Bio 110 Exam 2
Mitochondria
- where cells get energy
From prophase through metaphase of mitosis, each chromosome has _______ DNA molecule(s), while from anaphase through telophase of mitosis, each chromosome has ______ DNA molecule(s)
2, 1
Rough ER
2nd to secrete a protein
Golgi apparatus
3rd to secrete a protein
Secretory vesicle
4th to secrete a protein
Plasma membrane
5th to secrete a protein
An individual with the genotype DdEeFFGg can produce __________ different gametes. Note: All of these genes assort independently.
8
Where do ribosomes occur?
Rough E.R.
You are interning as a genetic counselor. In one of your first cases, you are meeting with a couple who have both undergone genetic testing for the cystic fibrosis allele. You inform them that they both are heterozygous for that allele. They are planning to have three children. What is the probability that they will have two children with cystic fibrosis and one who is unaffected by the disease? a) 1/4 b) 9/64 c) 3/4 d) 27/64
b) 9/64
What does Figure 2 suggest about the relative thermal tolerances of D. lanuginosum roots and AM fungal hyphae? a) AM fungal hyphae and D. lanuginosum roots show similar tolerances for high temperature. b) AM fungal hyphae show greater tolerance for high temperature than D. lanuginosum roots do. c) D. lanuginosum roots show greater tolerance for high temperature than AM fungal hyphae do.
b) AM fungal hyphae show greater tolerance for high temperature than D. lanuginosum roots do.
D. lanuginosum plants grow equally well at high temperatures when the soil is inoculated with thermal or nonthermal AM fungi. What does this suggest about the thermal tolerances of AM fungi from geothermal and grassland soils? a) AM fungi from geothermal soils are more tolerant to high temperatures than AM fungi from grassland soils. b) AM fungi from geothermal and grassland soils have similar tolerances to high temperatures. c) During the experiment, AM fungi from grassland soils evolved, developing a thermal tolerance that was similar to that of AM fungi from geothermal soils.
b) AM fungi from geothermal and grassland soils have similar tolerances to high temperatures.
During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids break apart and start moving to opposite poles of the cell? a) Prophase b) Anaphase c) Telophase d) Metaphase
b) Anaphase
You are an entrepreneurial vintner and are interested in making a batch of wine. Which phylum of fungi includes a fungus that will enable you to turn your grape juice into wine via yeast fermentation? a) Zygomycota b) Ascomycota c) Chytridiomycota d) Basidiomycota
b) Ascomycota
How did doctors harvest and culture cells from Henrietta Lacks? a) Her cells were frozen for many decades and have recently been thawed and grown in the lab. b) Cells were taken while she was being treated for cancer many years ago, and these cells have been cultured in the lab ever since. c) A kidney that she donated to someone else was recovered when that patient died, and cells from the kidney were used to create a culture. d) Her body was recently exhumed from her grave, and cells were taken and grown in the lab.
b) Cells were taken while she was being treated for cancer many years ago, and these cells have been cultured in the lab ever since.
You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following group does the fungus belong? a) Ascomycota b) Chytrids c) Basidiomycota d) Zygomycetes
b) Chytrids
How do AM fungi affect D. lanuginosum plants grown at high temperatures? a) D. lanuginosum plants show decreased shoot and root growth in pots inoculated with AM fungi. b) D. lanuginosum plants show increased shoot and root growth in pots inoculated with AM fungi. c) D. lanuginosum plants show similar shoot and root growth in pots with and without AM fungi.
b) D. lanuginosum plants show increased shoot and root growth in pots inoculated with AM fungi.
True or false? In diploid organisms, a dominant phenotype will only be expressed if the individual is homozygous dominant for that trait. a) True b) False
b) False
During which stage of mitosis are chromosomes lined up in the center of the cell? a) Anaphase b) Prophase c) Metaphase d) Telophase
c) Metaphase
Fungi produce _____ spores. a) dikaryotic b) heterokaryotic c) haploid d) diploid e) triploid
c) haploid
Fungi have unique life cycles. A fungus that has two parental nuclei in one cell is referred to as a ___________. a) diploid b) tetraploid c) haploid d) dikaryon
d) dikaryon
What is the role of the proteins in mitosis?
help keep DNA organized
Which processes take place in the nucleus?
- DNA replication - DNA transcription into RNA - intron splicing
Parasite
- Trichophyton spp - Cryphonectria parasitica - Cordyceps spp. - Septobasidium sp. and an individual scale insect infected by fungal hyphae
Free ribosome
1st to secrete a protein
In fungi, haploid hyphae fuse to produce dikaryotic and then diploid nuclei, only to restore the haploid condition by meiosis before the growth of new hyphae. What is the significance of a transient diploid state in fungi? a) These sexual processes generate genetic variation. b) The diploid state is more advanced than the haploid state. c) All organisms must reproduce sexually at some point in their life cycle.
a) These sexual processes generate genetic variation.
Which of these statements is true of the fungal life cycle? (Choose all that apply) a) Fungi have only sexual reproduction. b) Fungi are haploid during most of their life cycle. c) Fungi produce sperm and eggs. d) Most fungi can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction. e) Fungi are diploid during most of their life cycle. f) Karyogamy is followed by plasmogamy.
b) Fungi are haploid during most of their life cycle. d) Most fungi can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction.
What name is given to this process? a) gametogenesis b) asexual reproduction c) fertilization d) meiosis e) sexual reproduction
b) asexual reproduction
Gorilla sperm have a very slow swimming speed compared to the sperm of other primates. This is most likely because in a short period of time: a) Female gorillas mate with many males b) Female gorillas mate with a few males c) Female gorillas mate with one male d) Swimming speed has nothing to do with mating strategy.
c) Female gorillas mate with one male
Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself? a) Gills b) Spore c) Mycelium d) Basidia
c) Mycelium
Which one of the following statements about the endomembrane system is correct? a) Most of the phospholipids of the endomembrane system are synthesized in the mitochondria. b) Ribosomes move lipids and proteins among the different organelles of the endomembrane system. c) Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system. d) The nucleolus functions in the modification and sorting of lipids and proteins.
c) Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system.
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, mitochondria and chloroplasts. It could be a cell from: a) a bacterium. b) an animal, but not a plant. c) a plant, but not an animal. d) a plant or an animal.
c) a plant, but not an animal.
What do we mean when we use the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross? a) A monohybrid cross involves a single parent, whereas a dihybrid cross involves two parents. b) A monohybrid cross results in a 9:3:3:1 ratio whereas a dihybrid cross gives a 3:1 ratio. c) A monohybrid cross is performed for one generation, whereas a dihybrid cross is performed for two generations. d) A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters that are being studied, and a monohybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for only one character being studied.
d) A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters that are being studied, and a monohybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for only one character being studied.
In the human species, all somatic cells have 46 chromosomes. Which of the following can also be true? a) Some adult humans are haploid. b) Some adult humans have 23 chromosomes per cell. c) Some adult humans have 69 chromosomes per cell. d) A plant species (privet shrubs) has 46 chromosomes per cell.
d) A plant species (privet shrubs) has 46 chromosomes per cell.
Two plants have different phenotypes and genotypes for a character. One is heterozygous while the other is true-breeding for the recessive trait. You cross these two plants. What will be the phenotype of the progeny? a) Can't tell. It depends on whether the trait is dominant or recessive. b) All plants will exhibit the phenotype of the true-breeding plant. c) All plants will exhibit the phenotype of the heterozygote. d) Half will show the phenotype of the true-breeding plant, half will show the phenotype of the heterozygote.
d) Half will show the phenotype of the true-breeding plant, half will show the phenotype of the heterozygote.
