BIO 112 Chapter 35

True or false: Plants can have sexually transmitted infections.

True

What is true about a human secondary oocyte? contains 23 chromosomes diploid contains two polar bodies gives rise to a primary oocyte by meiosis I

contains 23 chromosomes

Select all of the following effects of testosterone in adult males. control activity of the prostate gland stimulate secretion of LH from the testes inhibit ejaculation stimulate sperm production sustain the libido

control activity of the prostate gland stimulate sperm production sustain the libido

Select all the animals that can undergo asexual reproduction. corals some types of mammals some types of lizards sponges birds aphids

corals some types of lizards sponges aphids

What structure secretes progesterone and estrogen after ovulation? hypothalamus corpus luteum anterior pituitary cervix

corpus luteum

After ovulation in animals, the ruptured follicle differentiates into a gland called the bulbourethral gland. prostate. cervix. corpus luteum.

corpus luteum.

In animal development, the process by which cells and organs acquire their specialized functions due to the actions of unique combinations of genes is called internal fertilization. differentiation. direct development. positive feedback.

differentiation

The location of the testes outside the body within the scrotum allows the epididymis to be separate from the scrotum. structural stability for the penis. the urinary bladder to be bigger in men. a slightly cooler temperature for sperm to develop.

a slightly cooler temperature for sperm to develop.

In human females, meiosis that produces egg cells first begins ______ and then pauses. at ovulation at puberty before birth at fertilization

before birth

What part of the human female contains milk ducts and produces milk to nourish her newborn infant? umbilical cord ovary breast uterus

breast

Select all of the following that are gametes. zygotes egg cells sperm cells diploid cells

egg and sperm cells

What cell contains a large amount of cytoplasm and the organelles that the zygote will use until its own DNA begins to function? egg cell polar body follicle cell sperm cell

egg cell

Select all of the following that are produced by the ovaries. egg cells digestive enzymes spermatocytes sex hormones

egg cells sex hormones

The discharge of sperm from the penis is called erection. spermatogenesis. ejaculation. corpus luteum.

ejaculation

During the menstrual cycle, rising estrogen and progesterone levels cause the ______ to thicken. ovaries anterior pituitary follicles endometrium

endometrium

The lining of the uterus is called the ______ and has a rich supply of blood. oviduct vagina vas deferens endometrium

endometrium

In many species, attracting mates for sexual reproduction does not increase genetic diversity. is more energy-efficient than reproducing asexually. involves pattern formation. entails high energy costs.

entails high energy costs

Asexual reproduction is advantageous when the parents are not adapted to the environment. genetic diversity has a benefit. environments are constant. environments are changing.

environments are constant

Put the structures in the order that sperm cell pass through them, beginning at the top with the first structure. urethra vas deferens penis tip epididymis of testes ejaculatory duct

epididymis of testes vas deferens ejaculatory duct urethra penis tip

If gametes are not released inside an animal's body, but into the environment, it's referred to as ______ fertilization. natural external environmental ecosystem

external

When female salmon release eggs in a stream bed, and the males release sperm above the eggs, ______ fertilization is occurring. asexual fission external internal

external

In egg formation, meiosis is not completed until ______ occurs. ejaculation fertilization implantation ovulation

fertilization

In sexual reproduction, a process called ______ is the union of two gametes. apoptosis meiosis nondisjunction fertilization

fertilization

When ______ occurs, the secondary oocyte is triggered to complete meiosis II. implantation menstruation ovulation fertilization

fertilization

Nourishing ______ cells surround every oocyte until ovulation occurs. seminiferous glial Sertoli follicle

follicle

Sexual reproduction is the production of offspring from two parents. from one parent. by cloning of cells. by budding.

from two parents

In fertilization, two haploid cells called ______ unit to form a diploid zygote. clones gametes trophoblasts amoebae

gametes

In males, testosterone causes the secretion of ______ during puberty. estrogen antidiuretic hormone growth hormone oxytocin

growth hormone

Both spermatogenesis and oogenesis result in the production of 1n gonads. 2n germ cells. diploid gametes. haploid gametes.

haploid gametes.

Select all the types of signals that can stimulate cell development and differentiation during animal development. neural signals homeotic genes protein gradients polar lipids hormones

homeotic genes protein gradients hormones

Assuming mutations do not occur, all offspring generated from asexual reproduction are genetically different from the parent and from each other. identical to the parent but not to each other. identical to each other but not the parent. identical to the parent and to each other.

identical to the parent and to each other.

