BIO 110-Unit 3

What is another word for "error" in DNA? a. Mutation b. Conversion c. Aberration d. Consolation

a. Mutation

In the equation, C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O, ATP and heat would be on which side of the reaction? a. The products because this is an exergonic reaction b. The products because this is an endergonic reaction c. The reactants because this is an exergonic reaction d. The reactants because this is an endergonic reaction

a. The products because this is an exergonic reaction

If DNA polymerase could add nucleotides in either direction, Okazaki fragments would no longer form. a. True b. False

a. True

In general, plants carry out both photosynthesis and cellular respiration a. True b. False

a. True

None of the glycolysis reactions require oxygen and can take place in an anaerobic environment a. True b. False

a. True

The end product of photosynthesis is the starting material of cellular respiration a. True b. False

a. True

The ligand that activates a G-protein linked receptor is a. an extracellular signaling molecule. b. GTP c. calcium d. a G-protein

a. an extracellular signaling molecule.

You plant a seed in a pot and water it. A few days later you see small green leaves appear out of soil. You put a jar over the plant and monitor O2 and CO2 levels during the day and then again at night. What should happen to the CO2 levels during the day? a. increase b. decrease c. stay the same

a. increase

Live yeast is used to make wine, but when you drink wine, the yeast is no longer alive. Why? a. the alcohol in the wine kills the yeast b. the boiling process to produce fermentation kills the yeast c. every last cell is filtered out before bottling d. fermentation kills yeast

a. the alcohol in the wine kills the yeast

If a ligand was permanently stuck to a G-protein coupled receptor. What would occur? a. the signal transduction pathway would be overactive b. the signal transduction pathway would be underactive c. the signal transduction pathway would be turned off d. there would be no effect

a. the signal transduction pathway would be overactive

A biology student found a species of yeast that is an obligate anaerobe. However, she could not get them to grow in the lab. Why? a. they need to be in an environment without oxygen b. they need to be in an environment with high levels of oxygen c. they need to be in an environment where oxygen is present and then removed every hour or so

a. they need to be in an environment without oxygen

What does phosphorylation mean? a. To add phosphate b. To take away a phosphate

a. to add phosphate

At the end of the citric acid cycle, all of the carbon from glucose are now in carbon dioxide a. True b. False

a. true

Glycolysis costs ____ ATPs, but makes ____ ATPs; thus it has a net yield of ____ ATPs a. 3,6,3 b. 2,4,2 c. 2,2,0 d. 0,2,2 e. 4,8,4

b. 2,4,2

With respect to the protons (H+), what kind of transport is occurring in the Electron Transport Chain? a. Passive b. Active

b. Active

In humans, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen. In some bacteria, the final electron acceptor is nitrogen. What type of pathway best describes these bacteria? a. Aerobic respiration b. Anaerobic respiration c. Alcoholic fermentation d. Lactate fermentation

b. Anaerobic respiration

Which base pair is stronger? a. A - T b. C - G

b. C - G

Glycolysis requires ATP, and yet glycolysis is an important step in cellular respiration - the process by which we make ATP. How can this be? a. Glycolysis requires a net ATP input but produces GTP, which is needed for the rest of cellular respiration b. Glycolysis results in a net ATP output c. Glycolysis is not part of respiration, it is only used in fermentation d. Glycolysis requires a net ATP input, but produces carbon dioxide, which is needed for the rest of cellular respiration

b. Glycolysis results in a net ATP output

If an organism is missing the transport protein for pyruvate on the mitochondrial membrane, what is the most likely effect? a. It cannot carry out glycolysis b. It cannot carry out the pyruvate oxidation c. It cannot carry out fermentation d. It cannot carry out photosynthesis

b. It cannot carry out the pyruvate oxidation

Where does the Calvin Cycle happen in C3 plants? a. Bundle sheath cells b. Mesophyll cells c. Root cells d. Stomata cells

b. Mesophyll cells

An athlete has been training for a marathon for many months. Theoretically, her cells would have: a. A larger nucleus b. More mitochondria c. More lysosomes d. Fewer ribosomes

b. More mitochondria

Where does the oxygen come from in photosynthesis? a. Released when CO2 is bound to water b. Released when electrons are removed from water c. Released when NADPH is oxidized d. Released when CO2 is split by electrons

b. Released when electrons are removed from water

Why do complementary nucleotides across the double-stranded DNA bond together using hydrogen bonds rather than covalent bonds? a. Covalent bonds are energetically too expensive to produce. b. There are no enzymes that are capable of forming covalent bonds across the double helix. c. Covalent bonding across the double helix would make the DNA less stable than hydrogen bonding across the double helix. d. Covalent bonds would be too strong to allow the double helix to easily separate and make templates available for replication and transcription.

d. Covalent bonds would be too strong to allow the double helix to easily separate and make templates available for replication and transcription.