Cells taken from Henrietta Lacks have been used for experiments leading to _____. a) new treatments for cancer b) tests of the effects of atomic radiation on life c) the development of a polio vaccine d) all of the above
d) all of the above
Molecular data indicate that animals and fungi have a common ancestor (although it is very ancient). What morphological character provides us with a clue to the morphology of this common ancestor to fungi and animals? a) haustoria b) septation c) the zygospore d) flagella
d) flagella
A mutation in a cell that secretes proteins results in polypeptides bypassing the Golgi Apparatus. What will be wrong with the proteins secreted from this cell?
they will be missing sugars
Lysosomes = ?
trash collectors
Decomposer
- fungi in association with a fallen log - fungi in association with a dead rabbit - coprophilous fungi
What are the characteristics of fungi?
- haploid - non motile - eukaryotes - multicellular except yeasts - heterotrophs (feed by absorptive feeding) - cell walls made of chitin - saprobe --> eats dead/dying organic stuff
What is the role of chloroplasts?
- helps turn energy to sugars - chloroplasts and mitochondria are homologous (similar in size, don't both have plasma membranes)
What roles do microtubules (tubulin protein) play in a cell?
- made of tubulin protein - transport mechanism - cell division --> mitotic spindle - cell movement
Mutualist
- mycorrhizal fungi on pine tree roots - fungi in the family Lepiotaceae
How do humans use fungi?
- penicillin (medication) - fermentation - food - research - ecosystem purposes --> decomposition - biotechnology
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
- process/build macromolecules - glycosylation (makes sure proteins are folded properly)
Why are the kinetochores important during cell division?
- pull towards opposite ends - don't end with 2 cells of same chromosome
What is true of mitosis in a diploid cell?
- results in daughter cells that are genetically identical, but physically smaller, than the original parent cell - mitosis is diploid
What are some functions of smooth ER?
- synthesize lipids - degrade toxins
What would happen if the chromosome complement was not reduced before fertilization?
- too many chromosomes - trisomy 21
Does the Law of Independent Assortment apply to a single character? A. Yes B. No
B. No
What happens during each stage of the cell cycle in mitosis?
G1 S: DNA synthesis G2: rest phase M: divide one cell into 2 cells
If the P generation is AABBCC x aabbcc, what is the probability of getting an offspring with genotype AaBbcc in the F2 generation? a) 1/16 b) 1/8 c) 3/16 d) 1/64
a) 1/16
In the cross AaBbCc × AaBbCc, what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC? a) 1/64 b) 1/32 c) 1/8 d) 1/16 e) 1/4
a) 1/64
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete, Neurospora crassa, contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores. If a single, diploid G2 nucleus in an ascus contains 400 nanograms (ng) of DNA, then a single ascospore nucleus of this species should contain how much DNA (ng), carried on how many chromosomes? a) 100, carried on 7 chromosomes b) 200, carried on 14 chromosomes c) 200, carried on 7 chromosomes d) 100, carried on 14 chromosomes
a) 100, carried on 7 chromosomes
Normal human gametes carry _____ chromosomes. a) 23 b) 46 c) 23 pairs of d) 5 e) 46 pairs of
a) 23
Two mice are heterozygous for albinism (Aa) . The dominant allele (A) codes for normal pigmentation, and the recessive allele (a) codes for no pigmentation. What percentage of their offspring would have an albino phenotype? a) 25 b) 50 c) 100 d) 75
a) 25
What number and types of chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell? a) 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes b) n chromosomes c) 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome d) 45 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome e) 21 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
a) 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
This semester, you will be completing a lab using the model organism Sordaria. Sordaria is an ascomycete fungus that is commonly used to study the process of meiosis. In Sordaria, the diploid nucleus that goes through meiosis to produce haploid spores has 14 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in the spores? a) 7 b) 14 c) 21 d) Fungal cells are always haploid; there is no diploid stage in their life cycle.
a) 7
What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous individuals? a) All of the gametes from a homozygote carry the same version of the gene while those of a heterozygote will differ. b) Homozygotes have one chromosome while heterozygotes have two similar chromosomes. c) The homozygote will express the dominant trait and the heterozygote will express the recessive trait. d) Heterozygotes carry two copies of a gene while homozygotes only carry one.
a) All of the gametes from a homozygote carry the same version of the gene while those of a heterozygote will differ.
A number of chemical treatments cause microtubules to fall apart. Colchicine is one such drug. What would happen if a dividing cell was treated with colchicine? a) Chromosomes would not separate. b) Chromosomes would not condense. c) The nuclear envelope would not breakdown. d) DNA would not be replicated.
a) Chromosomes would not separate.
Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16? a) Each cell has eight homologous pairs. b) A gamete from this species has four chromosomes. c) The species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell. d) The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell.
a) Each cell has eight homologous pairs.
A gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N. If both children in a family are of blood type M, which of the following situations is possible? a) Each parent is either M or MN. b) Each parent must be type M. c) Both children are heterozygous for this gene. d) Neither parent can have the N allele.
a) Each parent is either M or MN.
You are searching for a mutant cell that is defective in protein glycosylation. You would most likely find such a mutant by looking for cells with defective ___________. a) Golgi apparatuses b) endoplasmic reticulum c) nuclei d) ribosomes
a) Golgi apparatuses
A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism? a) HT b) Hh c) HhTt d) T
a) HT
Which of the following describes the reactions that fungal enzymes use to break organic polymers into monomers? a) Hydrolysis. b) Anabolic. c) Catabolic. d) Dehydration synthesis (condensation)
a) Hydrolysis. c) Catabolic.
Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom? a) Hyphae are produced by mitosis. b) The mycelium forms. c) Haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus. d) A heterokaryotic mycelium forms.
a) Hyphae are produced by mitosis.
Which of the following is true about a plant with the genotype AABbcc? a) It is homozygous at two loci. b) It is heterozygous at two loci. c) It has recessive alleles at three loci. d) It is triploid. e) It will not express the recessive c allele.
a) It is homozygous at two loci.
Melanin is a pigment protein that causes cells to become dark in color. In fungi, melanin is sometimes referred to as "fungal armor" because it protects fungal cells from a wide range of stressors. Researchers in Israel's Evolution Canyon system studied the adaptive melanin response of the soil fungus Aspergillus niger to UV radiation. UV radiation causes mutations in DNA. Based on your knowledge of the Evolution Canyon system, which of the following is a likely difference between populations of A. niger found on the African slope (AS) and the European slope (ES)? Melanin is a pigment protein that causes cells to become dark in color. In fungi, melanin is sometimes referred to as "fungal armor" because it protects fungal cells from a wide range of stressors. Researchers in Israel's Evolution Canyon system studied the adaptive melanin response of the soil fungus Aspergillus niger to UV radiation. UV radiation causes mutations in DNA. Based on your knowledge of the Evolution Canyon system, which of the following is a likely difference between populations of A. niger found on the African slope (AS) and the European slope (ES)? a) Mean melanin concentration is significantly higher on the sunny AS than on the shady ES. b) Mean melanin concentration is significantly higher on the shady ES than on the sunny AS. c) There is no reason to expect a difference in melanin concentration between the ES and AS populations.
a) Mean melanin concentration is significantly higher on the sunny AS than on the shady ES.
