by: A) absence of predators B) increase in food supply C) reduced reproduction D) resistance against diseases

D) can only survive during wet years when there are plenty of soft, small seeds

In their 30-yr studies of Darwin's finches, the Grants have discovered that while the ground finch and cactus finch occasionally form hybrids, these hybrids: A) are unable to feed themselves and die soon after leaving the nest B) are unable to produce a song and therefore unable to find a mate C) reproduce with parent species, showing that ground finches and cactus finches are all one species D) can only survive during wet years when there are plenty of soft, small seeds E) usually die before hatching

A) allopatric speciation

Into thousand four, scientist announces discovery of the fossil remains of some extremely short early humans on the Indonesian island of Flores. The new species has been named Homo floresiensis. Evolved from a Homo erectus, Evolved from a Homo erectus, another early human species. How did a population of H. erectus become isolated on this remote island? Early humans constructed boats and rafts, so perhaps they were blown bar of course by strong winds during a storm. H. erectus average almost 6 feet in height, but the remains show that adults of H. floresiensis we're only about 3 feet tall. It's hypothesized that limited resources on this hot and humid island only (31 mi.²) exerted selection pressure and succeeding generations began to shrink in size. Small bodies require less food, use less energy, and are easier to call than larger individuals. Evolution of small size in similar circumstances has been observed and many other species, but never before in humans. This find demonstrates that evolutionary forces operate on humans in the same way as on all of the organisms. The evolution of Homo floresiensis is an example of: A) allopatric speciation B) sympatric speciation C) lack of fertility D) hybridization E) punctuated equilibrium

A) had evolved reproductive barriers

Into thousand four, scientist announces discovery of the fossil remains of some extremely short early humans on the Indonesian island of Flores. The new species has been named Homo floresiensis. Evolved from a Homo erectus, Evolved from a Homo erectus, another early human species. How did a population of H. erectus become isolated on this remote island? Early humans constructed boats and rafts, so perhaps they were blown bar of course by strong winds during a storm. H. erectus average almost 6 feet in height, but the remains show that adults of H. floresiensis we're only about 3 feet tall. It's hypothesized that limited resources on this hot and humid island only (31 mi.²) exerted selection pressure and succeeding generations began to shrink in size. Small bodies require less food, use less energy, and are easier to call than larger individuals. Evolution of small size in similar circumstances has been observed and many other species, but never before in humans. This find demonstrates that evolutionary forces operate on humans in the same way as on all of the organisms. If H. floresiensis were reunited with H. erectus at a much later date, but the two populations could no longer interbreed, it would be correct to conclude that H. floresiensis: A) had evolved reproductive barriers B) is no longer fertile as a speices C) had been isolated for more than 50,000 yrs D) has become less fit than H. erectus E) had experienced genetic drift

C) intrasexual selection

Large antlers in male elk, which are used for battles between males, are a good example of a trait favored by: A) intersexual selection B) disruptive selection C) intrasexual selection D) stabilizing selection E) directional selection

A) intersexual selection

Male-attracting features such as the bright plumage of a male peacock result from: A) intersexual selection B) directional selection C) intrasexual selection D) stabilizing selection E) disruptive selection

C) maze-learning ability has a genetic basis

Many rats were tested for their ability to learn a maze. The average number of errors for a total of 14 trials was 64 per rat. The rats that made the fewest errors were bred to each other, and the offspring were tested in a similar way. This process was repeated for seven generations, at which point the average number of errors for 14 trials was 36. This experiment demonstrates that: A) learned behavior cannot be inherited B) maze-learning ability increases with increasing homozygosity of the genome C) maze-learning ability has a genetic basis D) maze-learning ability depends mainly on early contact with adept parents E) natural selection has a role in the evolution of fixed action patterns but not in the evolution of behavior involving learning

C) cannot run away from herbivores

Most plants have a variety of chemicals, spines, and thorns because the plants: A) are relying upon Batesian mimicry B) feed on the organisms that try to eat them C) cannot run away from herbivores D) are adapted to attract herbivores E) are camouflaged into their surroundings

A) results in evolutionary adaptation

Natural selection: A) results in evolutionary adaptation B) does not affect allelic frequencies C) prepares organisms for future changes in the environment D) is the result of sampling error

B) sympatric

Speciation without geographic isolation is called ___________ speciation. A) punctuated B) sympatric C) diversifying D) allopatric E) incomplete

B) homologous

Structures that evolved from the same structure in a common ancestor are: A) homoplasies B) homologous C) analogous D) convergent adaptations E) heterologous

