bio 1202 exam 5

If ΨP = 0.3 MPa and ΨS = -0.45 MPa, the resulting Ψ is -0.75 MPa. -0.42 MPa. +0.15 MPa. -0.15 MPa. +0.75 MPa.

-.015

In a cell if ΨP = +0.3MPa and ΨS=-0.45MPa, then the resulting Ψ is ___. Enter your answer with either a + or a - before the number and no words.

-0.15

the four main steps of nutrition in all organisms

-acquisition of nutrients -digestion, if required -distribution of nutrients throughout the body -synthesis of molecules for the organism's body

energy sources and allocation

-animals harvest chemical energy from food -energy containing molecules are broken down to make ATP -once energetic needs are met remaining molecules are used in biosynthesis

multicellular organisms with a sac body plan characteristics

-body wall is only 2 cell-layers thick -exchange is by diffusion

tissue

-composed of cells with similar structure and function or -non-cellular components made by the cells (i.e. bone and cartilage)

main distinguishing features of the kingdom animalia

-eukaryotic -multicellular -heterotriphic -negative method of digestion -sexual reproduction -no cell wall -rapid response to stimuli (nerves and muscles)

single-celled organism characteristics

-exchange material by diffusion -entire plasma membrane is exposed to medium

describe exchange in complex animals

-large, complex animals have highly folded or branched internal surfaces -increases surface area -cell in these surfaces are specialized for exchanging materials

different types of transport

-passive transport -facilitated diffusion - using transport proteins -co-transport -active tranpsort

the three functional components of homeostatic control systmes

-receptor -control center -effector used in feedback system to control and maintains the internal environment

three possible configurations with respect to a body cavity

1. acoelomates 2. pseudocoelomates 3. coelomates

four step process of mineral absorption by roots

1. active transport into root hairs 2. diffusion through root hair cytoplasm to endodermis cells via either apoplastic or symplastic route 3. active transport from endodermis cytoplasm into cell or the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder 4. diffusion into the xylem

three possible symmetry arrangements

1. asymmetry 2. radial symmetry 3. bilateral symmetry

two fundamental parts of the cohesion-tension theory

1. cohesion - water within xylem tubes sticks together (by hydrogen bonds). water molecules in the xylem tube resist being pulled apart 2. tension - water is pulled up. because water molecules bind to each other, they cal pull water up like a chain

example of feedback in positive feedback with childbirth

1. early in labor, uterus starts to contract 2. this starts to force baby's head into cervix 3. this stretches the cervix and causes the receptors signal for further contractions 4. usually once the process begins it continuous until the baby is pushed out

two systems are responsible for the control of the activities among the organs

1. endocrine - slow response, but long lasting 2. nervous - quick response, but short lived

by moving minerals into the root, the plant has created conditions to drag water in as well. how does this work?

1. higher water potential in soil relative to the root cells 2. the waterproof casparian strip blocks movement of water between cells at the endodermis 3. the cell membranes of the endodermis act as a gate separating the outer low mineral (higher water potential) solution in the cortex from the inner high mineral (low water potential) solution in the vascular cylinder 4. therefore, water moves from the cells and the extracellular space outside the casparian strip, through the endodermal cells, and into the extracellular space inside the vascular cylinder by osmosis 5. water moves from the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder into tracheids and vessel elements of xylem through the cell wall pits 6. water is then pulled up the xylem, powered by evaporation of water from the leaves (only one not osmosis)

three important triggers to open or close stoma:

1. light reception (opens) - plants need CO2 during photosynthesis. when light strikes certain pigments in guard cells, they trigger a pumping of potassium into guard cells (opening stomata). at night, potassium diffuse back out, closing stomata 2. low carbon dioxide concentration (opens) - plants use CO2 (in photosynthesis) and produce CO2 (in cellular respiration. during the daytime the use of CO2 is much faster than its production. this leads to low CO2 and triggers potassium pumping into the guard cells, opening the stomata 3. water loss (closes) - if water vapor leaves the stomata faster than it can be replaced from xylem, the leaf will wilt. this causes the mesophyll cells to release a hormone (abscisic acid - ABA).