The following statements describe something about the body structures or functions of fungi. Identify those statements that are correct. Select all that apply. a) Mycelia are made up of small-diameter hyphae that form an interwoven mass, providing more surface area for nutrient absorption. b) Fungi are diploid for most of their life cycle c) Cellulose gives rigidity and strength to the cell walls of fungi. d) All fungi are heterotrophs; some species live as decomposers and others as symbionts. e) Some fungi secrete digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorb the digested nutrients. f) Some fungi can grow as either filamentous or single-celled forms.
a) Mycelia are made up of small-diameter hyphae that form an interwoven mass, providing more surface area for nutrient absorption. d) All fungi are heterotrophs; some species live as decomposers and others as symbionts. e) Some fungi secrete digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorb the digested nutrients. f) Some fungi can grow as either filamentous or single-celled forms.
If an organism with the genotype AaBb produces gametes, what proportion of the gametes would be Bb? a) None b) 1/2 c) 1/4 d) 3/4
a) None
What would happen if one chromosome failed to have microtubules from both poles attach? a) One daughter cell would not have a copy of that chromosome. b) The poles would not form properly. c) Nothing. Mitosis would be normal. d) All chromosomes would migrate to one pole.
a) One daughter cell would not have a copy of that chromosome.
Quantitative characters vary in a population along a continuum. How do such characters differ from the characters investigated by Mendel in his experiments on peas? a) Quantitative characters are due to polygenic inheritance, the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character. A single gene affected all but one of the pea characters studied by Mendel. b) Environment and genes affect quantitative characters, whereas only genes determined the pea characters studied by Mendel. c) The nature of inheritance of quantitative characters is poorly understood, and Mendel understood the nature of inheritance for the characters he studied in his peas.
a) Quantitative characters are due to polygenic inheritance, the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character. A single gene affected all but one of the pea characters studied by Mendel.
How do thermal and nonthermal AM fungi affect D. lanuginosum plants grown at high temperatures? a) Root and shoot growth were similar whether the soil was inoculated with thermal or nonthermal AM fungi. b) Inoculation of the soil with thermal AM fungi increased root and shoot growth, but inoculation with nonthermal AM fungi did not. c) Inoculation of the soil with thermal AM fungi decreased root and shoot growth, but inoculation with nonthermal AM fungi did not.
a) Root and shoot growth were similar whether the soil was inoculated with thermal or nonthermal AM fungi.
Did doctors ask Henrietta Lacks' permission to take her cells, and was she paid for them? a) She was never told that her cells were being taken, and neither she nor her family has been compensated. b) She was never told that her cells were being taken, but her family has since been compensated. c) She granted her permission but was not paid. d) She granted her permission and was paid.
a) She was never told that her cells were being taken, and neither she nor her family has been compensated.
Which of the following occurs during meiosis but not during mitosis? a) Synapsis occurs. b) Chromosomes migrate to opposite poles. c) Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. d) Chromosomes condense. e) A spindle apparatus forms.
a) Synapsis occurs.
An individual who is heterozygous for gene R (Rr) produces two types of gametes in regard to these alleles: R and r. This illustrates: a) The Law of Segregation b) The Law of Independent Assortment c) Both the Laws of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment. d) The alignment of nonhomologous pairs of chromosomes during Metaphase I
a) The Law of Segregation
Why does an ascus contain eight ascospores following meiosis (which usually results in the production of four genetically distinct daughter cells)? a) The four haploid ascospores undergo an additional round of mitosis after meiosis is complete. b) Meiosis in ascomycetes starts with karyogamy of four haploid nuclei. c) The diploid nucleus undergoes mitosis. d) Only mitosis occurs in the ascus.
a) The four haploid ascospores undergo an additional round of mitosis after meiosis is complete.
Each chromosome in this homologous pair possesses a different allele for flower color. Which statement about this homologous pair of chromosomes is correct? a) These homologous chromosomes represent a maternal and a paternal chromosome. b) Each of these homologous chromosomes consists of a single chromatid. Therefore, they must come from a haploid cell. c) These homologous chromosomes are formed by DNA replication.
a) These homologous chromosomes represent a maternal and a paternal chromosome.
What property of Henrietta Lacks' cells was most unusual when they were grown in the laboratory? a) They continue to divide and multiply after decades of culture. b) They grew to more than 10 times their normal size. c) They did not require nutrients. d) They never divided.
a) They continue to divide and multiply after decades of culture.
True or false? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei. a) True b) False
a) True
True or false? The same phenotype can be produced by more than one genotype. a) True b) False
a) True
Although fungi generally lack extensive cellular specialization, what feature of hyphal growth makes them so well suited as decomposers, mutualistic symbionts, and pathogens? a) a large surface area b) septation c) hyphae that are flagellated d) hyphae that grow from the tip
a) a large surface area
What is an allele? a) an alternative version of a gene b) the recessive form of a gene c) a variety of pea plant used by Mendel d) a type of chromosome e) the dominant form of a gene
a) an alternative version of a gene
You are a mycologist and have been asked to identify a fungus causing an epidemic on an important agronomic crop. The plant sample you've been given displays the fungus in its sexual state. Based on symptoms, you suspect that it is an ascomycete, but there isn't a conspicuous ascocarp and you'll have to use a microscope. What structure should you look for to verify that it is indeed an ascomycete? a) an ascus with ascospores b) a zygosporangium c) dikaryotic hyphae d) flagellated cells
a) an ascus with ascospores
The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to _____. a) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition b) the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms c) the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats d) the increased probability of contact between different mating types
a) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
Within the Golgi apparatus, _______ are added to proteins in a process known as _______. a) carbohydrates / glycosylation b) amino acids / translation c) carbohydrates / proteolysis d) proteins / proteolysis
a) carbohydrates / glycosylation
The centromere is the region where __________________. a) chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase. b) chromosomes become aligned at the metaphase plate. c) the microtubules forming the mitotic spindle are organized. d) the nucleus is located prior to mitosis.
a) chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase.
Which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms? Select all that apply. a) crossing over b) cytokinesis c) random fertilization d) independent assortment of chromosomes in meiosis
a) crossing over c) random fertilization d) independent assortment of chromosomes in meiosis
Karyogamy produces a _____. a) diploid zygote b) haploid zygote c) spores d) mycelium e) hypha
a) diploid zygote
When do homologous chromosomes pair? a) during Meiosis I b) during Meiosis II c) during mitosis d) prior to meiosis
a) during Meiosis I
When do homologous chromosomes pair? a) during meiosis I b) during meiosis II c) during mitosis d) prior to meiosis
a) during meiosis I
When constructing a Punnett square, the symbols on the outside of the boxes represent _______, while those inside the boxes represent _______. a) gametes, progeny b) parents, gametes c) progeny, gametes d) gametes, parents
a) gametes, progeny
Sperm cells and ova can be classified as ______________ cells. a) haploid b) clonal c) diploid d) nonreproductive e) zygote
a) haploid
The cellular process by which gametes are formed from specialized nonreproductive cells is ________ . a) meiosis b) mitosis c) cloning d) asexual reproduction e) fertilization
a) meiosis
Ciliates (such as Paramecium) are single-celled organisms that are covered with cilia. They use these cilia to propel themselves through the water in which they live. The components of the cytoskeleton that allows theses cilia to move are: a) microtubules made of tubulin. b) intermediate fibers made of keratin. c) microfilaments made of actin. d) secretory vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus.
a) microtubules made of tubulin.