E) This situation is an example of heterozygote advantage if tuberculosis is present in a population

Tay-Sachs is inherited as an autosomal recessive allele. Homozygous individuals die within the first few years of life. However, there is some evidence that heterozygous individuals are more resistant to tuberculosis. Which of the following statements about Tay-Sachs is true? A) This situation is an example of directional selection B) This situation is an example of disruptive selection C) Heterozygotes will be more fit than either homozygote regardless of environmental conditions D) The allele for Tay-Sachs is selected against E) This situation is an example of heterozygote advantage if tuberculosis is present in a population

B) feeding

Territories are typically used for: A) migration B) feeding C) identification of kin D) vegetation density E) topography

D) social learning

The baby bobcats watched as their mother stalked a rabbit and pounced, catching a meal that was shared by all. The next day, two of the young bobcats were seeing stalking a field mouse, which quickly escaped from the inexperienced hunters. The young bobcats we're learning how do you hunt by the process of: A) associative learning B) imprinting C) cognitive map learning D) social learning E) habituation

A) a density-dependent effect

The death by bubonic plague of about one-third of Europe's population during the fourteenth century is a good example of: A) a density-dependent effect B) a time lag C) a density-independent effect D) abiotic factors limiting population size E) carrying capacity

C) ultimate causes

The evolutionary explanations for a behavior are called: A) evolutionary schematic B) adaptive motivator C) ultimate causes D) selected advantage E) proximal causes

A) allopatric

The geographic isolation of a population from other members of the species and the subsequent evolution of reproductive barriers between it and the parent species describes _________ speciation. A) allopatric B) phylogenic C) puncuated D) sympatric E) biogeographic

C) ecosystem

The level of ecologic organization that incorporates abiotic factors is the: A) community B) species C) ecosystem D) population E) sybioses

C) carrying capacity

The maximum number of individuals a habitat can support is called its: A) density-dependent factor B) community size C) carrying capacity D) population growth E) reproductive potential

B) learning

The modification of behavior based upon specific experiences defines: A) associative learning B) learning C) conditioning D) imprinting E) habituation

A) clumped

The pattern if distribution for a certain species of kelp is clumped. We would expect that the pattern of distribution for a population of snails in this habitat that live on the kelp would be: A) clumped B) homogeneous C) uniform D) random E) absolute

D) In populations where endemic malaria is present, heterzygotes have an important advantage: they are resistant to malaria and therefore are more likely to survive a produce offspring that carry

The sickle-cell allele produces a serious blood disease in homozygotes. Why doesn't natural selection eliminate this allele from all the human population? A) Genetic drift tends to keep the allele present in human populations B) Mutations keep bringing the allele back into circulation C) Natural selection occurs very slowly, but elimination of the sickle-cell allele is expected to occur soon D) In populations where endemic malaria is present, heterzygotes have an important advantage: they are resistant to malaria and therefore are more likely to survive a produce offspring that carry the allele E) Natural selection is a positive force, so it does not eliminate alleles

A) niche

The sum total of a population's use of the biotic and abiotic resources of its habitat constitutes of its: A) niche B) environment C) evolution D) distribution E) range

C) habitat destruction, the introduction of invasive species, overexploitation

The three greatest current threats to biodiversity, in order starting with the greatest, are: A) overexploitation, habitat destruction, and the introduction of invasive species B) the introduction of invasive species, habitat destruction, overexploitation C) habitat destruction, the introduction of invasive species, overexploitation D) habitat destruction, natural enemies, and the introduction of invasive species E) the introduction of invasive species, over overexplotation, and habitat desctruction

E) mutation in parent cells (asexual organisms) or in cells that produce gametes (sexual organisms)

The ultimate source of all new alleles is: A) chromosomal duplication B) natural selection C) any form of mutation, regardless of the cell type D) genetic drift E) mutation in parent cells (asexual organisms) or in cells that produce gametes (sexual organisms)

C) encounter each other, mate, and produce viable, fertile offspring under natural conditions

Two populations of organisms belong to the same biological species when they: A) use different types of behaviors or physical features to attract mates B) have anatomical features that make it difficult for organisms from the different populations to mate C) encounter each other, mate, and produce viable, fertile offspring under natural conditions D) can't mate with each other, because mating occurs at different times E) mate with each other, but produce offspring that are not vigorous (suffer reduced viability)

A) 0.32

What is the probability of a booby chick with a heterozygous genotype (Ww)? Chance of egg/sperm with W= p= 0.8. Chance of egg/sperm with w = p= 0.2. A) 0.32 B) 1 C) 0.64 D) 0.04

