Bio 110 final exam humphrey

Which structure above (A, B, C) best represents an endocytic vesicle?

C

If you repeated Dr. Gorter's experiment comparing the surface area of red blood cells (RBCs) with the surface area of the phospholipids that compose the plasma membrane of RBCs, which of the following results would support the idea that the cell membrane is a lipid bilayer?

C. 1 m^2 & 2 m^2

Consider the following electronegativity values: Boron (B) = 1.8 Carbon (C) = 2.5 Chlorine (Cl) = 3.2 Selenium (Se) = 2.6 Which of the following bonds is the most polar?

C. B-Cl

Why are cows able to digest cellulose?

C. Because cows harbor microorganisms in their digestive system that make the enzymes necessary to digest cellulose.

Which is true of energy flow through ecosystems?

C. Energy entering into ecosystems is eventually lost as heat.

In the diagram above, which term best describes process #1 in the cycling of elements in general?

C. Incorporation

What do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion have in common?

C. Neither requires the expenditure of cellular energy.

Are plant cell walls chemically similar to prokaryotic cell walls? How are they the same or different?

C. No, Plant cell walls are made of cellulose and bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycans.

'spontaneous' reactions

C. None of the above.

Which of the following is/are true of photoautotrophs

C. Photoautotrophs are likely to be found at the lowest trophic level in a food web.

Cells fall into one of two broad categories. What are they?

C. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

The primary reservoir for sulfur is?

C. Sediment

The Collagen and Elastin molecules labeled above most likely are a part of what?

C. The extracellular matrix.

Which of the following is true of exergonic reactions?

C. The free energy of the products is much less than the free energy of the reactants.

There is a net positive charge localized on the central technetium atom (Tc) (see arrow). Which of the following is most likely to be true of the interaction between the positive technetium ion and a nearby negative chloride ion?

C. The technetium and chlorine are held together by an ionic bond.

What do proteins destined to be exported from the cell have in common?

C. They are manufactured in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Based on your conclusion about the movement of the water, what do you predict would happen to the cell?

B. The cell would decrease in size.

What labeled part (A, B, C, D) best represents an integral membrane protein?

C

Which structure above (A, B, C) best represents a primary lysosome?

A

Note the chemical reaction below. Which of the following is true?

A. The reaction liberates energy that could be used to do work

What best describes the part of the molecule labeled 'B'?

A. A phosphate group

Which of the following triglycerides is most likely to be solid at room temperature?

A. A triglyceride in which all three fatty acids are fully saturated.

Which of the following is true concerning the dark reactions of photosynthesis?

A. ADP, Pi, and NADP+ are produced.

Which best characterizes the labeled chemical bonds in the compound illustrated below?

A. Bond #2 is non-polar and covalent.

2. (Refer to question 1) In response to being cooled, how will the cells likely respond?

A. By generating membrane phospholipids with shorter fatty acid chains.

Cellulose and starch are both polymers of glucose manufactured by plants. How are these polymers different?

A. Cellulose serves as a structural material, but starch serves as an energy storage molecule.

A phosphorus shortage in soil would make it difficult for plants to produce:

A. DNA

The results indicated by 'B' are an example of

A. Linear kinetics.

Which of the following are true ofosmosis?

A. Osmosis is a subdivision of diffusion that refers to the movement of water.

Based on your conclusion about the water potential (ψs), do you predict that the water would flow into the cell or out of the cell?

A. Out of the cell.

The Actin filaments labeled above most likely are a part of what?

A. The cytoskeleton

If you get the results indicated by 'B' you can conclude that

A. The transport protein is a channel protein.

Note the biomolecule depicted below. Which of the following are true of this molecule?

A. This molecule may serve as a component of cell membranes.

Which of the following are inputs to the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A. Water

If water were non-polar it would not form hydrogen bonds. At room temperature non-polar water would be _____.

A. a gas

Enzymes may speed reaction rates

A. by immobilizing one of the reactants.

Negatively charged subatomic particles that have almost no mass are called:

A. electrons

The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is referred to as the:

A. pH

Is the functional group shown in the box in question #21 polar or non-polar?

A. polar

Which of the following organelles lacks a membrane boundary?

A. ribosome

The free energy of a molecule is

A. the energy in the molecule available to do work.

Which labeled part (A, B, C, D) best represents the non-polar part of a phospholipid?

B

Which structure above (A, B, C) best represents a secondary lysosome?

B

As the radius of a spherical cell __#1____, its volume increases ___#2___ its surface area, and the ability of the cell to successfully support its metabolism __#3____.