pressure-flow theory steps

1. sugar from photosynthesis enters leaf companion cells by secondary active transport 2. sucrose then diffuses into adjacent sieve tube elements 3. water enters the sieve tubes by osmosis from nearby xylem cells 4. the developing fruit is a "sucrose sink". sucrose is actively transported out of the sieve-tube elements into the cells of a fruit (or root), lowering the sugar level in that end of the system 5. water leaves these sieve tubes due to osmosis, and follows the sugar into the fruit/root 6. bulk flow, driven by hydrostatic pressure gradient (like in a garden hose)

transport in vascular plants occurs on three scales

1. transport of water and solutes by individual 2. short-distance transport of substances from cell to cell at the level of tissues and organs 3. long-distance transport (bulk flow) within xylem and phloem

steps of transpiration

1. water evaporation occurs through stomata of leaves 2. water leaving leaf makes it "dry", so it pulls in more water from xylem 3. the water molecule leaving the xylem is "stuck" to other water molecules, so it pulls up on those molecules, thereby pulling the "chain" of water molecules up the tree

Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem. 1. Water diffuses into the sieve tubes. 2. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis. 3. Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes. 4. Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf. 5. Sugar moves down the stem.

2, 4, 3, 1, 5

asymmetry

a body plan that lacks symmetry

In a physiological system operating with positive feedback, _____. a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change the range of acceptable values for a given parameter will be narrower than if the system were regulated by negative feedback a stimulus will initiate a response that returns the system to near its initial parameters only an effector and control center are necessary to complete the control system a stimulus will prevent a small change from becoming too large

a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change

positive feedback

a cyclic process that can continue to amplify your body's response to a stimulus -intensifies the original change when the need exists. drives events to a conclusion -examples: childbirth real life example: classic snowball effect

Which of the following is radially symmetrical? Hints a submarine sandwich a doughnut an automobile a dog a spoon

a doughnut

A water molecule consists of one oxygen atom joined to each of two hydrogen atoms by ___________________, a type of bond in which the electrons do not spend equal time with the two atoms involved.

a polar covalent bond

In order for a root to aquire minerals it must initially do __________ which makes the root __________ compared to the soil and allows it to aquire water by _________. Select one: a. active transport: hypertonic: osmosis b. active transport: hypotonic: osmosis c. diffusion: hypertonic: osmosis d. diffusion: hypertonic: active transport e. active transport: hypertonic: active transport

a. active transport: hypertonic: osmosis

Transpiration in plants requires all of the following except cohesion between water molecules. transport through tracheids. adhesion of water molecules to cellulose. evaporation of water molecules. active transport through xylem cells.

active transport through xylem cells

animal form and function are correlated at ___________ levels of organization

all

what is a conformer

allows internal conditions to vary with certain external changes

The opening of stomata is thought to involve decreased turgor pressure in guard cells. an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells. active transport of water out of the guard cells. movement of K+ from the guard cells. a decrease in the solute concentration of the stoma.

an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells

one of the characteristics of life is that organisms establish and maintain ____________

an internal environment

energy requirements are related to ....

animal size, activity, and environment

Identify the features that distinguish animals from organisms in other multicellular kingdoms. Select all that apply. Animals are ingestive heterotrophs. Animals have sensory organs at their anterior end. Animals are motile.

animals are ingestive heterotrophs

How does water move up a plant against gravity?

answer found in Cohesion-tension theory

allows movement of material (water and solute) around the outside of cells and can over long distances as long as no barrier to the route exists

apoplastic route

organs

are centers of bodily function, which are usually made up of different tissues

organ systems

are groups of two or more organs that function together to perform a common task (e.g. digestion, gas exchange, reproduction)

pushing water by root pressure explaination

at night, transpiration is low, root cells still pump ions into xylem of vascular cylinder lowers water potential and water flows into root cortex generating root pressure.