A) 0.49

What is the probability of a booby chick with a homozygous dominant genotype (WW)? Chance of egg/sperm with W= p= 0.7. Chance of egg/sperm with w = p= 0.3. A) 0.49 B) 0.21 C) 0.09 D) 1

C) 0.04

What is the probability of a booby chick with a homozygous recessive genotype (ww)? Chance of egg/sperm with W= p= 0.8. Chance of egg/sperm with w = p= 0.2. A) 0.64 B) 0.32 C) 0.04 D) 1

E) + ... -

When a crocodile eats fish, the interspecific interaction between the two could be expressed as _____________ for the crocodile and ____________ for the fish. A) + ... + B) - - ... + + C) - ... - D) - ... + E) + ... -

D) innate behavior

When a nipple is placed in a newborn baby's mouth, the infant will immediately begin to suckle. This is an example of: A) classical conditioning B) habituation C) imitation D) innate behavior E) imprinted behavior

D) There is a genetic basis to behavior

When building a nest, a female Fisher's lovebird cuts long strips of vegetation and carries them to the nest site one at a time in her beak. The female peach-faced lovebird cuts shorts strips of vegetation and carries them to the nest tucked under back feathers. Hybrid female offspring cut intermediate-sized strips and attempt to tuck them under back feathers before carrying them in their beak. What does this demonstrate about behavior? A) Lovebirds can be trained easily B) The smaller the strip, the easier it is to carry C) Behavior can be learned from parents D) There is a genetic basis to behavior E) Environment is important in forming behavior

D) mutualism

When two different populations in a community benefit for their relationship with each other, the result is called: A) competition B) partnership C) herbivory D) mutualism E) predation

C) habituation

When you successfully sleep through the night at home although trains are passing by all night that keep visiting friends up, you are demonstrating: A) conditioning B) imprinting C) habituation D) imitation E) associative learning

E) Whether an organism survives and reproduces is almost entirely a matter of random chance

Which of the following assumptions or observations contradicts Darwin's idea of natural selection? A) Organisms compete for limited resources B) Heritable traits that promote successful reproduction should gradually become more common in a population C) Populations produce more offspring than their environment can support D) Organisms vary in heritable ways E) Whether an organism survives and reproduces is almost entirely a matter of random chance

B) A migrating mother gazelle leaves her calf hidden in grass while she feeds and always returns to the correct patch of grass

Which of the following behaviors would be unlikely to involve imprinting? A) A songbird that engages in solitary migration using star navigation returns each year to the district where it was hatched B) A migrating mother gazelle leaves her calf hidden in grass while she feeds and always returns to the correct patch of grass C) A nestling male songbird raised in the nest of a different species grows up to sing the song of his foster species D) A migrating mother gazelle is always recognized by her calf when she calls to it E) A nestling male sparrow learns the "dialect" of song that is used in his native district.

B) differential reproductive success based on inherited characteristics

Which of the following best expresses the concept of natural selection? A) change in response to need B) differential reproductive success based on inherited characteristics C) survival of the fittest D) inheritance of acquired characteristics E) a process of constant improvement, leading eventually to perfection

C) little gene flow with surrounding populations

Which of the following conditions would tend to make the Hardy-Weinberg equation more accurate for predicting the genotype frequencies of future generations in a population of sexually reproducing species? A) a tendency on the part of females to mate with the healthiest males B) mutations that alter the gene pool C) little gene flow with surrounding populations D) a small population size E) frequent interbreeding with individuals from a second population with different values of p and q

E) The individuals are fertile and of the opposite sex

Which of the following is communicated by courtship displays? A) The individuals are not interested in mating B) The individuals intend to hurt each other C) The males represent a threat to other males D) The individuals are of different species E) The individuals are fertile and of the opposite sex

D) the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale

Which of the following represents a pair of homologous structures? A) the feathers of a bird and the wing of a bat B) the antennae of an insect and the eyes of a bird C) the wing of a bat and the scales of a fish D) the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale E) the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly

A) Descent with modification occurs through the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Which of the following statements would Darwin have disagreed with? A) Descent with modification occurs through the inheritance of acquired characteristics B) Living species have arisen from earlier life forms C) Species change over time D) Modern species arose through a process known as "descent with modification" E) descent with modification occurs by natural selection

C) 2pq

Which of the following terms represents the frequency of heterozygotes in a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A) p^2 B) q C) 2pq D) p E) q^2

D) gametic isolation

Which of the following types of reproductive barrier separate two species of sea cucumbers, who sperm and eggs often bump into each other but do not cross-fertilize because of incompatible proteins on their surfaces? A) behavioral isolation B) habitat isolation C) temporal isolation D) gametic isolation E) mechanical isolation