B. #1 = increases, #2 = more quickly than, #3 = decreases

Out of 1000 calories of energy captured by a producer, how many calorie/s will ultimately be transferred to a tertiary consumer?

B. 1

Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood and consists of a chain of 146 amino acids. How many different types of amino acids are used to construct proteins?

B. 20

What do nucleic acids and proteins have in common?

B. Both contain nitrogen.

3. (Refer to question 1) In response to being cooled, how will the cells likely respond?

B. By generating membrane phospholipids with fatty acid chains that have more C=C double bonds (unsaturations).

Which of the following is supported by the results of the cell fusion and photo-bleaching experiments we discussed in class?

B. Cell membranes are fluid.

Animal cells that had been growing in an incubator at 37°C are suddenly cooled to 20°C. Which of the following is most likely to happen?

B. Initially, the membrane of the cells become less fluid.

In the picture above the square represents a cell surrounded by a plasma membrane. Arrows indicate the areas inside and outside of the cell. The small circles represent sucrose molecules that are dissolved in the water. If you measured the water potential inside and outside of the cell, in which area would you predict that the water potential (ψs) would be highest?

B. Inside of the cell.

The pH in your small intestines is around 7 and the pH in your large intestines is around 5. As substances travel from the small intestines to the large intestine, what would happen to the H+ ion concentration?

B. It increases by 100 fold.

Which of the following is true concerning phosphorous?

B. It is found in nucleotides.

When the blood-brain barrier is breached, which method of transport out of brain capillaries and into brain tissue becomes available to substances?

B. Moving through the small pores (gaps) between capillary wall cells.

Which of the following is true concerning the diagram above? Which of the following is true concerning the diagram above? A. Process #1 returns oxygen to its primary reservoir. B. Process #2 returns oxygen to its primary reservoir. C. Process #1 returns carbon to its primary reservoir. D. None of the above.

B. Process #2 returns oxygen to its primary reservoir.

In the figure above, what term best describes process #2 in the cycling of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in particular?

B. Respiration

The results indicated by 'A' are an example of

B. Saturation kinetics.

Creating ATP from ADP + Pi is an example of a reaction in which

B. The free energy of the products is much greater than the free energy of the reactants.

Which of the following is true of the electron transport chain in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

B. The movement of electrons through the electron transport chain is exergonic.

Note the chemical reaction below. Which of the following is true?

B. The reaction requires an input of energy.

If exocytosis continued without endocytosis, what would happen to the cell?

B. The surface area of the plasma (cell) membrane would increase.

You are doing an experiment to determine whether a membrane transport protein is a channel protein or a carrier protein? You measure how the rate at which the protein transports a solute across the membrane changes in response to increasing concentrations of the solute that the protein transports. If you get the results indicated by 'A' you can conclude that

B. The transport protein is a carrier protein.

What best describes endergonic reactions.

B. They are never spontaneous.

28. What is true of chemoheterotrophs?

B. They get their carbon and their energy from organic compounds.

In the light reactions of photosynthesis, which of the following oxidation/reduction couplings is correct? (The first substance supplies electrons to the second, either directly or indirectly.)

B. Water, NADP+

In the light reactions of photosynthesis, the electron carriers of the electron transport chain

B. are arranged in order from lowest electron affinity to highest electron affinity.

Creating ATP from ADP + Pi is must be coupled to

B. exergonic reactions.

The kinetics of a reaction can be accelerated by

B. lowering the activation energy.

Herbivores are an example of

B. primary consumers.

You arrive late to a biological seminar. However, just as you enter the room, you hear the speaker referring to the "amino end" and the "carboxyl end" of a macromolecule. Immediately, you know that they are talking about a:

B. protein.

What best describes the part of the molecule labeled 'A'?

C. pentose sugar

The enthalpy of a molecule is

C. the total energy in the molecule.

How many water molecules are produced during the formation of a triglyceride from 3 fatty acids and a glycerol?

D. 3

Which of the following are outputs of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

D. ATP

The first law of thermodynamics states that A. energy cannot be created or destroyed. B. energy can only change from one form to another. C. the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following is true of cell membrane fluidity?

D. All of the above are true of membrane fluidity.

Which of the following explains why the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next is inefficient?

