BIO 109 CH 22
List the five actions of antibodies.
Antibodies can act as a neutralizing agent, they can immobilize bacteria, agglutinate and precipitate the antigen, activate the complement and enhance phagocytosis.
Describe the barriers used in innate defense.
Barriers used by the innate defense include epidermis, mucus, hairs, cilia, lacrimal apparatus, saliva, urine, vaginal secretions, sebum, perspiration and gastric juices.
Describe the ways to acquire adaptive immunity.
Naturally acquired active immunity is acquired following exposure to a microbe, antigen recognition by B and T cells and costimulation leading to formation of antibody-secreting plasma cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B and T memory cells. Naturally acquired passive immunity occurs when IgG antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus across the placental barrier or IgA antibodies are transferred from mother to infant during breast-feeding. Artificially acquired active immunity is acquired via antigens introduced during vaccinations. Artificially acquired passive immunity is acquired via intravenous injection of immunoglobulins.
Describe what is happening in the diagram.
The diagram represents processing and presenting of exogenous antigen by an antigen-presenting cell.
Describe how lymphatic capillaries are one-way only vessels.
The ends of the endothelial cells in the wall of the lymphatic capillary overlap. When pressure is higher in the interstitial fluid than in the lymph, the cells separate slightly allowing interstitial fluid into the vessel. When pressure is greater inside, the cells are tightly packed, not allowing the lymph to cross back into the interstitial fluid.
What does this diagram represent?
The one-way flow of lymph through a lymph vessel.
In the diagram, where do T cells mature? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) None of these choices
a) A
Lymph travels to the subcapsular sinus from which structure in the figure? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
a) A
Which structure in the figure is the main duct for the return of lymph to the blood? a) A b) F c) G d) C e) H
a) A
Which class of cells includes macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells? a) Antigen presenting cells b) Primary lymphocytes c) T cells d) RBC e) Epitope cells
a) Antigen presenting cells
What type of cell is located in area B in the figure? a) B cells b) dendritic cells c) macrophages d) T cells e) plasma cells
a) B cells
When B and T cells are fully developed and mature, they are described as being a) Immunocompetent b) Pluripotent stem cells c) Primary lymphatic cells d) Specifically promoted e) Germ cells
a) Immunocompetent
Which cytokine released by macrophages acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature during fever? a) Interleukin-1 b) Interleukin-2 c) Interleukin-4 d) Gamma interferon e) Perforin
a) Interleukin-1
Which of these does NOT provide a physical or chemical barrier? a) Macrophages b) Saliva c) Urine d) Mucus e) Stratified squamous epithelium
a) Macrophages
Which of these provides a non-specific cellular disease resistance mechanism? a) Macrophages b) T lymphocytes c) B lymphocytes d) Memory B cells e) Stratified squamous epithelium
a) Macrophages
Which type of immunity defends against any type of invader? a) Nonspecific b) Specific c) Cell mediated d) Antibody mediated immunity e) None of these choices
a) Nonspecific
Which action makes microbes more susceptible to phagocytosis? a) Opsonization b) Cytolysis c) Inflammation d) Complement e) Hybridoma
a) Opsonization
Which of the following is a function of the spleen? a) Removes worn out blood cells b) Circulates lymph c) Cleanses interstitial fluid d) Cleanses lymph e) Traps microbes with mucus
a) Removes worn out blood cells
Which type of allergic reaction is the most common type? a) Type I (anaphylactic) reaction b) Type II (cytotoxic ) reaction c) Type III (immune-complex) reactions d) Type IV (cell-mediated) reactions e) All of these types are common allergic reactions.