The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be - 0.15MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1M sucrose solution (Ψ = -0.23). Which on the following should occur? Select one: a. The root will synthesize sucrose to match the outside solution. b. The root will lose water to the outside solution. c. Sucrose will be taken up by the root. d. The root will take up both water and sucrose

b. the root will lose water to the outside solution

behavioral responses to evaporative heat loss

basking in the sun and moving into the shade maintaining a certain posture

The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (Ψ = -0.23 MPa), the net water flow would be in both directions and the concentrations would remain equal. occur only as ATP was hydrolyzed in the tissue. be impossible to determine from the values given here. be from the tissue into the sucrose solution. be from the sucrose solution into the tissue.

be from the tissue into the sucrose solution

why is it called negative feedback

because it negates the initial change

examples of endotherms

birds and mammals

An example of a connective tissue is the nerves. blood. skin. cuboidal epithelium. smooth muscles.

blood

bilateral symmetry

body plan will a left side and a right side -also means a top (dorsal), bottom (ventral), front/head (anterior) and a back.tail (posterior) surface can be determined

What characterizes the rates of photosynthesis and transport in a plant on a dry cloudy day? The photosynthesis rate is low and stomata are open. The photosynthesis rate is high and phloem transport rates are low. Both the photosynthesis and transpiration rates are high. Both the photosynthesis and transpiration rates are low.

both the photosynthesis and transpiration rates are low

water and dissolved minerals move from roots, to stems, to leaves by a process known as __________ where water and mineral move together

bulk flow

how does the plant control the swelling of guard cells?

by osmosis

Stomata are located on the underside of the leaf and are flanked by guard cells. These guard cells close the stomata by Select one: a. taking in water by osmosis due to an accumulation of K+. This results in swell of the guard cells that closes the stomata. b. taking in water by osmosis due to a loss of K+. This results in swelling of the guard cells that close the stomata. c. losing water by osmosis due to a loss of K+. This results in a shrinking of the guard cells that close the stomata. d. losing water by osmosis due to an accumulation of K+. This results in a shrinking of the guard cells that close the stomata

c. losing water by osmosis due to a loss of K+. This results in a shrinking of the guard cells that close the stomata.

Which of the following does not directly involve some type of active transport? Select one: a. movement of potassium into guard cells b. movement of sugar into companion cells of phloem c. movement of water into the vascular cylinder of a root d. movement of mineral nutrients into root epidermal cells

c. movement of water into the vascular cylinder of a root

All of the following normally enter the plant through the roots except calcium. potassium. carbon dioxide. nitrogen. water.

carbon dioxide

purpose of the organ systems

carry out the major body functions of most animals

"leakproofs" the vascular cylinder

casparian strip

In a typical nerve cell, the nucleus is found in the synapse. dendritic region. cell body. axonal region. synaptic terminals

cell body

the internal environment is made up of .. .

cells and interstitial fluid that fills spaces between cells. the exchange of material occurs with cells here

nervous tissue is composed of

cells called neurons that are specialized to generate and conduct electrical signals

______________ leads to the development of tissues, which then can lead to the combination of tissues into an organ

cellular specialization

what may have ultimately lead to the animal kingdom

cellular specialization or partnership between specialized cells

At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo? metamorphosis cleavage coelom formation fertilization gastrulation

cleavage

another difference that occurs during embryonic development is based on __________ patterns and whether the cell future is ________ or __________

cleavage fixed variable

when potassium leaves the guard cells, the stomata _________

close

another body feature is the presence of a body cavity known as a _________

coelom

the body cavity in metazoans, located between the intestinal canal and the body wall.

coelom

function of the axon

conducts electrical signal to target cell

maintaining the internal environment can be achieved by . . .

conforming and/or regulating

Water inside all of the xylem cells is moved upward primarily by ___. Select one: a. osmosis b. root pressure c. turgor pressure d. cohesion and tension

d. cohesion and tension

Transpiration is the process by which plants Select one: a. control the flow of materials into their roots. b. move sugars from their leaves to their roots. c. control the evaporation of water from their leaves. d. move water from their roots to their leaves.