Transcribed mRNA exits the nucleus through the _____________. a) nuclear pores b) nucleolus c) endoplasmic reticulum d) transport vesicles
a) nuclear pores
What is the correct order of nuclear/cytoplasmic events during the sexual reproductive life cycle of a zygomycete? a) plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis b) plasmogamy, meiosis, karyogamy c) karyogamy, plasmogamy, meiosis d) karyogamy, meiosis, plasmogamy
a) plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis
Which of the following types of reproduction produces offspring that are genetically distinct from their parents? a) sexual b) binary fission c) vegetative propagation d) asexual e) cloning
a) sexual
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells? a) smooth ER b) nuclear envelope c) transport vesicles d) rough ER e) Golgi apparatus
a) smooth ER
Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____. a) surroundings b) gastrovascular cavity c) stomach d) hyphae e) mycelia
a) surroundings
A cell that has just exited the G1 phase of the cell cycle (and will eventually go on to divide) will next enter ___________________. a) the S phase b) the M phase c) anaphase d) the G2 phase
a) the S phase
Which of these contains two haploid nuclei? a) the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle b) zygote c) spore-producing structures d) mycelium e) hypha
a) the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle
Which of the following is the best statement of the use of the addition rule of probability? a) the probability that either one of two independent events will occur b) the likelihood that a trait is due to two or more meiotic events c) the probability of producing two or more heterozygous offspring d) the probability that two or more independent events will both occur in the offspring of one set of parents e) the probability that two or more independent events will both occur
a) the probability that either one of two independent events will occur
With the exception of flagellated spores for members of the Chytridiomycota, fungi are mostly nonmotile. What adaptive feature allows them to be such successful decomposers, pathogens, and symbionts? a) the production of large numbers of easily dispersed spores in sexual and asexual modes of reproduction b) they are diploid for most of their life cycle c) complex cellular specialization d) autotrophism
a) the production of large numbers of easily dispersed spores in sexual and asexual modes of reproduction
Beginning within the nucleus, the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide is _____. a) transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA b) linking of nucleotides to form a polypeptide c) translation of a DNA nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids d) removal of introns from RNA and the stitching together of exons e) translation of an RNA nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids
a) transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA
From prophase through metaphase of mitosis, each chromosome has _____ DNA molecule(s), while from anaphase through telophase of mitosis, each chromosome has _____ DNA molecule(s) a) two; one b) 2n; 1n c) homologous; nonhomologous d) condensed; decondensed e) nonsister chromatid; sister chromatid
a) two; one
What is the probability of a pea plant with genotype RrYy producing a gamete with genotype ry? a) ¼ b) ½ c) ¾ d) 1
a) ¼
Two F1-hybrid plants with yellow, round seeds (YyRr) are crossed. What is the probability of getting an offspring with the genotype YYRr? a) 4/8 b) 1/8 c) 1/16 d) 2/8
b) 1/8
You cross two, true-breeding parents (one with yellow peas and one with green peas). All of the F1 progeny (offspring) have yellow peas. You grow and self-pollinate this F1 generation and collect 1600 F2 progeny. How many plants with yellow peas would you expect? a) 1600 b) 1200 c) 800 d) 400
b) 1200
How many pairs of homologous chromosomes are found in human males? a) 23 b) 22 c) 46 d) 44
b) 22
Starting with one cell, how many daughter cells will be formed when meiosis is complete? a) 8 b) 4 c) 2 d) 1
b) 4
What do fungi and arthropods have in common? a) The haploid state is dominant in both groups. b) Both groups use chitin for support. c) Both groups are predominantly autotrophs that produce their own food. d) Both groups have cell walls.
b) Both groups use chitin for support.
For a diploid organism, a major difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II is that ________________ Meiosis II. a) homologous chromosomes align in pairs during metaphase of b) DNA does not replicate before c) sister chromatids are not separated in anaphase of d) the daughter cells are diploid at the end of
b) DNA does not replicate before
True or false? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together. a) True b) False
b) False
Almost all of the members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae in a mutualistic partnership with plants. a) Basidiomycota b) Glomeromycota c) Ascomycota d) Chytridiomycota e) Zygomycota
b) Glomeromycota
Which of the following describes how mitosis differs from meiosis? a) Gamete production only occurs in mitosis. b) Homologous chromosomes pair only in meiosis. c) Only cells about to enter mitosis replicate their chromosomes. d) Only mitosis produces haploid cells from diploid cells.
b) Homologous chromosomes pair only in meiosis.
Why is meiosis/sexual recombination not essential for the survival of an ascomycete? a) Haploid hyphae cannot survive indefinitely without undergoing meiosis. b) It can produce asexual conidia in the haploid state. c) It can produce ascospores in the haploid state. d) It will always grow vegetatively in the dikaryotic state.
b) It can produce asexual conidia in the haploid state.
What is a result of mitosis? a) A decrease in the number of chromosomes in the cell b) Maintaining the number of chromosomes in the cell c) An increase in the number of chromosomes in the cell
b) Maintaining the number of chromosomes in the cell
What are mycorrhizae? a) The fruiting bodies of zygomycetes. b) Mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi. c) The horizontal fungal hyphae that spread out underground during asexual reproduction. d) Sexual structures formed by chytrids.
b) Mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi.
Taxol is a cancer drug that binds to tubulin and prevents normal function of the protein. Which cellular processes will NOT be affected by taxol? a) Transport within a cell b) Phagocytosis c) Mitosis/cell division d) Cell movement facilitated by flagella e) All of these will be affected
b) Phagocytosis
Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals? a) Spore b) Plasmogamy c) Karyogamy d) Heterokaryotic
b) Plasmogamy
These endophytic fungi are most likely to modify plant herbivore interactions by: a) Killing the plants, reducing the available food for the herbivores. b) Producing mycotoxins that deter the herbivores from eating the plants. c) Competing with mycorhizzae, reducing plant growth. d) Interfering with plant reproduction, reducing plant population size.
b) Producing mycotoxins that deter the herbivores from eating the plants.
Which one of the following statements about sex is true? a) All organisms have sexual reproduction. b) Sex is the exchange of genetic material. c) Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to their parents. d) Sex requires the formation of eggs and sperm. e) All of these are true of sex
b) Sex is the exchange of genetic material.
How does the greater thermal tolerance of AM fungal hyphae explain the differences in growth of D. lanuginosum plants grown in soils with and without AM fungi? a) Since AM fungi are more tolerant of high temperature than plant roots, fungal hyphae can grow into soils at temperatures that kill plant roots. b) Since AM fungi are more tolerant of high temperature than plant roots, fungal hyphae can grow into soils at temperatures that prevent root growth, increasing plants' access to water and nutrients in those soils. c) AM fungal hyphae have evolved as mutualists specific to D. lanuginosum and other plants that grow only in thermal soils. d) The hyphae of AM fungi bring water and inorganic nutrients into the plant roots in exchange for sugars.
b) Since AM fungi are more tolerant of high temperature than plant roots, fungal hyphae can grow into soils at temperatures that prevent root growth, increasing plants' access to water and nutrients in those soils.
Identify the correct statement about differences between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER). a) Rough ER consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae, whereas smooth ER is less complex. b) The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes. c) Smooth ER is part of the endomembrane system of the eukaryotic cell, and rough ER is not.
b) The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes.
