Bio. 116- Chapter 17 LO

How to basophils respond to tissue damage?

Basophils enter damaged tissues and release a variety of chemicals, including histamine, which promotes inflammation.

In what way would a liver disease affect the level of bilirubin in the blood?

Bilirubin would accumulate in the blood, producing jaundice, because diseases that damage the liver impair the liver's ability to excrete bilirubin in the bile.

What is determined by the surface antigens on RBCs?

Blood type

Define hemostasis.

Hemostasis is the stopping of bleeding. It involves three phases: the vascular phase, the platelet phase, and the coagulation phase.

Which specific plasma proteins would you expect to be elevated during an infection?

Immunoglobulins

Briefly describe the coagulation phase of hemostasis.

In the coagulation phase, factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact with clotting factors (through either the extrinsic pathway, the intrinsic pathway, or the common pathway) to form a blood clot, a process involving the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibers of fibrin.

What are the functions of blood?

-Transport dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes -Regulate pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids -Restrict fluid loss at injury sites -Defend against toxins and pathogens -Stabilize body temperature

Describe the functional aspects of RBCs.

1. large surface area-to-volume ratio that results in a faster exchange of materials between the RBC and its surroundings 2. the ability to form stacks of cells 3. flexibility, which allows RBCs to bend and pass through capillaries that are narrower than their diameter.

Describe a complete blood count (CBC).

A complete blood count is a diagnostic blood test used to determine underlying medical conditions. This includes the RBC count, WBC count, erythrocyte indices, hematocrit, platelet count, and WBC differential count.

Why can't a person with type A blood safely receive blood from a person with type B blood?

A person with type A blood also has anti-B antibodies, so if the person received a transfusion of type B blood, the transfused red blood cells would clump, or agglutinate, potentially blocking blood flow to various organs and tissues.

Does an Rh+ mother carrying an Rh- fetus require a RhoGAM injection? Explain your answer.

An Rh+ mother carrying an Rh− fetus does not require a RhoGAM injection because the fetus is not at risk of Rh incompatibility. The fetus is not at risk because its RBCs lack Rh surface antigens, and the mother's plasma lacks anti-Rh antibodies.

Which type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest number in an infected cut?

An infected cut would contain a large number of neutrophils, phagocytic white blood cells that are generally the first to arrive at the site of an injury.

Which condition would a patient have if she had a depressed hematocrit level?

Anemia

Describe the events that follow the coagulation phase.

Clot retraction and fibrinolysis follow the coagulation phase. The clot consists of fibrin, red blood cells, and platelets. The platelets contract, and the entire clot retracts, pulling the cut vessel edges together. As repairs continue, the clot dissoves through the process of fibrinolysis. Fibrinolysis is activated by plasminogen, which, in turn, activates plasmin, which erodes the foundation of the clot

Define hemocytoblasts.

Hemocytoblasts form from hematopoietic stem cells and divide into lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells

Describe hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin is a protein composed of four globular subunits, each bound to a heme molecule, which gives red blood cells the ability to transport oxygen in the blood.

Explain why venipuncture is a common clinical procedure for obtaining blood.

In venipuncture, blood is collected from a superficial vein. Venipuncture is a common clinical procedure because superficial veins are easy to locate, the walls of veins are thinner than comparably sized arteries, and blood pressure in the venous system is relatively low, so the puncture wound seals quickly.

Define hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).

It is a condition in which maternal antibodies attack and destroy fetal red blood cells, resulting in fetal anemia. It most commonly occurs in a sensitized Rh− mother who is carrying an Rh+ fetus.

Briefly describe the vascular phase.

Local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm) occurs at the injury site.

Compare the types of cells that lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells produce

Lymphoid stem cells originate in red bone marrow and give rise to lymphocytes; these stem cells also produce lymphocytes in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Myeloid stem cells are cells in red bone marrow that give rise to all the formed elements except lymphocytes

Identify the two types of leukemia.

Myeloid leukemia and lymphoid leukemia

Identify the five types of white blood cells.

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

What is the most common blood type in the United States?

O+

Which blood type(s) can safely be transfused into a person with O- blood?

Only type O− blood can be safely transfused into a person whose blood type is O−.

Compare oxyhemoblogin with deoxyhemoglobin.

Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin whose iron has bound oxygen; it is bright red. Deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin whose iron has not bound oxygen; it is dark red

Compare pernicious anemia with iron deficiency anemia.

Pernicious anemia is insufficient red blood cell production that results from a lack of vitamin B12; the blood cells that do develop tend to be macrocytic (abnormally large) and abnormally shaped. Iron deficiency anemia results when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient, impairing normal hemoglobin synthesis; these blood cells are microcytic (abnormally small).

Briefly describe the platelet phase.

Platelets are activated, aggregate at the site, and adhere to damaged blood vessel surfaces.

Describe platelets and their origin.

Platelets are cell fragments that develop from megakaryocytes. These large cells shed their cytoplasm in small, membrane-enclosed packets. These packets are the platelets that enter the bloodstream

Identify the components of the cardiovascular system.

The heart, blood vessels, and blood.

What is hematology?

The medical study of blood, blood-producing organs, and blood disorders

Define hematocrit.

The percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements. (also called packed cell volume)

Why is RhoGAM administered to pregnant Rh- women?

When RhoGAM (which contains anti-Rh antibodies) is injected into a pregnant Rh− woman, the anti-Rh antibodies circulate in the mother's bloodstream, where they destroy any fetal RBCs there. This prevents the mother's immune system from making antibodies against the developing fetus's red blood cells.

Identify the two components making up whole blood and list the composition of each.

Whole blood is composed of plasma and formed elements. (Plasma contains albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, electrolytes, organic nutrients, and organic waste. Formed elements are platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells.)