B) temporal isolation

Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates a pair of insect species that could interbreed except that one mates at dusk and other at dawn? A) gametic isolation B) temporal isolation C) behavioral isolation D) mechanical isolation E) habitat isolation

A) habitat isolation

Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates a pair of insect species that could interbreed except that one mates on goldenrod flowers and the other on autumn daises that both blossom the same time? A) habitat isolation B) temporal isolation C) behavioral isolation D) mechanical isolation E) gametic isolation

C) behavioral isolation

Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates a pair of moth species that could interbreed except that the females' mating pheromones are not attractive to the male of the other species? A) gametic isolation B) habitat isolation C) behavioral isolation D) mechanical isolation E) temporal isolation

C) mechanical isolation

Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separates two flowering plant species that could interbreed except that one has a deep flower tube and is pollinated by bumblebees, whereas the other has a short, narrow, flower tube and is pollinated by honeybees? A) gametic isolation B) temporal isolation C) mechanical isolation D) behavioral isolation E) habitat isolation

A) decreasing the food supply available to the population

Which of the following will likely decrease a population's size? A) decreasing the food supply available to the population B) improving the quality of its habitat C) practicing sustainable resources management in its habitat D) harvesting populations below their carrying capacity E) increasing size of its habitat

C) natural selection

Which of the following will tend to produce adaptive changes in populations? A) genetic drift B) gene flow C) natural selection D) the founder effect E) mutation

E) a change in allele frequencies within the gene pool of a population

Which of the following would a biologist describe as microevolution: A) the extinction of species B) the formation of new species C) dramatic biological changes, such as the origin of flight, within a taxon D) the generation of biodiversity E) a change in allele frequencies within the gene pool of a population

B) A dog raises its hackle, bares its teeth, and stands high to appear threatening

Which of the following would be an example of agonistic behavior? A) A honeybee does a waggle dance to indicate the direction of food B) A dog raises its hackle, bares its teeth, and stands high to appear threatening C) A male ruffed grouse spreads its tail and beats its wings to attract a female D) Ants mark their trails by releasing pheromones E) Fireflies flash in a species-specific pattern

A) It is fully decomposed by bacteria and fungi

Which of the following would prevent an organism from becoming part of the fossil record when it dies? A) It is fully decomposed by bacteria and fungi B) It is frozen in ice C) It gets trapped in sap D) It falls into an acid bog E) It is buried in fine sediments at the bottom of a lake

D) Wallace

Who developed a theory of evolution almost identical to Darwin's? A) Lamarck B) Lyell C) Mendel D) Wallace E) Aristotle

C) A male chick reared in isolation grows up to sing a rudimentary version of his species' song.

You are told that the song of males among a particular songbird species has an innate component but is also largely learned. Nestling males imprint on their father's song and then sing it themselves when they reach sexual maturity. Which of the following observations would lead you to doubt this information. A) A male chick who is reared in isolation but hears tape recordings of his species' song grows up to sing it normally. B) A male chick fostered in the nest of a different species grows up to sing the song of its foster species. C) A male chick reared in isolation grows up to sing a rudimentary version of his species' song. D) A male chick who is reared in isolation but hears tape recordings of a different species' song grows up to sing that species' song.

C) 2.5 million years ago

You compare homologous nucleotide sequence is between several pairs of species with known divergence times. A pair of species that to diverged 1 million years ago has two nucleotide differences, a pair that the verge 2 million years ago has four nucleotide differences, and a pair that diverged 3 million years ago has six nucleotide differences. You have sequence data for another pair of species where the divergence time is unknown. There are five nucleotide differences between them. Based on the assumptions of the molecular clock, when did their line of ancestry diverge? A) 3.5 million years ago B) 2 million years ago C) 2.5 million years ago D) 4 million years ago E) 3 million years ago

D) uniform dispersion

You drive through Iowa in the spring and notice that along a stretch of several kilometers, every third fence post has a male redwing blackbird perched on its defending its nesting territory. This is an example of: A) artificial dispersion B) learned dispersion C) random dispersion D) uniform dispersion E) clumped dispersion

A) You think about what color clothing she wore and look for that color.

You lose track of your friend in a store and start looking for her. Which of the following things that you could do represents the use of a search image? A) You think about what color clothing she wore and look for that color. B) You go to the department in the store where your friend most likes to shop. C) You ask a woman if she has seen anyone around this part of the store. D) You return to the last place you saw your friend E) You call your friend's name