d. move water from their roots to their leaves

Which of the following is NOT true regarding water flow in plants? Select one: a. Closing the stomata will limit transpiration. b. Xylem tissue conducts water and minerals. c. Adhesion helps water to flow to the leaves of plants. d. Sunlight is required for transpiration.

d. sunlight is required for transpiration

neuron has four major parts

dendrites cell body axon synaptic terminals

A neuron consists of _____. a cell body only dendrites only axons only dendrites, a cell body, and axons striations

dendrites, a cell body, and axons

Protostome characteristics generally include which of the following? radial cleavage determinate cleavage a mouth that develops secondarily, and far away from the blastopore absence of a body cavity radial body symmetry

determinate cleavage

Which of the following characteristics generally applies to protostome development? radial cleavage diploblastic embryo determinate cleavage archenteron absent blastopore becomes the anus

determinate cleavage

Which feature of deuterostome development explains the formation of identical human twins? Deuterostomes have radial cleavage. Deuterostomes have indeterminate development. In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus.

deuterostomes have indeterminate development

epithelial tissue is nourished by ____________ or _____________

diffusion from capillaries beneath it or is continuously lost and replaced by cell division

Active transport involves all of the following except specific transport proteins in the membrane. hydrolysis of ATP. transport of solute against a concentration gradient. diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane. pumping of solutes across the membrane.

diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane

animals that are ______________ have endoderm and ectoderm whereas animals that are ________ have all three germ layers in the embryo

diploblastic triploblasitc

two types of embryonic cell layers

diploblastic vs tiploblastic

___________ use environmental energy and behavioral adaptions to regulate body temperature

ectotherms

when do some differences arise (earliest)

eight-cell stage

__________ is the precursor to more complex body plans

embryonic development

tissue level organization of a body plan develops directly from . . .

embryonic layers of cells

three possible germ layers

endoderm mesoderm ectoderm

Which cells in a root form a protective barrier to the vascular system where all materials must move through the symplast? endodermis pericycle cortex epidermis exodermis

endodermis

Which tissue acts as a filter on the water absorbed by root hairs? Cortex Vascular tissue Epidermis Endodermis

endodermis

____________ use metabolic heat to regulate body temperature

endotherms

Negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control that _____. increases the speed and rapidity of negative responses to environmental stimuli promotes decreases in metabolic rate rather than increases produces a response by lowering the set point of an organism's metabolism operates independently of most signaling mechanisms ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points

ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points

four general types of tissue

epithelial connective muscle nerve

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with epithelial tissue. smooth muscle cells. neural tissue. connective tissue. adipose tissue.

epithelial tissue

T/F: If in the sieve tube element at the source the ΨP = +1.1 and ΨS = -1.1 and in the sieve tube element at the sink ΨP = +0.6 and ΨS = -0.6, then water will not flow because the water potentials (Ψ) are equal.

false

True or false? Root pressure can move water a long distance up the xylem because of the higher water potential of the xylem in comparison to the water potential in the surrounding cells.

false

True or false? The rate of sugar transport in a plant depends on the rate of photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration, and the difference in turgor pressure between the source and the sink.

false

insulation reduces the flow of heat between an animal and its environment. this includes:

feathers fur/hair blubber skin

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a flagellated protist. multicellular fungus. unicellular chytrid. unicellular yeast. multicellular algae.

flagellated protist

examples of sinks

fruits, roots, flowers, and new leaves

connective tissue function

functions mainly to bind and support other tissues

____________ are the layers of cells in the early embryo that lead to all tissues and organs

germ layers

the rate of transpiration is controlled by opening and closing the stomata which is in turn controlled by the ______________ which surround the stomata

guard cells

root pressure can result in ___________ in small plants

guttation

What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates have a complete digestive system with mouth and anus, whereas pseudocoelomates have a digestive tract with only one opening. have a gut that lacks suspension within the body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have mesenteries that hold the digestive system in place. have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not. have a body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have a solid body. contain tissues derived from mesoderm, whereas pseudocoelomates have no such tissue.

