BIO 109 A&P - Chapter 9

40) Which of the joints shown in the figure represents a condyloid joint? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

d) D

List and briefly describe the three common types of arthritis.

1. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks cartilage and joint linings, causing swelling, pain, and loss of function. Bones may fuse, making them immovable. 2. Osteoarthritis results from deterioration of articular cartilage due to wear and tear. Bone spurs are often formed leading to restricted movement of the joint. 3. Gouty arthritis occurs due to deposition of uric acid crystals in soft tissues of joints, which irritates and erodes cartilage causing painful inflammation.

12) What unique characteristics would a person who is "double-jointed" possess?

Double-jointed people do not have extra joints. They have greater flexibility in their articular capsules and ligaments. The resulting increase in the range of motion allows them to do such moves as touching their thumbs to their wrists and putting their ankles or elbows behind their necks. Unfortunately, such flexible joints are structurally less stable and are more easily dislocated.

13) Briefly describe the functions of synovial fluid.

Synovial fluid reduces friction, absorbs shock and supplying oxygen and nutrients to and removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the chondrocytes within articular cartilage.

List the three functional classifications of joints, and briefly describe the basis for the functional classification of joints.

The functional classification joint is based on the degree of movement that they allow. The three functional classes are: 1) synarthroses, which are totally immovable, 2) amphiarthroses, which have slight movement, and 3) diarthroses, which are freely moveable joints.

List the three structural categories of joints and briefly describe the criteria used for structural classification of joints.

The structural types of joints include: 1) fibrous joints, 2) cartilaginous joints, and 3) synovial joints. Joints can be classified structurally based on two criteria: 1) the presence or absence of a space between the articulating bones, called a synovial cavity and 2) the type of connective tissue that binds the bones together.

Briefly describe what is happening when a person "cracks their knuckles".

When the synovial cavity expands, the pressure of the synovial fluid decreases, creating a partial vacuum. The suction draws carbon dioxide and oxygen out of the blood vessels in the synovial membrane, forming bubbles in the fluid. When the bubbles are forced to burst, as when the fingers are hyperflexed, the cracking or popping sound is heard as the gases are driven back into solution.

Which panel in the figure shows an example of the movement termed elevation? a) A b) B c) E d) F e) G

a) A

Which of the following labeled panels in the figure shows extension? a) E b) D c) F d) G e) I

b) D

36) In the diagram, what represents a pivot joint? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

c) C

10) Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of synovial joints? a) Contain a joint cavity b) Are freely moveable c) Articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage d) Include elastic cartilage e) Have ligaments holding the joint together

d) Include elastic cartilage

Which of the following types of joints lacks a joint cavity and is held together by a fibrous connective tissue? 1. Fibrous joints 2. Cartilaginous joints 3. Synovial joints a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 2 e) All of these choices

a) 1 only

Which type of joint permits this type of movement? 1. Synovial joint 2. Cartilaginous joint 3. Fibrous joint a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) Both 1 &2 e) Both 2 & 3

a) 1 only

Which of the joints shown in the figure only permits back-and-forth and side-to-side movements between the articulating bones? a) A b) B c) C d) Both A and B e) Both A and C

a) A

Which of the following labeled panels in the figure shows hyperextension? a) C b) E c) F d) G e) I

a) C

20) Which of the following represents a type of movement where there is a decrease in the angle between articulating bones? a) Flexion b) Extension c) Gliding d) Circumduction e) Rotation

a) Flexion

21) Bending the trunk forward at the intervertebral discs is an example of what type of angular movement? a) Flexion b) Extension c) Lateral flexion d) Hyperextension e) None of these choices

a) Flexion

11) Which of the following is(are) made from dense regular connective tissue? a) Ligaments b) Articular cartilage c) Articular fat pads d) Synovial membrane e) Synovial fluid

a) Ligaments

In which type of synovial joint does a rounded or pointed surface on one bone articulate with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament? a) Pivot joint b) Planar joint c) Hinge joint d) Ball-and-socket joint e) Saddle joint

a) Pivot joint

26) What type of special movement occurs in your clavicles at your acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints when you cross your arms in front of your body? a) Protraction b) Retraction c) Inversion d) Eversion e) Supination

a) Protraction

The hormone relaxin stimulates changes that lead to increased range of motion in the a) shoulder joint. b) pubic symphysis. c) temporomandibular joint d) knee joint. e) coronal suture.

b) pubic symphysis.