a) Type I (anaphylactic) reaction
The inability of the immune system to protect the body from a pathogen causes a) immunodeficiency diseases b) allergy c) autoimmune disease d) transplantations e) graft
a) immunodeficiency diseases
Natural exposure to an infectious agent leads to: a) Passive immunity b) Active immunity c) Both of these choices d) None of these choices
b) Active immunity
Which of the following induces the production of a specific antibody? a) Phagocytosis b) Antigen c) Antibody d) Defensin e) Immunoglobulin
b) Antigen
In the diagram, where do pluripotent stem cells come from? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) None of these choices
b) B
Lymph flowing from the afferent lymphatic vessel will travel next to which structure in the figure? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
b) B
In the diagram this vessel drains lymph from the upper right side of the body into venous blood using a subclavian vein. a) B b) C c) F d) G e) E
b) C
Which region includes B cells, follicular dendritic cells and macrophages? a) B b) C c) D d) E e) F
b) C
Which cells display CD4 proteins and interact with MHC Class II antigens? a) Cytotoxic T cells b) Helper T Cells c) Memory T Cells d) MHC antigens e) B cells
b) Helper T Cells
Which class of antibodies is mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk and GI secretions? a) IgG b) IgA c) IgM d) IgD e) IgE
b) IgA
Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic and immune system? a) Draining excess interstitial fluid b) Maintaining water homeostasis in the body c) Transporting dietary lipids d) Carrying out immune responses
b) Maintaining water homeostasis in the body
To become activated, which of the following requires being bound to a foreign antigen AND simultaneous costimulation? a) B Cell b) T Cell c) Interferon d) MHC antigen e) Antigen presenting cell
b) T Cell
Which cells of the immune system are the primary targets the HIV virus? a) B cells b) helper T cells c) cytotoxic T cells d) antigen-presenting cells e) all of these cells are affected by HIV
b) helper T cells
Which type of adaptive immunity will result from mother-to-baby IgA transfer via breast feeding? a) naturally acquired active immunity b) naturally acquired passive immunity c) artificially acquired active immunity d) artificially acquired passive immunity e) None of these choices
b) naturally acquired passive immunity
The primary response will peak how many days after an exposure? a) 1 day or less b) 2-7 c) 10-17 d) 20-30 e) Over a month
c) 10-17
Which anti-microbial substances promote cytolysis, phagocytosis and inflammation? a) Transferrins b) Perforins c) Complement proteins d) Defensins e) Interferons
c) Complement proteins
Which of the following is a small hormone that can stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions? a) Enzyme b) Kinins c) Cytokine d) MHC e) Leukocyte
c) Cytokine
In the diagram, which region includes B cells, plasma cells and macrophages? a) B b) C c) D d) E e) None of these choices
c) D
Which structure in the figure is the cisterna chyli? a) J b) C c) F d) H e) A
c) F
Which of the following intensifies the effect of interferons and promotes the rate of repair? a) Complement proteins b) Perforin c) Fever d) Macrophages e) Natural killer cells
c) Fever
Which of the following stimulates an immune response ONLY when it is attached to a large carrier molecule? a) Epitope b) Antigen c) Hapten d) MHC antigen e) CD8
c) Hapten
Which class of antibodies indicates a recent invasion? a) IgA b) IgE c) IgM d) IgD e) IgG
c) IgM
What is the major difference between lymph and interstitial fluid? a) Composition of electrolytes b) White blood cells are present in lymph c) Location d) Types of proteins present e) Red blood cells are present in interstitial fluid
c) Location
Which of the following organ systems is NOT aided by the MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)? a) Respiratory system b) Digestive system c) Muscular system d) Urinary system e) Reproductive system
c) Muscular system
Which chemical(s) do NOT induce vasodilation and permeability (increased fluid flow) to an infection site? a) Histamines b) Kinins c) Perforin d) Leukotrienes e) Complement
c) Perforin
The ability of an antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it has provoked is called a) Specificity b) Immunogenicity c) Reactivity d) Epitopes e) Immune Response
c) Reactivity
Which cell is considered to be the most important cell in the immune system? a) Cytotoxic T Cells b) B lymphocytes c) T Helper cells d) Eosinophils e) macrophages
c) T Helper cells
An acute allergic response can lead to: a) transplantation b) retroviruses c) anaphylactic shock d) passive immunity e) active immunity
c) anaphylactic shock
Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system? a) Drain excessive interstitial fluid b) Transport dietary lipids c) Carry out immune responses d) All of these are functions of the lymphatic system e) None of these are functions of the lymphatic system
d) All of these are functions of the lymphatic system
Which of the following is an inactive, self responsive cell? a) Deleted cell b) Hybridoma cell c) Epitopic cell d) Anergy cell e) Natural killer cell