have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed estivation. balanced equilibrium. homeostasis. static equilibrium. physiological chance.

homeostasis

one way of regulating the process of ________

homeostasis

A weak bond called a ___________________ forms as a result of the attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen of a nearby water molecule

hydrogen bond

how does bulk flow work?

if water enters the leaf end and exits the fruit end of the same sieve-tube element, then the water will flow in bulk from leaf to fruit, driven by the difference in water pressure between the two ends -the bulk flow of water carries the dissolved sugar along with it

when potassium concentration is high... water moves ________ and the stoma opens

in

when the water potential inside the cell is lower than the water potential outside the cell, water moves _____

in

To increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces lining the lungs and the intestines, evolutionary pressures have decreased the metabolic rate of the cells in these linings. increased the number of cell layers in these linings. increased the exchange surface area with folds and branches. increased the thickness of the membranes in these linings. increased the volume of the cells in these linings.

increased the exchange surface area with folds and branches

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition by using enzymes to digest their food. ingesting it. preying on animals. consuming living, rather than dead, prey.

ingesting it

using the four step process of mineral absorption by roots, the plant my concentrate minerals where?

inside their tissues

endoderm

interior lining of the organs

homeostasis maintains . . .

internal variables within an acceptable range or effects a return to the acceptable range as soon as possible

thermoregulation

is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because it is found within all the organs of the body. it is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body. its cells can move from place to place. it contains more than one type of cell. its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix.

it cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix

In plant roots, the Casparian strip is correctly described by which of the following? It provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the stele from the cortex. It aids in the uptake of nutrients. It provides increased surface area for the absorption of mineral nutrients. It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele. It ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts.

it ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele

Which of the following statements about xylem is incorrect? No energy input is required for transport. It transports mainly sugars and amino acids. It typically has a lower water potential than is found in soil. It conducts material from root tips to leaves.

it transports mainly sugars and amino acids

the connective tissue is surrounded by . . .

large quantities of extracellular substances (between the living cells) that are secreted from the connective tissue

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has a smaller average distance between its mitochondria and the external source of oxygen. a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio. the same surface-to-volume ratio. less surface area per unit of volume. less surface area.

less surface area per unit of volume

what are muscle cells composed of

long cells called muscle fibers capable of contracting in response to nerve signals. -the cells have actin and myosin fibrous proteins which are used for the contractive process

as the guard cells increase in volume, they cant get fatter, so they have to get _________. this makes them bow out apart from each other, thereby opening the stoma

longer

A graduate student finds an organism in a pond and thinks it is a freshwater sponge. A postdoctoral student thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus. How can they decide whether it is an animal or a fungus? Determine whether it is unicellular or multicellular. See if it is a eukaryote or prokaryote. Figure out whether it is autotrophic or heterotrophic. See if it reproduces sexually. Look for cell walls under a microscope.

look for cell walls under a mircroscope

examples of connective tissue

loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, bone, adipose, blood and lymph

function of the cell body

maintains and repairs the cell

Homeostasis is the _____. correlation of structure and function idea that all vertebrates are built in a similar way maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment cooperation of body parts to form tissues, organs, and systems exchange of materials with the surrounding environment

maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment

Plants must always compromise between _____ and _____. maximizing transport of minerals ... minimizing transport of sugars maximizing water loss ... minimizing H+ protons maximizing photosynthesis ... minimizing water loss maximizing access to light ... minimizing intake of CO2 maximizing water absorption ... minimizing leaf area

maximizing photosynthesis ... minimizing water loss

_________ cover the body and line all body cavities

membranes

in epithelial tissue, cells from continuous sheets called _____________

membranes

Water potential is generally most negative in which of the following parts of a plant? mesophyll cells of the leaf xylem vessels in leaves xylem vessels in roots root hairs cells of the root cortex

mesophyll cells of the leaf

________________ is the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time.

metabolic rate -can be measured by monitoring the amount of oxygen consumed and/or the amount of carbon dioxide produced by an organism

where do plants get their nutrients

minerals

examples of ectotherms

most invertebrates, fished, amphibians, and non-bird reptiles

pressure can regulate . . .