Which functional class of joints contains joints that are freely movable? 1. Synarthrosis 2. Amphiarthrosis 3. Diarthrosis a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) Both 2 and 3 e) All of these choices

c) 3 only

Which of the following is a type of fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue found between the bones of the skull? 1. Syndesmoses 2. Gomphosis 3. Suture a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) Both 1 and 2 e) None of these choices

c) 3 only - Suture

Which diagram shows a movement of a distal end of a body part in a circle, in a continuous a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F

c) C

Which of the following labeled panels in the figure shows flexion? a) E b) F c) C d) G e) H

c) C

Which special movement occurs when you bend your foot at the ankle in the direction of the foot's superior surface as would occur when you stand on your heels? a) Inversion b) Eversion c) Dorsiflexion d) Plantar flexion e) Supination

c) Dorsiflexion

Which panel in the figure shows an example of the movement termed inversion? a) B b) D c) E d) F e) G

c) E

Which of the panels in the figure shows a movement called lateral flexion? a) B b) F c) G d) D e) C

c) G

19) Which type of motion results from relatively flat bone surfaces moving back and forth and from side to side with respect to one another? a) Flexion b) Extension c) Gliding d) Circumduction e) Hyperextension

c) Gliding

22) Flexion and extension usually occur along which plane? a) Frontal b) Transverse c) Sagittal d) Oblique e) None of these choices

c) Sagittal

A condition in which a muscle or muscle and tendon is stretched or partially torn is called a) bursitis. b) a sprain. c) a strain. d) a dislocation. e) an arthrosis.

c) a strain.

The line is pointing to the _____ ligaments. a) coracoacromial b) acromioclavicular c) glenohumeral d) coracohumeral

c) glenohumeral

Which of the following is a correct description of arthroplasty? a) resurfacing of cartilage in a joint b) reshaping of the ends of the bones in a joint c) surgically replacing a joint with an artificial joint d) injection of synovial fluid into the joint e) a, b, and d

c) surgically replacing a joint with an artificial joint

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the type of movement and range of motion possible at a synovial joint? a) structure of the articulating bones. b) strength and tension of the joint ligaments. c) use of the joint. d) arrangement and tension of the muscles. e) hormones.

c) use of the joint.

Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting range of motion of a joint? a) Structure of articulating bones b) Tension of the muscles c) Hormones d) Disuse e) Eversion

e) Eversion

37) Which of the joints shown in the figure is classified as a multiaxial joint? a) B b) C c) D d) E e) F

e) F

34) What type of joint is shown in the diagram? a) Suture b) Synostosis c) Symphysis d) Synovial e) Gomophosis

e) Gomophosis

Which panel in the figure shows an example of the movement termed opposition? a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I

e) I

Which of the joints shown in the figure is classified as a biaxial joint? a) B b) C c) D d) E e) More than one selection is correct

e) More than one selection is correct

Which special movement involves moving your thumb across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand? a) Pronation b) Supination c) Eversion d) Retraction e) Opposition

e) Opposition

8) The epiphyseal plate in a long bone is an example of which type of joint? a) Gomphosis b) Suture c) Symphysis d) Synovial e) Synchondrosis

e) Synchondrosis

Which of the following types of movement is shown in diagram E? a) supination b) circumduction c) pronation d) rotation e) adduction

e) adduction

Bursae are saclike structures that are commonly found between bone and a) skin. b) muscle. c) ligaments. d) tendons. e) all the other answer selections.

e) all the other answer selections.

31) A condyloid joint a) is also called an ellipsoidal joint. b) is considered to be biaxial. c) allows both flexion-extension and abduction-adduction of the joint. d) can be found in the wrist. e) is All of these choices

e) is All of these choices

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease that affects the joints? a) gouty arthritis b) Lyme disease c) arthroplasty d) osteoarthritis e) rheumatoid arthritis

e) rheumatoid arthritis

A joint in which there is a complete fusion of two separate bones into one bone is called a a) synchondrosis. b) syndesmosis. c) symphysis. d) diarthrosis. e) synostosis.

e) synostosis.

Which of the following is NOT an anatomical component of the elbow? a) articular capsule. b) ulnar collateral ligament. c) radial collateral ligament. d) anular ligament of the radius. e) tendon of the biceps brachii muscle.

e) tendon of the biceps brachii muscle.