In the cross between a true breeding purple pea plant and a true breeding white pea plant: a) The white trait is not present in the F1 generation. b) The purple trait is completely dominant to the white trait. c) Both the white trait and the purple trait are expressed in the phenotype at the same time in an F1 individual. d) The F1 individuals have a phenotype that is intermediate between purple and white.
b) The purple trait is completely dominant to the white trait.
Chromatids are separated from each other. a) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis I. b) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II. c) The statement is true for meiosis I only. d) The statement is true for mitosis only. e) The statement is true for meiosis II only.
b) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II.
Two energy organelles within eukaryotic cells originated as prokaryotic endosymbionts. Which of these statements does NOT provide evidence for the origin of these organelles as endosymbionts? a) These organelles both have their own circular DNA molecule. b) These organelles both perform oxygen generating photosynthesis. c) These organelles both reproduce by binary fission. d) These organelles both have DNA sequences that are more similar to prokaryotes than eukaryotes.
b) These organelles both perform oxygen generating photosynthesis.
Which of the following statements is NOT true of fungal hyphae? a) They can spread for large distances underground. b) They are predominately diploid. c) They may, or may not, have cell walls dividing the cells. d) They form the mycelium.
b) They are predominately diploid.
Which of the following is NOT an ecological role of basidiomycetes? a) decomposer b) autotroph c) mycorrhizal symbiont d) parasite
b) autotroph
Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes: Y for pigment on the outside of the feather, and B for pigment on the inside of the feather. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white. A blue budgie is crossed with a white budgie. Which of the following results in the offspring is most possible? a) white offspring only b) blue and white offspring c) green offspring only d) blue offspring only
b) blue and white offspring
The centromere is a region in which a) metaphase chromosomes become aligned at the metaphase plate. b) chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase. c) the nucleus is located prior to mitosis. d) chromosomes are grouped during telophase.
b) chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase.
As a group, fungi are _____. a) photoautotrophs b) decomposers c) herbivores d) carnivores e) chemoautotrophs
b) decomposers
Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are planted in a large flower garden. Some of the plants produce blue flowers and others pink flowers. This can be best explained by which of the following? a) the allele for blue hydrangea is completely dominant over the allele for pink hydrangea b) environmental factors such as soil pH affect the phenotype c) the knowledge that multiple alleles are involved d) the alleles are codominant
b) environmental factors such as soil pH affect the phenotype
Consider pea plants with the genotypes GgTt and ggtt . These plants can each produce how many type(s) of gametes? a) one ... one b) four ... one c) four ... two d) two... one e) one ... two
b) four ... one
The body of most fungi consists of threadlike _____, which form a network called a _____. a) mycelia ... dikaryon b) hyphae ... mycelium c) hyphae ... chytrid d) sporangia ... dikaryon e) mycelia ... hypha
b) hyphae ... mycelium
You look at a cell under the microscope and notice that it has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. It ___________________. a) is a prokaryote b) is a eukaryote c) could be a very unusual prokaryote d) might be a eukaryote, but you would have to see if a mitochondrion was present to be sure
b) is a eukaryote
What sexual processes in fungi generate genetic variation? a) diploidy and the heterokaryotic condition b) karyogamy and meiosis c) haustoria and karyogamy d) plasmogamy and meiosis e) budding and meiosis
b) karyogamy and meiosis
You are studying a eukaryotic cell and have found that proteins that should be synthesized in the rough ER are instead being synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. This would most likely be due to a: a) mutation in the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) such that it can no longer bind to signal peptide. b) malfunction in the Golgi Apparatus. c) mutation in a gene that codes for microtubules. d) malfunction in the lysosomes that break down gangliosides.
b) malfunction in the Golgi Apparatus.
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____. a) intermediate filaments b) microtubules c) pili d) microfilaments e) tonofilaments
b) microtubules
Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures? a) actin filaments and ribosomes b) microtubules and motor proteins c) centrioles and motor proteins d) actin filaments and microtubules e) actin filaments and motor proteins
b) microtubules and motor proteins
A mycorrhizae can best be described as a(n) _____________. a) fungus that infects plants b) mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and a plant root c) type of fungus d) association between an chytrid and a plant root
b) mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and a plant root
Fungi perform many important roles in the biosphere. Which of the following is NOT an environmental function of the kingdom Fungi? a) agents of plant and human disease b) photosynthetic carbon fixation c) decomposition d) mutualistic symbiosis
b) photosynthetic carbon fixation
Diatoms are protists that have rigid glass walls. Based on this you can conclude that they carry out cytokinesis similarly to ______________. a) animals b) plants c) mitochondria d) bacteria
b) plants
Asexual reproduction _____. a) is limited to single-cell organisms b) produces offspring genetically identical to the parent c) leads to a loss of genetic material d) requires both meiosis and mitosis e) is limited to plants
b) produces offspring genetically identical to the parent
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? a) nucleic acids b) proteins c) lipids d) glycogen e) cellulose
b) proteins
Estimate the average root and hyphal length in soils of 35∘C. a) root length: 0 m/g; hyphal length: 5 cm/g b) root length: 0 cm/g; hyphal length: 0.4 m/g c) root length: 0.4 m/g; hyphal length: 0 cm/g d) root length: 0 cm/g; hyphal length: 0.1 m/g
b) root length: 0 cm/g; hyphal length: 0.4 m/g
Estimate the average root length and hyphal length in soils of 25∘C. a) root length: 1.3 m/g; hyphal length: 5 cm/g b) root length: 5 cm/g; hyphal length: 1.3 m/g c) root length: 0.5 m/g; hyphal length: 14 cm/g d) root length: 2 cm/g; hyphal length: 0.5 m/g
b) root length: 5 cm/g; hyphal length: 1.3 m/g
The liver is the main detoxification organ in the human body. Based upon this function, one would expect to find high levels of ___________________ in the cells of the liver. a) Golgi bodies b) smooth endoplasmic reticulum c) rough endoplasmic reticulum d) mitochondria
b) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What life cycle feature is shared by ascomycetes and basidiomycetes? a) the formation of a zygosporangium b) the formation of a dikaryon c) a prolonged diploid phase d) the formation of conidia for asexual reproduction
b) the formation of a dikaryon
Lysis = ?
breakdown things that are old or made by mistake
Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? 1. cells with a single haploid nucleus 2. heterokaryotic cells 3. dikaryotic cells 4. cells with two diploid nuclei a) 3 or 4 b) 1 or 3 c) 2 or 3 d) 2 or 4
c) 2 or 3
There are two types of Mexican hairless dogs. Some have hair but most do not. The gene responsible for hairlessness is inherited as an autosomal dominant; it is lethal in the homozygous form and puppies with this genotype are not born. Dogs that have hair are homozygous recessive. If two Mexican hairless dogs without hair are mated, what proportion of puppies in the litter are expected to be hairless? a) 1/4 b) 3/4 c) 2/3 d) 1/3
c) 2/3
In Sordaria, how many different chromosomes arrangements can be produced through independent assortment? a) 7 b) 14 c) 2^7 d) 2^14
c) 2^7
Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest. 1. ascospore 2. ascocarp 3. ascomycete 4. ascus a) 2 → 3 → 4 → 1 b) 3 → 4 → 1 → 2 c) 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 d) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3
c) 3 → 2 → 4 → 1
The female swamp wallaby, an Australian marsupial, has a diploid chromosome number of 10. How many different chromosomal arrangements are possible in the eggs of the swamp wallaby as a result of independent assortment? a) 5 b) 10 c) 32 d) 64
c) 32
Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus. 1. basidiocarp 2. basidium 3. basidiospore 4. mycelium 5. gill a) 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 b) 5 → 1 → 4 → 2 → 3 c) 4 → 1 → 5 → 2 → 3 d) 4 →? 5 → 1→ 2 → 3
c) 4 → 1 → 5 → 2 → 3
Another friend wants to have four children. What is the probability that she will have 3 girls and 1 boy? a) 1/16 b) 1/8 c) 4/16 d) 1/2
c) 4/16
How many different gamete types can an individual with genotype aaBBCcDdEe make? a) 2 b) 4 c) 8 d) 16
c) 8
How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE? a) 16 b) 64 c) 8 d) 4
c) 8
Which of the following environments would predictably have the most organisms that reproduce asexually? a) A temperate lake experiencing the effects of global warming. b) The advancing edge of a retreating glacier. c) A tropical forest where the temperature, humidity, and sunlight are relatively stable and nutrients are in ample supply. d) A northern forest where the temperature, humidity and sunlight vary throughout the year, and nutrients are seasonal.