movement of water

mesoderm

muscles, skeleton, and circulatory system

The oxygen of a water molecule has a partial _______________charge

negative

two basic forms of feedback mechanisms involved in regulation

negative and positive feedback mechanisms

The four major categories of tissues are _____. bone, muscle, blood, and adipose simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and stratified squamous nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle muscle, epithelial, bone, and cartilage blood, nervous, connective, and muscle

nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle

acoelomates

no coelem

the "materials" required for life

nutrients

the closest relative to the animals are protists in the clade known as __________

opisthokonts

Tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make up organelles. organ systems. organs. membranes. organisms

organs

water moves straight in from outside of root hairs into xylem by

osmosis

ectoderm

outer coverings

Because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, the electrons in a water molecule spend more time closer to ____________

oxygen

The unequal distribution of electrons means that each of the three atoms in a water molecule has a _________________. This makes water a polar molecule.

partial charge

historically the linages in the animal kingdom were arranged in a __________ based of _____________ and _____________ characteristics

phylogeny morphological developmental

__________ limits range of animal forms

physical laws

. . . controls movement of solutes into and out of the cell

plasma membrane

Some botanists argue that the entire plant should be considered as a single unit rather than a composite of many individual cells. Which of the following cellular structures best supports this view? plasmodesmata vacuole cell membrane cytosol cell wall

plasmodesmata

the symplastic route uses ___________ to flow from one cell to the next

plasmodesmata

each hydrogen in a water molecule has a partial _________________ charge

positive

the fluid in the phloem is under ________________

positive pressure

plants can move _____________ into (active transport) and out of (diffusion) guard cells

potassium

what potential is determined by the physical pressure on a solution

pressure potential

________________ for translocation in phloem governs sucrose movement from leaf into either a developing fruit of into storage in the roots

pressure-flow theory

the embryos of the deutrostomes go through _______________ cleavage

radial/inderminate

4 modes of heat exchange

radiation evaporation convection conduction

negative feedback

reaction that causes a decrease in function

function of the dendrite

receive signals

Connective tissues typically have many densely packed cells with direct connections between the membranes of adjacent cells. a supporting material such as chondroitin sulfate. the ability to shorten upon stimulation. relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix. the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses.

relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

radial symmetry

round body plan -animals have a top and bottom but no back/front or left/right

function of nervous tissue

sense stimuli and transmits signals through the animal

Which term describes an area where sugars are used or stored? Hints Source Stomata Leaves Sink

sink

any structure that uses up sugar or puts sugar into storage will be a ________ towards which phloem will flow

sink

three types of muscle tissue

skeletal (straited) smooth cardiac

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by voluntary muscle. smooth muscle. cardiac muscle. skeletal muscle. striated muscle.

smooth muscle

The type of muscle tissue surrounding internal organs, other than the heart, is skeletal muscle. cardiac muscle. striated muscle. smooth muscle. intercalated cells.

smooth muscle

only minerals dissolved in __________ are accessible to roots

soil water

Acoelomates are characterized by a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs. a coelom that is not completely lined with mesoderm. the absence of a brain. the absence of mesoderm. deuterostome development

solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs

According to the pressure flow hypothesis of phloem transport, the combination of a high turgor pressure in the source and transpiration water loss from the sink moves solutes through phloem conduits. solute moves from a high concentration in the source to a lower concentration in the sink. the formation of starch from sugar in the sink increases the osmotic concentration. the pressure in the phloem of a root is normally greater than the pressure in the phloem of a leaf. water is actively transported into the source region of the phloem to create the turgor pressure needed.