D. All of the above explain why the transfer of energy is inefficient.

Which of the following are components of an ecosystem. A. Atmospheric pressure B. Consumers C. Decomposers D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Without phosphorous A. there would be no genetic material. B. there would be no energy transactions in cells. C. there would be no phospholipid bilayer membranes. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

In which of the following illustrated situations is hydrogen bonding likely to occur? (? = possible hydrogen bond)

D. Both #1 and #3 above

Which of the following are outputs of the reactions of photosynthesis that occur in the stroma? A. ADP + Pi B. NADP+ C. Oxygen gas D. Both A and B above

D. Both A and B above

Which of the following is true concerning nitrogen? A. Nitrogen may be found in nucleic acids and proteins B. Most of the nitrogen readily available to living things comes from the nitrogen reservoir in the atmosphere. C. Nitrogen recycling is the source of 95% of the available nitrogen for living organisms. D. Both A and C are true.

D. Both A and C are true.

Which of the following is true of lysosomes? A. Lysosomes are not membrane bound. B. Lysosomes may be used to break down "worn out" organelles. C. Lysosomes contain enzymes that hydrolyze polymers. D. Both B and C above are true

D. Both B and C above are true

The diagram below shows a substance commercially known as " Cardiolite. " It is used to image blood flow during cardiac stress tests.Assume that the carbon atom in the circle is uncharged. What is certainly true of that carbon atom?

D. It has the same number electrons and protons.

What is the function of the extracellular matrix?

D. It provides the "glue" that allows cells to adhere to one another

Which of the following characterize a single water molecule?

D. Its oxygen atom is partially negatively charged.

A minor source of nitrogen for living things is which of the following?

D. Nitrogen fixation by bacteria

Which of the following do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?

D. Only A and B are shared in common by mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Which of the following is true concerning the light reactions of photosynthesis?

D. Oxygen gas is produced.

Suppose you receive an Email that emphatically states: "Indiana University biochemist uses hydrolysis to break starch into its nucleotide monomers." You are skeptical of that report because:

D. Starch is composed of glucose monomers, not nucleotide monomers.

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by a bacterium that is able to evade being digested by the lysosome enzymes of white blood cells (immune cells). Which of the following best explains how the bacterium avoids being digested?

D. The bacterium stops the fusion of the phagosome it occupies with a primary lysosome.

Where precisely are ribosomes assembled in eukaryotic cells?

D. The nucleolus

What best describes the nature of the nuclear membrane?

D. a doble phospholipid bilayer

One unique characteristic of Eukaryotic cells is the presence of

D. a membrane bound nucleus.

What term below best describes an ATP molecule?

D. a nucleotide

A base is a molecule that

D. accepts a proton

Which of the following are functions of the endomembrane system? A. Manufacturing (i.e., production of proteins and other macromolecules) B. Distribution or routing (making sure products are properly delivered) C. Transport D. All of the above

D. all of the above

Lipid bilayer membranes are more permeable to some types of molecules than others. Which option below gives the correct order starting with of the types of molecules that lipid bilayer membranes are most permeable to and ending with the types of molecules that lipid bilayer membranes are least permeable to.

D. non-polar molecules, small polar molecules, ions

In active transport, if a carrier protein is a uniporter it will

D. transport two molecular species in different directions at the same time.

What best describes the part of the molecule labeled 'C'?

E. A nitrogenous base

Concerning the building of biological macromolecules, which of the following is true? A. Water is used as reactant. B. Macromolecules are built using condensation reactions. C. Water is generated as a product. D. A and C are true. E. B and C are true

E. B and C are true.

To be considered alive an organism MUST be able to A. photosynthesize B. reproduce. C. grow and metabolize. D. A and C. E. B and C.

E. B and C.

What do DNA polymers and RNA polymers have in common?

E. Both C and D are held in common by DNA and RNA.

Which of the following are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

E. Only A and B are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Concerning the hydrolysis of biological macromolecules, which of the following is true?

E. Only A and C are true of the hydrolysis of a biological macromolecule.

Which of the following is true of hydrogen bonds? A. Hydrogen bonds connect amino acids together to form polypeptides. B. The bond energy for hydrogen bonds is 5 kcal/mole. C. Hydrogen bonds are what hold together parallel cellulose strands. D. All of the above are true of hydrogen bonds E. Only B and C above are true of hydrogen bonds

E. Only B and C above are true of hydrogen bonds

Detritivores are an example of

E. decomposers.

An RNA nucleotide

What best describes this molecule

How many hydrogen bonds can a water molecule form?

d. 4

Atoms in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons are known as:

b. ions

An acid is a molecule that

c. donates a proton

Nitrogen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen. As a result you would expect that ammonia (NH3) molecules can form ____ with each other.

c. hydrogen bonds