c) A tropical forest where the temperature, humidity, and sunlight are relatively stable and nutrients are in ample supply.
Cup fungi are in the phylum _____. a) Zygomycota b) Chytridomycota c) Ascomycota d) Chordata e) Basidiomycota
c) Ascomycota
Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom? a) Spores b) Hyphae c) Basidia d) Mycelium
c) Basidia
All proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in the cell. Some ribosomes float freely in the cytosol, while others are bound to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. Most proteins made by free ribosomes function in the cytosol. Proteins made by bound ribosomes either function within the endomembrane system or pass through it and are secreted from the cell. Which of the following proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes? Select all that apply. a) ribosomal protein b) DNA polymerase c) ER protein d) actin e) lysosomal enzyme f) insulin
c) ER protein e) lysosomal enzyme f) insulin
Which of the following is a difference between plants and fungi? a) Plants have diploid and haploid phases, and fungi have only haploid stages. b) Plants produce spores. c) Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic. d) Fungi are strictly asexual, and plants undergo sexual reproduction. e) Fungi have cell walls.
c) Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic.
Which one of these statements is true of fungal reproduction? a) Fungi have only sexual reproduction. b) Fungi produce sperm and eggs. c) Fungi can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction. d) Fungi are diploid during most of their life cycle.
c) Fungi can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction.
Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil? a) Mycelia are able to grow in the direction of food. b) Hyphae are one hundred to one thousand times larger than plant roots. c) Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules. d) Hyphae have a smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio than do the hairs on a plant root.
c) Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules.
You have discovered a new species of fungus associated with plant roots. It invades the cells in the roots, forming arbuscular mycorhizzae. Based just upon this character, you confidently determine that this fungus is member of the: a) Ascomycota. b) Basidiomycota. c) Glomeromycota. d) Zygomycota.
c) Glomeromycota.
Which of the following is true of mitosis in a diploid cell? a) It results in two haploid daughter cells. b) It does not require replication of the cell's DNA before cell division. c) It results in daughter cells that are genetically identical, but physically smaller, than the original parent cell. d) Most animals use it for reproduction.
c) It results in daughter cells that are genetically identical, but physically smaller, than the original parent cell.
In collies, short fur is completely dominant over long fur. You are providing puppies for a new Lassie movie, so they must have long fur. In order to have a litter of puppies that has only puppies with long fur, which of the following parental crosses must you make? a) Short fur X Short fur b) Short fur x Long fur c) Long fur x Long fur d) All of these crosses will result in a litter that has only puppies with long fur.
c) Long fur x Long fur
Which of these processes produces genetic variation in the bananas that you eat with your breakfast cereal? a) Crossing over. b) Independent assortment. c) Mutation. d) All of these processes produce genetic variation in these bananas
c) Mutation.
Which structure is not directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi? a) Asci b) Basidium c) Mycelium d) Motile spores
c) Mycelium
Which meiotic process results in the Law of Independent Assortment? a) Homologous chromosomes separating during meiosis I. b) An individual that is heterozygous for a gene producing two different gamete types for that gene. c) Non-homologous chromosomes segregating into daughter cells independently of each other. d) Homologous chromosomes segregating into daughter cells independently of each other.
c) Non-homologous chromosomes segregating into daughter cells independently of each other.
In his breeding experiments, Mendel first crossed true-breeding plants to produce a second generation, which were then allowed to self-pollinate to generate the offspring. How do we name these three generations? a) F ... P1 ... P2 b) P1 ... P2 ... P3 c) P ... F1 ... F2 d) F1 ... F2 ... F3 e) P1 ... P2 ... F
c) P ... F1 ... F2
Endophytic fungi (fungi that live within plant tissue) are very common. Almost all plants studied have them. Some grasses have endophytic fungi that modify plant-herbivore interactions. What type of symbiotic interaction exists between plants and herbivores? a) Mutualism b) Commensalism c) Predation d) Parasitism
c) Predation
Why might the term "mushroom" be confusing when we refer to basidiomycetes? a) Only ascomycetes produce mushrooms. b) No members of the phylum form mushrooms. c) Some basidiomycetes produce microscopic basidiocarps that don't resemble gilled mushrooms. d) All members of the basidiomycetes are mushrooms.
c) Some basidiomycetes produce microscopic basidiocarps that don't resemble gilled mushrooms.
Some cells have several nuclei per cell. How could such multinucleate cells be explained? a) The cell underwent repeated cytokinesis but no mitosis. b) The cell underwent repeated mitosis with simultaneous cytokinesis. c) The cell underwent repeated mitosis, but cytokinesis did not occur. d) The cell had multiple S phases before it entered mitosis.
c) The cell underwent repeated mitosis, but cytokinesis did not occur.
What would happen if a cell were unable to properly condense its chromosomes during prophase? a) The chromosomes could not replicate. b) The parental cell would not grow. c) The chromosomal DNA would be subjected to shearing forces, fragmenting the chromosome. d) DNA synthesis would not occur.
c) The chromosomal DNA would be subjected to shearing forces, fragmenting the chromosome.
What makes the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum appear different from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? a) There is a scaffold of microtubules attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum that is not present on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. b) The surface of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a different phospholipid composition than the rough endoplasmic reticulum. c) The surface of the rough endoplasmic is studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis. d) The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum has a number of pores to facilitate movement of large molecules between the lumen of the ER and the cytoplasm.
c) The surface of the rough endoplasmic is studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis.
A mutation in a cell that secretes proteins results in polypeptides bypassing the Golgi apparatus. What will be wrong with the proteins secreted from this cell? a) They will contain too many amino acids. b) They will have too few amino acids. c) They will be missing sugars. d) They will be stuck in the ER. e) Nothing will be wrong with them.
c) They will be missing sugars.
A new disease arises in humans who live in the rain forest. Which of the following might be a first attempt at determining whether or not the disease is caused by a fungus? a) Treat the affected people with a chemical that interferes with cellulose synthesis. b) Treat affected people with a chemical that prevents the apical complex from piercing a host cell. c) Treat affected people with a chemical that interferes with chitin synthesis. d) Quarantine the area until the affected people die or get well.
c) Treat affected people with a chemical that interferes with chitin synthesis.