What is the main benefit of sexual reproduction for animals? preserves favorable traits of parents in a stable environment conserves energy preserves genotypes of parents in a changing environment increases genetic diversity

increases genetic diversity

Animals exhibit ______ development when the earliest life stage is a larval form that does not resemble the adult form. indirect negative positive direct

indirect

In animals with internal fertilization, fertilization occurs inside the female's body. inside the male's body. outside the body.

inside the female's body.

The clitoris is found at the upper convergence of both pairs of follicles. uterine tubes. ovaries. labia.

labia

Select all the structures that make up the vulva. cervix labia vaginal opening birth canal clitoris

labia vaginal opening clitoris

At the beginning of the ovarian cycle, the levels of estrogen and progesterone are ______, and the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release ______. high; FSH and LH high; GnRH low; FSH and LH low; GnRH

low; FSH and LH

Oogenesis is the first stage of embryonic development. making of an egg cell. the development of mammary cells in response to prolactin. formation of spermatogonia.

making of an egg cell

In sexually reproducing organisms, a diploid germ cell undergoes a type of cell division called ______ to produce four haploid gamete cells. mitosis binary fission fertilization meiosis

meiosis

The ______ cycle prepares the uterus for pregnancy. meiotic menstrual indirect embryonic

menstrual

In animals that undergo indirect development, the larva matures into the adult form during a process called external fertilization. internal fertilization. metamorphosis. spermatogenesis.

metamorphosis

In oogenesis, the secondary oocyte begins meiosis II and then halts in ______, only to resume when the egg contacts sperm. telophase II anaphase II metaphase II prophase II

metaphase II

Select all the animals that commonly use internal fertilization. salmon nonavian reptiles birds sea urchins mammals sponges

nonavian reptiles birds mammals

Follicle cells are responsible for providing nourishment to ______ cells. embryo zygote oocyte spermatocyte

oocyte

During oogenesis, division of an oogonium forms two primary polar bodies. oocytes. spermatids. follicle cells.

oocytes

The production of egg cells is called oogenesis. ovulation. implantation. angiogenesis.

oogenesis.

At the peak of sexual stimulation, a pleasurable sensation called ______ accompanies rhythmic contractions that eject semen from the penis. fertilization orgasm spermatogenesis ovulation

orgasm

The ______ cycle controls the maturation of the oocyte in the ovaries. androgen endometrial ovarian menstrual

ovarian

In female animals, egg cells develop in organs called the ______, which are the gonads. cervix and vagina adrenal glands testes ovaries

ovaries

Select all of the following that are gonads. cervix penis ovaries testes

ovaries testes

In females, progesterone and estrogen are secreted by the ______ in response to stimulation by FSH and LH secreted by the ______. anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary anterior pituitary; hypothalamus ovaries; hypothalamus ovaries; anterior pituitary

ovaries; anterior pituitary

The release of a secondary oocyte from its follicle is called fertilization. implantation. differentiation. ovulation.

ovulation

Select all the effects of a surge in LH released from the pituitary gland around day 14 of the ovarian cycle. decrease estrogen and progesterone production ovulation menstruation transform ruptured follicle into corpus luteum

ovulation transform ruptured follicle into corpus luteum

Spermatogenesis is the production of sperm. differentiation of the gonads in a developing embryo. discharge of semen from the penis. production of eggs.

production of sperm.

Select all of the effects of estrogen and progesterone on the second half of the female menstrual cycle. promote thickening of endometrium stimulate release of LH and FSH inhibit release of GnRH promote development of a mature follicle

promote thickening of endometrium inhibit release of GnRH

The ______ secretes an alkaline fluid that activates the sperm to swim. prostate gland seminal vesicle bulbourethral gland epididymis

prostate gland

The male gonads, or testes, are housed within a sac called the scrotum. penis. prostate. vas deferens.