solute moves from a high concentration in the source to a lower concentration in the sink

what potential is determined by concentration of dissolved molecules

solute potential

any structure that makes sugar or takes sugar out of storage will be a _________ of phloem flow

source

what is connective tissue composed of

sparsely packed cells scattered through an extracellular matrix

tissues

specialized cells with a common structure and function that are grouped together

difference that separates protostomes and deutrostomes

spiral/determinate cleavage vs. radial/indeterminite cleavage

the embryo of the protostomes, go through ________________ cleavage

spiral/determiniate

Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves wilt because there is insufficient water for photolysis during the light reactions. stomata close, restricting CO2 entry into the leaf. CO2 accumulates in the leaves and inhibits the enzymes needed for photosynthesis. chloroplasts within wilted leaves are incapable of photosynthesis. extreme heat causes photosynthetic enzymes to denature

stomata close, restricting CO2 entry into the leaf

how do guard cells open and close the stomata?

stomata open when guard cells take up water and swell, they close when guard cells lose water and shrink

Several tomato plants are growing in a small garden plot. If soil water potential were to drop significantly on a hot summer afternoon, which of the following would most likely occur? The proton gradient would dissipate. The uptake of CO2 would be enhanced. Stomatal apertures would decrease. The leaves would become more turgid. Transpiration would increase.

stomatal apertures would decrease

abscisic acid - ABA

stops potassium from being pumped into the guard cells, which eventually makes them close until water levels return to normal

All skeletal muscle fibers are both striated and under voluntary control. smooth and under voluntary control. striated and electrically coupled to neighboring fibers. smooth and under involuntary control. smooth and operate independently of other skeletal muscle fibers.

straited and under voluntary control

A student is performing a chemical analysis of xylem sap. This student should not expect to find much _____. potassium phosphorus nitrogen sugar water

sugar

phloem flow is directed by .. .

sugar production and use

evaporation from a surface causes heat loss

sweating panting bathing

one type of body plan is based on presence and type of ___________

symmetry

used for long-distance transport (bluk flow) within xylem and phloem

symplastic route

retains concentrated mineral solution within the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder

the casparian strip

A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure? the endodermis the Casparian strip the root cortex the root epidermis a guard cell

the endodermis

What drives the flow of water through the xylem? active transport by sieve-tube elements the evaporation of water from the leaves active transport by tracheid and vessel elements the number of companion cells in the phloem passive transport by the endodermis

the evaporation of water from the leaves

bioenergetics

the flow of energy through an animal

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when the blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume. a blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water. the level of glucose in the blood is abnormally high whether or not a meal has been eaten. the core body temperature of a runner rises gradually from 37°C to 45°C. the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise

the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise

homeostasis

the maintenance of an internal environment

Which of the following statements about the distribution of sap throughout a plant is true? Companion cells form the conducting tissue for sap. The main component of phloem sap is glucose. The mechanism that explains the movement of sugars throughout a plant is called the pressure-flow hypothesis. The driving force for sugar movement is transpiration.

the mechanism that explains the movement of sugars throughout a plant is called the pressure-flow hypothesis

All of the following involve active transport across membranes except the movement of mineral nutrients from mesophyll cells into xylem cells. the movement of mineral nutrients into cells of the root cortex. the movement of K+ across guard cell membranes during stomatal opening. the movement of sugar from one sieve-tube element to the next. the movement of mineral nutrients from the apoplast to the symplast.

the movement of sugar from one sieve-tube element to the next

evaporation in the leaves controls __________

the movement of water and minerals up from the roots

which cells are most metabolically active (where growth is taking place)

the ones at the top

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental. the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback it can only decrease the parameter. positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback systems. positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors. the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.

the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it

If isolated plant cells with a water potential averaging -0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of -0.3 MPa, which of the following would be the most likely outcome? The pressure potential of the cells would increase. Solutes would move out of the cells. Water would move out of the cells. The osmotic pressure of the cells would decrease. The cell walls would rupture, killing the cells.

the pressure potential of the cells would increas

short-distance transport of substances from cell to cell at the level of tissues and organs can occur via . . .