Mendel's law of independent assortment has its basis in which of the following events of meiosis I? a) crossing over of homologous pairs of chromosomes b) the division of cells at telophase c) alignment of pairs of homologous chromosomes along the middle of the cell d) synapsis of homologous chromosomes
c) alignment of pairs of homologous chromosomes along the middle of the cell
Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cacti with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cacti have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all. A cross between a true-breeding sharp-spined cactus and a spineless cactus would produce ________. a) 50% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined progeny b) 25% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined, 25% spineless progeny c) all sharp-spined progeny d) It is impossible to determine the phenotypes of the progeny.
c) all sharp-spined progeny
The phylum Basidiomycota is distinguished from the phylum Ascomycota because ________________. a) basidiomycetes do not have a dikaryotic phase b) basidiomycetes contain yeast species c) ascomycetes produce their sexual spores in sacks of 8 d) basidiomycetes have septate mycelia
c) ascomycetes produce their sexual spores in sacks of 8
A cell with defective lysosomes would likely ________________. a) not synthesize proteins b) not produce rRNA c) be unable to break down digested proteins d) be defective in protein glycosylation
c) be unable to break down digested proteins
Chytrids are thought to be the ancestral group of fungi, even though they have flagella. Which of the following groups of features warrant their placement in the fungal kingdom? a) cell walls made of chitin, ultrastructural similarities, cells with flagella b) cell walls made of chitin, ultrastructural similarities, photosynthesis c) cell walls made of chitin, ultrastructural similarities, absorptive nutrition d) cell walls made of cellulose, ultrastructural similarities, absorptive nutrition
c) cell walls made of chitin, ultrastructural similarities, absorptive nutrition
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____________________. a) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes. b) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed c) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae d) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue
c) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae
The diploid phase of the life cycle is shortest in which of the following? a) moss b) fern c) fungus d) angiosperm e) gymnosperm
c) fungus
Basidia produce spores through the process of _____. a) decomposition b) mitosis c) meiosis d) hyphae e) binary fission
c) meiosis
Taxol is a chemotherapeutic drug that was first isolated from a plant, the Pacific Yew Tree. It prevents microtubules from breaking down into the subunit proteins, tubulin dimers, that form them. This drug particularly affects rapidly dividing cells, such as those found in tumors. This is because it would prevent: a) chromatin condensing into chromosomes. b) microtubules from attaching to the kinetochores. c) microtubules from shortening during anaphase. d) cytokinesis.
c) microtubules from shortening during anaphase.
The _____________ is responsible for gene expression in eukaryotes. a) vacuole b) lysosome c) nucleus d) endoplasmic reticulum
c) nucleus
Chromosomes condense and begin to be visible during _____________. a) metaphase b) anaphase c) prophase d) telophase
c) prophase
A person exposed to toxins would likely have more activity in their ______compared to an unexposed person. a) lysosomes b) rough endoplasmic reticulum c) smooth endoplasmic reticulum d) Golgi apparatus
c) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Phagocytosis
cell searching for food to eat
Some cells have several nuclei per cell. How could such multinucleate cells be explained?
cell underwent repeated mitosis, but cytokinesis did not occur
The microsporidian, Brachiola gambiae, parasitizes the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Adult female mosquitoes must take blood meals in order for their eggs to develop, and it is while they take blood that they transmit malarial parasites to humans. Male mosquitoes drink flower nectar. If humans are to safely and effectively use Brachiola gambiae as a biological control to reduce human deaths from malaria, then how many of the following statements should be true? 1. Brachiola should kill the mosquitoes before the malarial parasite they carry reaches maturity. 2. The microsporidian should not be harmful to other insects. 3. Microsporidians should infect mosquito larvae, rather than mosquito adults. 4. The subsequent decline in anopheline mosquitoes should not significantly disrupt human food resources or other food webs. 5. Brachiola must be harmful to male mosquitoes, but not to female mosquitoes. a) 2, 3, 5 b) 1, 2, and 5 c) 2 and 5 d) 1, 2 and 4 e) All of the statements are correct.
d) 1, 2 and 4
If a species has 50 chromosomes in each diploid non-reproductive cell, then how many different chromosomal combinations are possible during gamete production? a) 2 x 50 b) 2^50 c) 2 x 25 d) 2^25
d) 2^25
How many different genetic combinations would independent assortment produce in a mosquito (2n = 6)? a) 3 b) 6 c) 4 d) 8
d) 8
An individual with the genotype DdEeFfGg undergoes self-fertilization. How many different genotypes will there be in the offpsring of this cross? a) 9 b) 16 c) 27 d) 81
d) 81
A human bone marrow cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it contain? a) 23 or 46, depending on the portion of prophase examined b) 46 c) 23 d) 92 e) 46 or 92, depending on the portion of prophase examined
d) 92
A chimpanzee bone marrow cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 48 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it contain? a) 24 or 48, depending upon when in prophase you examine the cell b) 48 c) 48 or 96, depending upon when in prophase you examine the cell d) 96
d) 96
In humans, ABO blood types refer to glycoproteins in the membranes of red blood cells. There are three alleles for this autosomal gene: IA, IB, and i. The IA allele codes for the A glycoprotein, The IB allele codes for the B glycoprotein, and the i allele doesn't code for any membrane glycoprotein. IA and IB are codominant, and i is recessive to both IA and IB. People with type A blood have the genotypes IAIA or IAi, people with type B blood are IBIB or IBi, people with type AB blood are IAIB, and people with type O blood are ii. If a woman with type AB blood marries a man with type O blood, which of the following blood types could their children possibly have? a) AB and O b) A, B, and O c) A, B, AB, and O d) A and B
d) A and B
Which of these statements are true of Meiosis in a diploid organism (choose all that apply): a) Crossing over occurs when the chromosomes line up during Metaphase I. b) At the end of Meiosis I, the daughter cells are diploid. c) Homologous chromosomes and centromeres both separate in Meiosis II. d) In an organism with 2N=28, the number of chromatids in each cell at the end of Meiosis I is 28. e) Independent assortment can occur in a cell with 2N=2.
d) In an organism with 2N=28, the number of chromatids in each cell at the end of Meiosis I is 28.
What would happen if cytokinesis occurred before telophase was completed? a) The chromatids would not move. b) The chromosomes would not replicate. c) Nothing. This is the normal sequence of events. d) One cell would probably not get a nucleus.
d) One cell would probably not get a nucleus.
Which term describes two recently replicated DNA strands that are joined together just before cell division? a) Centriole b) Centromere c) Centrosome d) Sister chromatids
d) Sister chromatids
Which of the following occurs during meiosis but not during mitosis? a) A spindle apparatus forms. b) Chromosomes condense. c) Chromosomes migrate to opposite poles. d) Synapsis occurs. e) Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
d) Synapsis occurs.
Which one of these statements is true of both mitosis and meiosis at some point during each process? a) Homologous chromosomes pair. b) Crossing over takes place. c) Non-homologous pairs of chromosomes show independent assortment. d) The centromere splits and sister chromatids are separated.
d) The centromere splits and sister chromatids are separated.
What would happen to a cell if it went directly from prophase to anaphase (i.e., it failed to undergo metaphase)? a) The chromosomes would not condense. b) Nothing. c) The nuclear envelope would not break down. d) The daughter cells would probably not get equal numbers of chromosomes.
d) The daughter cells would probably not get equal numbers of chromosomes.
Which event does not take place before the start of mitosis? a) The parent cell grows. b) DNA is replicated. c) Organelles proliferate. d) The sister chromatids separate.
d) The sister chromatids separate.