All are apart of a nucleotide except - a. Pentose sugar b. Nitrogenous base c. Phosphate group d. Fatty acid tail e. All of the above are parts of a nucleotide

d. Fatty acid tail

Which of the following works regardless of whether or not there is O2 present? a. Electron Transport Chain b. Oxidative Phosphorylation c. Krebs Cycle d. Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA e. Glycolysis

e. Glycolysis

Because one original strand of the double stranded DNA helix is found in each daughter cell (after cell division), the DNA replication process is - a. Conserved b. Derivative c. Dispersive d. Paralleled e. Semiconservative

e. Semiconservative

Which of the following receptor types will involve the use of GTP? a. 7-tm b. RTK c. Ligand-gated d. Intracellular Steroid Receptor

a. 7-tm

The electron transport chain is used to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane (in other words, in the intermembrane space). This proton gradient represents: a. Potential energy b. Kinetic energy c. Mechanical energy d. Thermal energy

a. Potential energy

A person with type 1 diabetes no longer produced insulin. If we look at cell communication, at which step has the overall process been halted? a. Receptor activation b. Signal transduction c. Cellular response d. Autocrine signaling

a. Receptor activation

A wine maker wants to make his wine taste sweeter, but he cannot buy a sweeter type of grape. What can he do? a. Reduce the time allowed for fermentation b. Increase the time allowed for fermentation c. Add more water d. Increase the temperature of the fermentation process

a. Reduce the time allowed for fermentation

Small ions/molecules that relay signals inside the cell are called: a. First messengers b. Second messengers c. Phosphorylation d. Cascades

b. Second messengers

A person with type 2 diabetes produce insulin but the glucose does not appear to get into the cells. If we look at cell communication, at which step has the overall process been halted? a. Receptor activation b. Signal transduction c. Cellular response d. Unable to determine

c. Cellular response

A child has a disease that is causing severe growth delays and rapid aging. His cells are assayed, and it is noticed that there is a severe decrease in DNA synthesis compared to normal cells. When DNA from his cells was gently heated to separate the double helix, numerous, small, single-stranded fragments of about 1000 bases were found. Which enzyme/protein is likely to be defective in this child? a. helicase b. DNA polymerase c. DNA ligase d. primase

c. DNA ligase

The interaction that holds the strands of DNA to each through base-pairing a. Glycosidic b. Phosphodiester c. Hydrogen d. Polar covalent

c. Hydrogen

Anaerobic respiration in muscles converts glucose into _____, which anaerobic respiration in yeast converts glucose into ______. a. Acetic acid, carbon dioxide b. Gastric acid, oxygen c. Lactic acid, ethanol d. Citric acid, propanal

c. Lactic acid, ethanol

What process results in O2 as a byproduct? a. Calvin cycle (light independent or "dark" reactions) b. Cyclic electron flow light reactions c. Linear electron flow light reactions d. Cellular respiration

c. Linear electron flow light reactions

In hot, dry conditions in the middle of a sunny day a plant closes it stomata to keep water from leaving its leaves. What will build up as a result? a. Glucose b. ATP c. O2 d. CO2

c. O2

What other biomolecule class can be found contained within nucleic monomers? a. Lipid b. Carbohydrate c. Protein

c. Protein

In the Hershey-Chase experiments, radioactive sulfur allowed the tracking of ____ and radioactive phosphorus allowed for the tracking of ____ through generations of viruses. a. Lipids; carbohydrates b. Carbohydrates; lipids c. Proteins; nucleic acids d. Proteins; carbohydrates

c. Proteins; nucleic acids

Atrazine is a chemical that block the electron from leaving photosystem 2. What would be the immediate effect on the plant? a. Prevent photon absorption b. Blocks electron harvesting from water c. Slows ATP synthesis and NADP+ reduction d. Blocks carbon dioxide absorption e. None of the above

c. Slows ATP synthesis and NADP+ reduction

A genetic defect that halts the production of DNA ligase would have what effect? a. Stop the formation of the replication fork b. Stop DNA polymerase from adding complementary bases c. Stop Okazaki fragments from getting sealed together d. Stop the unwinding of DNA

c. Stop Okazaki fragments from getting sealed together

When you see the color of an object this means that the photons of that wavelength: a. Passed through the molecules b. Were absorbed by the molecules c. Were reflected by the molecules

c. Were reflected by the molecules

What level of protein structure does ATP synthase represent? a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary

d. Quaternary

You want to test the ability of yeast to carry out fermentation in the presence of different fruits. You fill test tubes as shown below. Which tube is the positive control? Tube 1: water, yeast Tube 2: strawberry juice, yeast Tube 3: orange juice, yeast Tube 4: glucose, yeast a. Tube 1 b. Tube 2 c. Tube 3 d. Tube 4

d. Tube 4

In order for estrogen to have an effect on a cell, it binds to a receptor within the nucleus. What type of receptor must this be? a. G protein coupled receptor b. ligand gated ion channel receptor c. enzyme linked receptor d. intracellular receptor

d. intracellular receptor

As a tree grows, it increases in mass over time. Where does this mass come from? a. the soil b. the water c. the sun d. the air/CO2

d. the air/CO2

If you wanted to prevent DNA from unwinding for replication, you should: a. Add a competitive inhibitor of helicase b. Add an allosteric inhibitor of DNA polymerase c. Add an enhancer of topoisomerase d. None of the above

a. Add a competitive inhibitor of helicase

A researcher discovered a new health condition that causes patients to have increased heart rate and unexplained weight loss. She finds that the patient's thyroid gland is releasing thyroid stimulating hormone and causing the thyroid itself to increase its production of the metabolic hormone. Why type of signaling effect has been affected by this disease? a. Autocrine b. Paracrine c. Synaptic d. Directional

a. Autocrine

Epinephrine inhibits salivary gland activity and muscle cell contraction in the airways, yet stimulates glycogen release in muscle cells and heart muscle cell contraction. How could one hormone have opposing effects on different organs? a. Cells in the different tissues would have epinephrine receptors coupled to different signaling pathways. b. Only cells in the salivary glands have signal transduction pathways. c. Only heart cells are exposed to epinephrine d. Only heart cells have epinephrine receptors

a. Cells in the different tissues would have epinephrine receptors coupled to different signaling pathways.

Where does photosynthesis take place? a. Chloroplasts b. Mitochondria c. Cytosol d. Endoplasmic Reticulum e. Lysosomes

a. Chloroplasts

Which molecule has one less oxygen (really, one less hydroxyl group) when compared to the other? a. DNA b. RNA

a. DNA

Norepinephrine is a hormone that is released into the blood when adrenal gland is stimulated by the sympathetic preganglionic neurons. What type of signaling effect does this represent? a. Endocrine b. Paracrine c. Synaptic d. Direct contact

a. Endocrine

With respect to the protons (H+), during chemiosmosis which is occurring: a. Facilitated Diffusion b. Active Transport

a. Facilitated Diffusion

Which of the following is a process found in anaerobic respiration? a. Glycolysis b. Chemiosmosis c. Citric Acid Cycle d. Oxidative Phosphorylation

a. Glycolysis

With prolonged deficit of O2, which of the following can continue working? a. Glycolysis b. Pyruvate Conversion c. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) d. Electron Transport Chain

a. Glycolysis

Some bacteria can use sulfur instead of oxygen as a final electron acceptor. What would they produce during anaerobic respiration? Assume all numbers in the answers are subscripts, so it should read: a. H2S b. S2 c. H2O d. O2

a. H2S

An athlete comes up with the bright idea of working out until her body switches to fermentation so that her body will produce alcohol and give her a "buzz". What's wrong with her idea? a. Humans do not carry out fermentation b. Humans only carry out lactate fermentation c. She would die of oxygen deprivation before the alcohol levels get high enough for her to feel them d. Alcohol cannot pass through the blood brain barrier

a. Humans do not carry out fermentation

Vidaza is an inhibitor of methyltransferases (enzymes that methylate DNA). It is used to treat certain types of cancer that have abnormal expression patterns of some important genes, like p53. If an oncologist prescribe this drug, what does that imply about p53 expression in cancer cells v. normal cells? a. In cancer cells p53 is turned off, but in normal cells it is on b. In cancer cells p53 expression is turned on, but in normal cells it is off c. P53 expression is approximately the same in cancer and normal cells

a. In cancer cells p53 is turned off, but in normal cells it is on

If you have been running hard, the body often switches from cellular respiration and starts producing lactic acid. Why? a. Cellular respiration is not as efficient as fermentation b. Cells have depleted their oxygen stores c. Lactic acid causes the number of mitochondria in the cells in increase d. Lactic acid increases the endurance of muscles

b. Cells have depleted their oxygen stores

Both fermentation and cellular respiration produce ATP. Why then do humans preferentially use cellular respiration? a. Fermentation produced too much alcohol which can damage cells b. Cellular respiration produced more ATP (i.e. is more efficient) c. Human cells are not capable of fermentation d. Humans evolved cellular respiration before fermentation

b. Cellular respiration produced more ATP (i.e. is more efficient)

If DNA ligase was nonfunctional, what would be a likely consequence? a. DNA replication would occur, but the leading strand would be composed of many small fragments. b. DNA replication would occur, but the lagging strand would be composed of many small fragments. c. DNA replication would not occur normally, because DNA would not unwind and single-stranded template would not be exposed. d. It is impossible to tell the consequences of such a complicated mutation.

b. DNA replication would occur, but the lagging strand would be composed of many small fragments.