the symplastic route

As body size increases in animals, migration to tropical areas becomes necessary for thermoregulation. there is a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio. reproduction becomes limited to terrestrial environments. there is greater variability in metabolic rate. it becomes more difficult to conserve body warmth in cold environments.

there is a decrease in the surface-to-colume ratio

homeostatic processes for ___________ involve form, function, and behavior

thermoregulation

what stops the guard cells from getting fatter?

they have "belts" of cellulose fibers surrounding them

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals? Hints They are all multicellular. They are heterotrophic. They ingest their food. They are eukaryotes. They have tissues, organs, and organ systems.

they have tissues, organs and organ systems

the basic scheme of organization involves cells organized into _____________ organized into ______________ organized into ____________

tissues organs organ systems

main function of epithelial tissue

to form a barrier and the cells are closely joined -because of this the epithelial tissue has no blood vessels

Nervous tissue functions _____. as a physical barrier to the invasion of pathogens to physically move the body to sense stimuli to physically support the body in the absorption of nutrients

to sense stimuli

by the time the protostomes get to about the four-cell stage the cells have lost their ______________ and their fate is already fixed

totipotency

the cells present after the four-cell stage retain their ____________ and the ability to develop into any type of cell or even a complete embryo

totipotency (stem cells)

transport of water (by osmosis) and solutes (by diffusion or active transport) by individual cells occurs via a . . .

transmembrane route

function of the synaptic terminal

transmits the signal to target cell at a region called the synapse

process of water being pulled up the xylem powered by the force of evaporation of water from the leaves

transpiration

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of a body cavity. mesoderm. true tissues. a complete digestive tract. a circulatory system.

true tissues

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having radial or bilateral symmetry. a well-defined head or no head. true tissues or no tissues. diploblastic or triploblastic embryos. a body cavity or no body cavity.

true tissues or no tissues

the flow of water in xylem is ___________ because only the shoot has openings in the epidermis where water can escape

unidirectional

phloem can move nutrients ________ the plant

up or down

what is a regulator

uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of internal and.or external fluctuation

blood flow to the skin decreases, lowering heat loss

vasoconstriction

blood flow to the skin increases, facilitating heat loss

vasodilation

circulatory adaptions

vasodilation vasoconstriction

Ignoring all other factors, what kind of day would result in the fastest delivery of water and minerals to the leaves of a tree? cool, humid day cool, dry day warm, dry day very hot, dry, windy day warm, humid day

warm, dry day

Which of the following statements about xylem transport is true? Hints Water and minerals enter the xylem by active transport. The xylem cells that conduct water and minerals are alive. Water and minerals move through the root cortex into the xylem and upward through the stem and into leaves. All water transported by the xylem is used for photosynthesis in the leaves.

water and minerals move through the root cortex into the xylem and upward through the stem and into leave

Select the accurate statement about water potential. Adding solutes to water increases water potential. Free water moves from a region of lower water potential to a region of higher water potential. Water in a turgid cell has positive pressure potential

water in a turgid cell has positive pressure potential

pseudocoelomates

where a cavity is present but is not derived from the mesoderm

coelomates

where the cavity is derived from mesoderm

Which of the following is a correct statement about a difference between xylem and phloem transport? Xylem sap moves from sugar source to sink, but phloem sap does not. Transpiration moves phloem sap but not xylem sap. Xylem sap moves up; phloem sap moves up or down. Phloem carries water and minerals; xylem carries organic molecules. Active transport moves xylem sap but not phloem sap.

xylem sap moves up; phloem sap moves up or down

An open beaker of pure water has a water potential (Ψ) of +0.23 MPa. -0.23 MPa. 0.0 (zero). +0.07 MPa. -0.0000001 MPa.

zero

A plant cell with a ψs of -0.65 MPa maintains a constant volume when bathed in a solution that has a ψs of -0.30 MPa and is in an open container. The cell has a ψp of +0.30 MPa. ψ of -0.65 MPa. ψ of 0 MPa. ψp of +0.35 MPa. ψp of +0.65 MPa.

ψp of +0.35 MPa.