Bio 111 - Unit 2: Cancer
G1 phase
1st growth phase --> growth occurs as the organelles double
G2 phase
2nd growth phase --> growth occurs as the cell prepares to divide
S phase
DNA replication occurs
what protein does ERBB2 produce?
HER-2
cancer
a disease caused by an inability of the body to control cell division
carcinogen
a mutagen that is directly involved in causing cancer
G0 phase
a non dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle --> apoptosis can occur if DNA is damaged beyond repair
CT scan
a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body
diagnostic mammogram
a targeted mammogram, typically performed after a screening mammogram to further analyze the characteristics of a breast lesion
mutagen
an agent that is known to cause mutations in DNA
lymphoma
cells and tissue of the immune system
angiogenesis
cells in a tumor release specialized growth factors that cause the local capillaries of the circulatory system to grow toward the tumor
metastasis
cells of a tumor get into lymphatic vessels or capillaries which allows cells to be transported to other areas of the body to undergo angiogenesis and form new tumors
mutation
changes to the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule
G2 checkpoint
checks for cell size and DNA replication
G1 checkpoint
checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage
alkylating agents
chemicals that integrate into the DNA --> typically causing the DNA to break at specific points
sarcoma
connective tissue, such as bone
where does translation occur?
cytoplasm
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
MRI
does NOT use radiation --> uses radio waves and magnets to generate detailed pictures of the body
telophase
each new nucleus has same number and types of chromosomes (genetically identical)
metaphase
each of the homologous chromosomes aligns along a central line in the cell
proteinase
enzyme released by cancer cells in malignant tumors which digests protein molecules and allows cells of the tumor to move into surrounding tissues
DNA microarrays
gene chips that allow doctors to look for specific mutations or differences in gene expression between normal and cancer cells
prophase
genetic material condenses into compact chromosomes
malignant tumor
has the ability to invade other tissues and possibly move to other locations in the body
topoisomerase inhibitors
interfere with the ability of the cell to replicate its DNA by disabling a key enzyme of DNA replication
carcinoma
lining of the internal organs or skin
benign tumor
localized to one tissue type and has not invaded surrounding tissues
radio waves
longest wavelength, lowest frequency
antimetabolites
mimic the nucleotides used in the building of a DNA molecule
m phase
mitosis and cytokinesis
where does transcription occur?
nucleus
ERBB2
oncogene associated with breast cancer
interphase
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions (G1, S, G2)
alkaloids & taxanes
prevent cell division (A - interfere with ability to form the spindle fibers, T - keep the sister chromatids attached to the spindle fibers)
BRCA1 gene
produces a protein that is active at G1 checkpoint
p53 gene (also known as TP53)
produces a protein that is responsible for activating DNA repair enzymes and stopping the cell cycle (places cell in G0 phase)
PET scan
provides cells with sugar that contains a small amount of a radioactive tracer --> examines how cells are functioning
tRNA molecule
reads info on mRNA molecule one codon at a time
gamma rays
shortest wavelength, highest frequency
anaphase
sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite sides of the cell
melanoma
skin cancer
M checkpoint
spindle assembly checkpoint: mitosis will not continue if chromosomes are not properly aligned
biopsy
surgical procedure to remove a small section of tissue to look for the presence of cancer cells
how are cancer cells immortal?
telomerase repairs the telomeres at the end of the chromosome after each cell division
screening mammogram
the initial mammographic images of the breast (to look for any abnormalities)
codon
three nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
RNA polymerase
transcription enzyme that identifies the gene to be expressed and unwinds the double helix; uses template strand to produce a complementary RNA copy (mRNA)
how does a proto-oncogene become an oncogene?
when a mutation causes it to be in an active state without the influence of the growth factor or causes it to be more sensitive to the influence of a hormone
leukemia
white blood cells in the bone barrow