scrotum

After meiosis I in oogenesis, a haploid polar body and a haploid cell called a(n) ______ have formed. primary oocyte secondary oocyte corpus luteum ovum

secondary oocyte

During ovulation, a ______ is released from its follicle and is swept into the ______. secondary oocyte; uterine tube secondary oocyte; ovary primary oocyte; uterine tube primary oocyte; ovary

secondary oocyte; uterine tube

What is the role of the corpus luteum in females? secrete hCG trigger ovulation secrete progesterone and estrogen promote the maturation of a follicle

secrete progesterone and estrogen

What secretes most of the fluid in semen? seminal vesicles lymph nodes bulbourethral gland prostate gland

seminal vesicles

In the testes, the ______ tubules produce sperm. fallopian sustentacular seminiferous vas deferens

seminiferous

In ______ reproduction, two parents each contribute half of the DNA present in the offspring.

sexual

What is produced by the 200 tightly-coiled seminiferous tubules in the testes? polar bodies FSH and LH prostaglandins sperm

sperm

Select all of the contents of semen. sperm cells prostaglandins fructose acidic fluid and mucus fluids from the bladder

sperm cells prostaglandins fructose

The production of sperm is a process known as orgasm. spermatogenesis. fertilization. ejaculation.

spermatogenesis.

Spermatids develop flagella and complete their differentiation into mature sperm cells called ______ in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. spermatozoa primary spermatocytes spermatogonia secondary spermatocytes

spermatozoa

In male adolescents, the development of secondary sex characteristics is stimulated by testosterone. hCG. progesterone. cortisol.

testosterone

During oogenesis, meiotic divisions ______ divide the cytoplasm and result in the production of three polar bodies and one haploid ______. equally; oogonium unequally; oogonium equally; ovum unequally; ovum

unequally; ovum

After ovulation, beating cilia sweep the mature oocyte into the ______, where fertilization occurs if sperm are present. uterine tube vaginal opening ovary cervix

uterine tube (fallopian tube)

Match each structure in females with its correction description. uterine tube uterus vagina cervix breast ovary

uterine tube- carries oocyte to uterus uterus- site where embryo and fetus develops vagina- connect the uterus to the outside of the body cervix- end of the uterus that opens to the vagina breast- contains fatty tissue and milk ducts ovary- produce egg cells

In the human female reproductive system, the ______ is a muscular organ in which the fetus develops. uterus oviduct vagina ovary

uterus

The tube that receives the penis during intercourse and is also the birth canal is called the uterine tube. oviduct. vagina. uterus.

vagina

What duct carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct? vas deferens urethra semiferous tubule prostate

vas deferens

Select all of the following that are secondary sex characteristics of human females. wider hips narrowing of pelvis to form and a deeper shape low-pitched voice accumulation of fat around the hips development of breasts that contain ducts and fatty tissue

wider hips accumulation of fat around the hips development of breasts that contain ducts and fatty tissue

A ______ is the product of fertilization in sexual reproduction. haploid cell 1n cell zygote gamete

zygote

Select all of the correct statements about oogenesis and spermatogenesis. All of a male's spermatocytes are present at birth, and they take about 12 years to develop into mature sperm. Egg maturation is cyclical and only occurs during a woman's reproductive years. Oogenesis gives rise to four equal-sized gametes. The production of an egg cell begins before birth and is only complete if fertilization occurs. It takes about 74 days to produce a sperm cell. Spermatogenesis begins at puberty and continues throughout life.

Egg maturation is cyclical and only occurs during a woman's reproductive years. The production of an egg cell begins before birth and is only complete if fertilization occurs. It takes about 74 days to produce a sperm cell. Spermatogenesis begins at puberty and continues throughout life.

On average out of 100 sexually active, fertile women, how many will become pregnant each year if no birth control is used? 100 85 50 20

85

When the hypothalamus secretes ______, the anterior pituitary gland secretes ______ that stimulate the ovaries in females. FSH; LH and estrogen FSH; estrogen and progesterone GnRH; FSH and LH GnRH; estrogen and progesterone

GnRH; FSH and LH

______ are organs that contain germ cells, which give rise to gametes. Gonads Follicles Spermatids Uteri

Gonads

Match each feature of a mature sperm cell to its correct description. acrosome head flagellum mitochondria

acrosome- caplike covering that releases enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the egg cell head- contains the DNA flagellum- produces movement of the sperm mitochondria- generate ATP

What is secreted by the bulbourethral glands? developing spermatids and haploid spermatocytes alkaline fluid to activate the sperm to swim prostaglandins and fructose alkaline mucus to coat the urethra for sperm ejaculation

alkaline mucus to coat the urethra for sperm ejaculation

In ______ reproduction, the genetic information in the offspring comes from one parent.

asexual