Which of the following diseases is characterized by sodium urate crystals being deposited in the soft tissues of joints? a) gouty arthritis b) Lyme disease c) ankylosing spondylitis d) osteoarthritis e) rheumatoid arthritis

a) gouty arthritis

The line is pointing to the _____. a) lateral meniscus b) medial meniscus c) anterior cruciate ligament d) posterior cruciate ligament

a) lateral meniscus

) Which feature goes with the knee joint? a) medial and lateral menisci b) glenoid labrum c) radial annular ligament d) zona orbicularis e) acetabular labrum

a) medial and lateral menisci

A suture joint fits into which functional joint classification? a) synarthrosis. b) amphiarthrosis. c) diarthrosis. d) synovial. e) cartilaginous

a) synarthrosis.

Which ligament limits hyperextension of the knee and prevents the anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur? a) Fibular collateral ligament b) Anterior cruciate ligament c) Posterior cruciate ligament d) Patellar ligament e) Arcuate popliteal ligament

b) Anterior cruciate ligament

What type of joint is shown in the diagram? a) Suture b) Syndesmosis c) Symphysis d) Cartilaginous e) Synovial

b) Syndesmosis

16) Another term for menisci is a) articular fat pads. b) articular discs. c) articular spaces. d) capsular fat pads. e) capsular discs.

b) articular discs.

Disuse of a limb, like would occur when the limb is in a cast, leads to muscular atrophy and _____ of the affected joint. a) increased range of motion b) decreased range of motion c) increased fluid accumulation in bursa d) loosening of the tendons e) chronic inflammation

b) decreased range of motion

Describe the general effects that aging has on joints.

changes in joints due to aging include: production of synovial fluid decreases; articular cartilage thins; ligaments shorten and lose flexibility; osteoarthritis develops from wear and tear; bone becomes exposed at joints, and spurs form and the synovial membrane becomes inflamed. These changes lead to decreases in the range of motion of joints.

) Which of the following types of joints do NOT have a synovial cavity? 1. Fibrous joints 2. Cartilaginous joints 3. Synovial joints a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 2 e) All of these choices

d) 1 and 2

23) Moving the humerus laterally at the shoulder joint is an example of which type of movement? a) Lateral flexion b) Hyperextension c) Adduction d) Abduction e) Gliding

d) Abduction

9) The joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum is classified as a) a synchondrosis. b) a synarthrosis. c) a cartilaginous joint. d) All of these choices. e) None of these choices.

d) All of these choices.

24) Which type of movement involves a continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction resulting in a distal body part moving in a circle? a) Gliding b) Lateral flexion c) Hyperextension d) Circumduction e) Elevation

d) Circumduction

Which panel in the figure shows an example of the movement termed retraction? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) I

d) D

Which of the following structures include the fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee joint? a) Synovial membranes b) Articular fat pads c) Menisci d) Extracapsular ligaments e) Tendon sheath

d) Extracapsular ligaments

Which panel in the figure shows an example of the movement termed supination? a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I

d) H

Which of the following is NOT a structural category of synovial joints? a) Planar b) Hinge c) Condyloid d) Suture e) Saddle

d) Suture

Based on the structural classification of joints, which of the following is a fibrous joint? a) Synchondrosis b) Synovial joint c) Symphysis d) Syndesmosis e) Diarthrosis

d) Syndesmosis

) The line is pointing to the _____ ligament. a) fibular collateral b) posterior cruciate c) oblique popliteal d) anterior cruciate

d) anterior cruciate

The line is pointing to the _____ ligament. a) coracoacromial b) acromioclavicular c) glenohumeral d) coracohumeral

d) coracohumeral

Which of the following is a degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost due to a combination of aging, obesity, wear and abrasion of the joints? a) gouty arthritis b) Lyme disease c) bursitis d) osteoarthritis e) synovitis

d) osteoarthritis

17) Articular discs 1. maintain the stability of a joint. 2. direct flow of the synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction. 3. are made of hyaline cartilage. 4. are only found in the vertebral column. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 1 and 2

e) 1 and 2

18) Which of the following structures is used to reduce friction in joints? 1. Bursae 2. Synovial fluid 3. Accessory ligaments 4. Elastic fibers a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 1 and 2

e) 1 and 2

25) Which of the following is not considered a "special movement" that occurs at only certain joints? a) Depression b) Protraction c) Elevation d) Supination e) All of these are special movements

e) All of these are special movements

39) Which of the joints shown in the figure is classified as a monaxial joint? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) B and C

e) B and C

Which two panels in the figure show a movement of a bone away from the midline of the body? a) A and B b) B and D c) D and E d) F and A e) B and F

e) B and F

35) In the figure, what represents a saddle joint? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

e) E