In the fungal life cycle, if the number of chromosomes in a diploid nucleus is 10, which one of the following statements will be true? a) The spores will also be diploid and have five chromosomes per cell. b) Plasmogamy will produce a dikaryon with five chromosomes. c) The spores will be tetraploid and have 20 chromosomes per cell. d) The spores will be haploid and have five chromosomes per cell.
d) The spores will be haploid and have five chromosomes per cell.
Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs. a) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis I. b) The statement is true for meiosis II only. c) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II. d) The statement is true for meiosis I only. e) The statement is true for mitosis only.
d) The statement is true for meiosis I only.
Which of these is NOT evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotic symbionts? a) Their size is comparable to a prokaryote. b) They have a circular DNA molecule that lacks histones. c) They reproduce by binary fission. d) They have a plasma membrane.
d) They have a plasma membrane.
For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. Apart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, what is the most likely means by which the zoospores spread from one free-living amphibian to another? a) by cilia b) by hyphae c) by wind-blown spores d) by flagella
d) by flagella
The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make many kinds of gametes. Which of the following correctly describes why this situation is possible? a) recurrent mutations form new alleles b) crossing over during prophase I leads to genetic variety c) there is a tendency for dominant alleles to segregate together d) different possible assortment of chromosomes into gametes occurs
d) different possible assortment of chromosomes into gametes occurs
When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? a) increased oxygen levels b) fungal haustoria c) larger bacterial populations d) fungal enzymes
d) fungal enzymes
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____. a) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue b) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes c) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed d) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae
d) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae
After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is a) diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid. b) tetraploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. c) diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. d) haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. e) haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid.
d) haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.
In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, resulting in: a) multiple diploid nuclei per cell. b) asexual reproduction. c) production of spores by mitosis. d) heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells.
d) heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells.
Human gametes are produced by _____. a) fertilization b) asexual reproduction c) mitosis d) meiosis e) the cell cycle
d) meiosis
At which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced? a) karyogamy b) fertilization c) germination d) plasmogamy
d) plasmogamy
A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely: a) constructing an extensive cell wall or extracellular matrix. b) primarily producing proteins for secretion. c) digesting large food particles. d) producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins.
d) producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins.
Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being the dominant trait. If true-breeding red long radishes are crossed with true-breeding white oval radishes, the F1 will be expected to exhibit which of the following phenotypes? a) purple and oval b) white and long c) red and long d) purple and long
d) purple and long
Which of the following molecules is synthesized in the nucleolus? a) protein b) lipids c) DNA d) ribosomal RNA
d) ribosomal RNA
Fungi of the phylum Ascomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of _____ during sexual reproduction. a) yeasts b) lichens c) flagellated zoospores d) saclike structures e) a dikaryotic structure
d) saclike structures
Absorptive nutrition means that fungi _____________________________. a) engulf their food and digest it in their cytoplasm b) absorb their food, such as cellulose, and digest it in their cytoplasm c) provide carbon dioxide for plants d) secrete digestive enzymes to break down their food outside of their cells and absorb the digested products
d) secrete digestive enzymes to break down their food outside of their cells and absorb the digested products
Vinblastine, a drug that inhibits microtubule polymerization, is used to treat some forms of cancer. Cancer cells given vinblastine would be unable to a) migrate by amoeboid movement. b) maintain the shape of the nucleus. c) extend pseudopods. d) separate chromosomes during cell division. e) form cleavage furrows during cell division.
d) separate chromosomes during cell division.
When cells were first taken from Henrietta Lacks, she was _____. a) in high school b) only two years old c) already dead d) suffering from cervical cancer
d) suffering from cervical cancer
What is crossing over? a) also referred to as the "independent assortment of chromosomes" b) a direct consequence of the separation of sister chromatids c) the movement of genetic material from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome d) the exchange of homologous portions of nonsister chromatids e) making an RNA copy of a DNA strand
d) the exchange of homologous portions of nonsister chromatids
The term "karyogamy " means ________________________. a) fungal mitosis b) fungal meiosis c) the fusion of two hyphae d) the fusion of haploid nuclei
d) the fusion of haploid nuclei
When do homologous chromosomes pair?
during meiosis I
Two organisms with genotype AaBbCcDdEE mate. These loci are all independent. What fraction of the offspring will have the same genotype as the parents? a) 4/3 b) 9/64 c) 1/4 d) 3/4 e) 1/16
e) 1/16
A diploid organism whose somatic (nonsex) cells each contain 32 chromosomes produces gametes containing _____ chromosomes. a) 8 b) 64 c) 32 d) 30 e) 16
e) 16
Fungi can be all of the things below EXCEPT... a) Predators b) Decomposers c) Symbionts d) Absorptive heterotrophs e) Autotrophs
e) Autotrophs
How are sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes different from each other? a) They are not different. Homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids are both identical copies of each other. b) Sister chromatids are only formed during mitosis. Homologous chromosomes are formed during meiosis. c) Homologous chromosomes are identical copies of each other. One sister chromatid comes from the father, and one comes from the mother. d) Homologous chromosomes are closely associated with each other in both mitosis and meiosis. Sister chromatids are only associated with each other during mitosis. e) Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication.
e) Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication.
A cell divides to produce two daughter cells that are genetically different. a) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis I. b) The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II. c) The statement is true for meiosis II only. d) The statement is true for meiosis I only. e) The statement is true for meiosis I and meiosis II.
e) The statement is true for meiosis I and meiosis II.
A newly discovered unicellular organism isolated from acidic mine drainage is found to contain a cell wall, a plasma membrane, two flagella, and peroxisomes. Based just on this information, the organism is most likely ________. a) a motile archaea b) a motile bacterium c) a nonmotile eukaryote d) a nonmotile prokaryote e) a motile eukaryote
e) a motile eukaryote
Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. a) ingestion b) chemosynthesis c) photosynthesis d) endocytosis e) absorption
e) absorption
Fungi can be all of thing things below except: a) predators b) decomposers c) symbionts d) absorptive hetertrophs e) autotrophs
e) autotrophs
Crossing over occurs during which stage of meiosis? a) metaphase II b) metaphase I c) interphase d) prophase II e) prophase I
e) prophase I
Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of a) the random nature of the fertilization of ova by sperm. b) the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II. c) the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I, the random nature of the fertilization of ova by sperm, the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II, and the relatively small degree of homology shared by the X and Y chromosomes. d) the relatively small degree of homology shared by the X and Y chromosomes. e) the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I.
e) the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I.
Endosymbiotic theory
early eukaryotes consumed bacteria, have similar traits of bacteria
Which organisms have mitochondria?
eukaryotes
What was a possible selective pressure that favored endosymbiosis?
eukaryotic organisms benefitted from using energy
How do organisms use mitosis?
give rise to daughter cells, have same ploidy, same # of chromosomes
What is the function of mitosis?
how eukaryotic cells divide, not reproductive
What is the role of cytoskeleton?
makes sure inside of cell stays organized, attached, and transport things around the cell
In which stage do homologous chromosome pairs align?
metaphase I
How is mitosis different from binary fission?
more controlled
___________ that are synthesized in the rough ER are targeted by signals embedded in the amino acid sequence
polypeptides
Which structure is the site of protein synthesis in all cells?
ribosomes
Kinetochores
specialized protein structures that form at the centromere during mitosis