During signal transduction, the original signal is converted into a new signal in the cell a. True b. False

b. False

When making wine, grape juice and yeast are sealed into a container. Why must the container be airtight? a. To prevent the build up of lactic acid b. Fermentation only occurs in the absence of oxygen c. To increase the production of acetyl CoA d. Yeasts are killed by oxygen

b. Fermentation only occurs in the absence of oxygen

Do we know which is the molecule of heredity, based on Griffith's experiment? a. Yes b. No

b. No

If a plant had non-functioning mitochondria, could it still successfully complete photosynthesis? a. Yes b. No

b. No

During linear electron flow, which comes first? a. Intermediate Electron Transport Chain b. Photosystem 2 c. Photosystem 1 d. End Electron Transport Chain (involving ferredoxin)

b. Photosystem 2

Which of the following is not involved in cyclic electron flow? a. Photosystem 1 b. Photosystem 2 c. Ferredoxin d. ATP

b. Photosystem 2

These are the structures through which CO2, O2, and water vapor are exchanged between the outside world and the leaf tissue of a plant a. Mesophyll b. Stomata c. Vein d. Bundle sheath

b. Stomata

Researchers have discovered a drug that converts adenine to cytosine. How would this affect DNA? a. it would have too much thymine b. it would have too much guanine c. it would have too much uracil d. Both B and C

b. it would have too much guanine

Does CO2 come from glycolysis? a. Yes b. No

b. no

On average, what's the minimum number of mutations to get to a cancerous state? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

c. 3

Cancers arising from breast, skin, or GI tissue are much more common than from brain or muscle. The best explanation for this is: a. Cancers arise more often in tissues with high metabolic activity. The higher rate of waste turnover and energy demand leads to cancerous mutations b. The common cancer tissue are more exposed to environmental factors that cause spontaneous mutation c. Cancers are more common in tissues made of cells that undergo mitosis frequently. These cells replicate their DNA more often and thus chance of mutation is higher.

c. Cancers are more common in tissues made of cells that undergo mitosis frequently. These cells replicate their DNA more often and thus chance of mutation is higher.

Cytochrome oxidase is the last enzyme in the electron transport chain. Cyanide is a competitive inhibitor of this enzyme. Why is cyanide fatal to humans? a. Glycolysis is inhibited b. The citric acid cycle cannot be initiated c. The electron transport chain is shut down d. Pyruvate is not converted to acetyl-CoA e. NAD can no longer be reduced to NADH

c. The electron transport chain is shut down

The proteins responsible for the light reactions are located here: ______ The proteins responsible for the dark reactions (Calvin Cycle) are located here: _____ a. Inner membrane; stroma b. Outer membrane; inner membrane c. Thylakoid membrane; stroma d. Stroma; thylakoid membrane

c. Thylakoid membrane; stroma

Human muscles are more likely to carry out fermentation: a. When they need an efficient mechanism to make ATP b. After the body eats plant material full of glucose c. When the body has low levels of oxygen in the muscle tissue d. When the body needs a source of alcohol and carbon dioxide

c. When the body has low levels of oxygen in the muscle tissue

You are at the hardware store and find an herbicide that stops the process of photosynthesis in plants by preventing chlorophyll from absorbing solar energy. You take it home and spray it across your entire yard to kill the weeds that are growing with the grass. What happens? a. Nothing, as this herbicide will not kill weeds b. The weeds die and you have a beautiful lawn of green grass c. You kill all the plants in your yard, including the weeds and grass d. You kill the grass but the weeds survive

c. You kill all the plants in your yard, including the weeds and grass

What color of light is the least effective for photosynthesis? a. Blue b. Red c. Orange d. Green

d. Green

Where does photosynthesis take place in a plant? a. Roots b. Bark c.Flowers d. Leaves e. Fruit

d. Leaves

An individual who can carry out glycolysis, but cannot carry out the citric acid cycle is likely missing: a. Cytoplasm b. Chloroplasts c. Photosystem 1 d. Mitochondria

d. Mitochondria

Which products are not made from the citric acid cycle? a. CO2 b. NADH c. FADH2 d. O2

d. O2

Mutations that inhibit the function of photosystem I but not photosystem II would result in a plant cell that could still generate... a. Produce ATP and NADP+ b. Produce CO2and ATP c. Produce ATP and NADPH d. Produce O2, ATP, and NADP+

d. Produce O2, ATP, and NADP+