d) Anergy cell
Which of the following leads to inflammation, enhancement of phagocytosis and lysis of microbes? a) Classical complement system b) Alternative complement system c) Apoptosis d) Classical and Alternative complement systems e) Hapten activation
d) Classical and Alternative complement systems
Lymph travels to the efferent lymphatic vessel from which structure in the figure? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
d) D
Plasma cells are located in which area in the figure? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) None of these choices
d) D
Which structure in the figure is the right lymphatic duct? a) D b) C c) F d) H e) A
d) H
Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the immune system? a) Increased susceptibility to infections b) Increased susceptibility to malignancies c) Decreased response to vaccines d) Increased response of T cells to antigens e) Decreased production of antibodies
d) Increased response of T cells to antigens
Which of the following is an effect of stress on the immune system? a) Increased activity of T lymphocytes b) Increased activity of B lymphocytes c) Activation of the immune system d) Inhibition of the immune system e) Increased production of antibodies
d) Inhibition of the immune system
What causes lymph from the small intestines to appear white? a) Proteins b) WBC c) RBC d) Lipids e) Carbohydrates
d) Lipids
Which of the following cells is the most variable cell in the immune system? a) Natural killer cell b) Monocyte c) RBC d) Lymphocyte e) Macrophage
d) Lymphocyte
Which T cell toxin fragments DNA? a) Perforin b) Tumor antigen c) Interferons d) Lymphotoxin e) Toxin T
d) Lymphotoxin
Genetic recombination generates diversity in what part (s) of the immune system? a) Antigen receptors b) MHC antigen c) Hapten d) MHC antigen and antigen receptors e) Epitopes
d) MHC antigen and antigen receptors
Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation? a) Redness b) Pain c) Heat d) Mucus production e) Swelling
d) Mucus production
Which of the following cells is part of the body's second line of defense? a) Mucous cells b) Germ cells c) B and T Lymphocytes d) Natural killer cells e) None of these choices
d) Natural killer cells
Lack of resistance is also known as: a) Pathogenic b) Innate c) Specific d) Susceptibility e) Lymphatic
d) Susceptibility
What types of cells are located in area C in the figure? a) B cells and follicular dendritic cells b) B cells and plasma cells c) macrophages and B cells d) T cells and dendritic cells e) plasma cells and macrophages
d) T cells and dendritic cells
The left subclavian vein receives lymph from the a) Left axillary vein b) Lumbar trunk c) Jugular trunk d) Thoracic duct e) Right lymphatic duct
d) Thoracic duct
In which part of the thymus are T cells thought to die? a) Capsule b) Trabeculae c) Epithelial cells d) Thymic (Hassall's) corpuscles e) T cells do not die in the thymus
d) Thymic (Hassall's) corpuscles
Which organ produces a hormone that promotes maturation of T cells? a) Spleen b) Lymph node c) Red bone marrow d) Thymus e) Pancreas
d) Thymus
Natural passive immunity is associated with which of the following? a) Vaccination b) Exposure to a microbe resulting in antibody formation c) Receiving booster shots d) Transfer of IgG from mother to fetus e) Intravenous injection of antibodies
d) Transfer of IgG from mother to fetus
Which type of adaptive immunity will result from intravenous injection of immunoglobulins? a) naturally acquired active immunity b) naturally acquired passive immunity c) artificially acquired active immunity d) artificially acquired passive immunity e) None of these choices
d) artificially acquired passive immunity
Which cells increase the permeability of blood vessels by releasing histamine? a) neutrophils b) eosinophils c) lymphocytes d) mast cells e) macrophages
d) mast cells
Which of the following is an incorrect matching of immune system cells and their functions? a) Macrophage - process and presentation of foreign antigens to T cells b) Dendritic cell - processes and presents antigen to T and B cells c) B cells - process and presents antigen to helper T cells d) Plasma cell - produces and secretes antibodies e) All of these are correct matching of the cells and their functions
e) All of these are correct matching of the cells and their functions
Lymph travels from the medullary sinus to which structure in the figure? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
e) E
Which anti-microbial substances reduce viral replication (in uninfected cells)? a) Transferrins b) Perforins c) Complement proteins d) Defensins e) Interferons
e) Interferons
The skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps are used in the a) Lymphatic system b) Cardiovascular system c) Immune system d) Lymphatic and Immune systems only e) Lymphatic, Immune and Cardiovascular systems
e) Lymphatic, Immune and Cardiovascular systems
Which of the following is not considered an organ of the immune system? a) Spleen b) Lymph node c) Red bone marrow d) Thymus e) Pancreas
e) Pancreas
Antigens that induce an allergic reaction are called a) lymphotoxin b) perforin c) granulysin d) interleukin-1 e) allergen
e) allergen
